從禁忌語與委婉語看中西文化的差異【開題報(bào)告+文獻(xiàn)綜述+畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文開題報(bào)告</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　從禁忌語與委婉語看中西文化的差異</p><p>　　一、論文選題的背景、意義（所選課題的歷史背景、國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢）</p><p>　　選題的背景：語言是社會(huì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物，

2、同時(shí)也就反映了社會(huì)生活，隨著歷史的進(jìn)步的發(fā)展，語言也發(fā)生了很多的變化。由于宗教、迷信、禮儀以及科技不發(fā)達(dá)的原因，某些語言就被禁止使用，同是也就出現(xiàn)了用另外的語言來替代這種語言的現(xiàn)象，于是就出現(xiàn)了委婉語與禁忌語。在不同的民族和文化中都存在著委婉語與禁忌語，如果我們掌握了他們，就能夠在日常生活特別是在跨文化交際中，提高我們的交際能力。</p><p>　　二、研究的基本內(nèi)容與擬解決的主要問題 </p>

3、<p><b>　　課題的研究內(nèi)容：</b></p><p>　　委婉語（委婉語）一詞源于希臘文，這意味著好，因此，在犧牲時(shí)，古希臘人說幸運(yùn)，這將使用委婉語。原因是人們使用委婉稱之為上帝，可以發(fā)揮他們的作用，以安撫，以避免他們得到的重視。古代人不理解大自然的力量和技術(shù)發(fā)展得如此崇拜更清晰，委婉的說法是宗教的起源。 古希臘文化的傳播到歐洲和美國與時(shí)代的發(fā)展和變化，在語言的發(fā)

4、展變化，內(nèi)容和范圍的委婉發(fā)生了很大變化，在敏感話題的人際溝通使用隱含禁忌，迂回，曲折，委婉的語言來表達(dá)，少人進(jìn)攻的話，用哀婉的詞來表達(dá)涉及到人們的隱私。委婉語也將成為參與廣泛，不僅涉及到鬼，人類疾病和死亡，以及其他方面，而且對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)，政治，文化，教育，戰(zhàn)爭等領(lǐng)域。因此，委婉語的使用，以滿足人們對(duì)通信的需求，而是來自社會(huì)各方面也反映了一個(gè)民族禮儀，社會(huì)制度和文化傳統(tǒng)。 禁忌（禁忌）起源Boliniya湯加，意思是“極端的事情，需要

5、注意”也被寫入禁忌或塔普。 18世紀(jì)，英國水手JamesCook首先注意到湯加禁忌做法，并把這個(gè)英文單詞，根據(jù)牛津高級(jí)英漢漢英雙語詞典，禁忌詞的含義“（incertain文化）禁止或一些被視為禁止因?yàn)椴贿@樣做，感動(dòng)，用forreligious</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Abstract ……………………………………………

6、………………………………Ⅱ</p><p>　　1 Introduction </p><p>　　2 Origin and Definition of taboo and euphemism </p><p>　　2.1 Origin and Definition of taboo</p><p>　　2.2 Origin and Def

7、inition of euphemism</p><p>　　2.3 sample analysis</p><p>　　3 Language features of euphemism and taboo in Chinese and English</p><p>　　3.1 The language features of euphemism </p&g

8、t;<p>　　3.1.1 Nationality</p><p>　　3.1.2 Locality</p><p>　　3.1.3 Relevance</p><p>　　3.1.4 Indirection and Relativity</p><p>　　3.1.5 Fuzziness</p><p>

9、;　　3.1.6 Humorous</p><p>　　3.2 The language features of taboo </p><p>　　3.2.1 Universality</p><p>　　3.2.2 Nationality</p><p>　　3.2.3 Relevance</p><p>　　3.2

10、.4 Description</p><p>　　3.2.5 Class nature</p><p>　　3.2.6 Implicative</p><p>　　4 Three Formations of Euphemism and taboo</p><p>　　4.1 Formation of Taboo</p><

11、p>　　4.1.1 Profanities</p><p>　　4.1.2 Obscenities</p><p>　　4.1.3 Vulgarities</p><p>　　4.1.4 Sensitive topics</p><p>　　4.2 Foundation Principle of the Formation of Eup

12、hemism</p><p>　　4.2.1 Remoteness Principle</p><p>　　4.2.2 Pleasantness Principle</p><p>　　4.2.3 Relatedness Principle</p><p>　　5 The difference between Chinese and Engl

13、ish in Taboo and Euphemism</p><p>　　5.1 The application and comparison between Chinese and English in taboo and euphemism.</p><p>　　5.2 The difference between Chinese and English in taboo and eu

14、phemism</p><p>　　5.2.1 The taboo and euphemism in religious </p><p>　　5.2.2 The taboo and euphemism in sense of grade</p><p>　　5.2.3 The taboo and euphemism in etiquette</p>

15、<p>　　6 Conclusion</p><p>　　解決的主要問題: 委婉語和禁忌，是共同的語言和西方文化現(xiàn)象在人們的日常生活中，發(fā)揮特別是在跨文化溝通的重要作用，具有重要的意義。西方不同的文化背景，文化傳統(tǒng)，不同宗教和不同層次和其他委婉語和禁忌導(dǎo)致了不同語言的使用。因此，跨文化溝通，我們必須遵循不同的種族和社會(huì)實(shí)踐的語言習(xí)慣，使跨文化交際的順利進(jìn)行，以避免溝通錯(cuò)誤。</p><

16、;p>　　三、研究的方法和技術(shù)路線</p><p>　　到圖書館查閱目前對(duì)禁忌語與委婉語在中西文化之間的差異方面有研究的相關(guān)論文以及廣告翻譯的相關(guān)著作。結(jié)合所學(xué)的英語專業(yè)知識(shí)并利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等搜索引擎獲得論文所需的有關(guān)資料。在搜集材料期間，比對(duì)兩者之間的差異。然后通過對(duì)比等手法，分析其中蘊(yùn)含的文化因素，最后總結(jié)得出如何在中西不同場合合理使用委婉語來避免不必要的誤會(huì)。</p><p>　　

17、四、論文詳細(xì)工作進(jìn)度和安排</p><p>　　2009年11月中旬前 在指導(dǎo)老師指導(dǎo)下，確定選題，收集相關(guān)資料，撰寫開題報(bào)告和畢業(yè)論文提綱。</p><p>　　2009年12月30前 提交開題報(bào)告和論文提綱及文獻(xiàn)綜述。</p><p>　　2010年1月底前 提交論文初稿</p>

18、<p>　　2010年3月底前 初稿、二稿的修改</p><p>　　20010年4月底前 三稿、四稿的修改</p><p>　　2010年5月10日前 定稿，提交按要求裝訂的論文終稿一式四份</p><p><b>　　五、主要參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p>

19、<p>　　[1]鄧炎昌，劉潤清。語言與文化，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1998年。[2]范家才，英語修辭欣賞，上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1992年。[3]馮翠華，英語修辭格，北京商務(wù)印書館，1983年。[4]胡金，從中英委婉語對(duì)比看中西文化差異，廣西師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2002年4月。[5]胡文仲，文化與交際，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1994年。[6]李桂媛，英漢禁忌語及委婉語探討，天津外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2004年5月。[7]李

20、海燕，從漢英死亡委婉語看民族文化異同，蘇州大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2004年6月。[8]徐莉娜，跨文化交際中的委婉語解讀策略，外語與外語教學(xué)，2002年9月。</p><p>　　[1]. Hall, E.T. Beyond Culture.Garden City, NY:Anchor Doubleday,1977: </p><p>　　[2]. S

21、amovar, L. A; Porter, R. E; & Stefani, L. A. Communication Between Cultures.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000: &

22、lt;/p><p>　　[3]. Wood, J.T. Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture.Belmont, CA:Wadsworth,1994: </p><p>　　[4]. Devine, P.G. Stereotypes and&#

23、160;prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1989,56:5-18. </p><p>　　[5]. James George Fra

24、zer. The Golden Bough--A Study in Magic and Religion.New York:The Macmillan Press LTD,1925: </p><p>　　[6]. Weber,R&Crocker,J. Cognitive process

25、 in the revisiono fs tereotypicb eliefs.Journal ofP ersonality and Social Psychology.1983,[45]:961-977. </p><p>　　[7]. Wittenbrink B;Judd C

26、60;M;Park B. Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures[J].Journal of Personality,

27、1997,72:262~274. </p><p>　　[8]. Spencer S J;Steele C M;Quinn D M. Stereotype threat andwomen’s math performance[J].Journal of Experimental Soc

28、ial Psychology,1999,35:4~28. </p><p>　　[9]. Jost,J.T;Banaji,M.R. The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consc

29、iousness.BritishJournal of Social Psychology.1994,33:1-27. </p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　從禁忌語與委婉語看中西文化差異</p>&l

30、t;p>　　一、前言部分（說明寫作的目的，介紹有關(guān)概念，扼要說明有關(guān)主題爭論焦點(diǎn)）</p><p>　　語言是社會(huì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物，同時(shí)也就反映了社會(huì)生活，隨著歷史的進(jìn)步的發(fā)展，語言也發(fā)生了很多的變化。由于宗教、迷信、禮儀以及科技不發(fā)達(dá)的原因，某些語言就被禁止使用，同是也就出現(xiàn)了用另外的語言來替代這種語言的現(xiàn)象，于是就出現(xiàn)了委婉語與禁忌語。在不同的民族和文化中都存在著委婉語與禁忌語，如果我們掌握了他們，就能夠在日

31、常生活特別是在跨文化交際中，提高我們的交際能力。</p><p>　　二、主題部分（闡明有關(guān)主題的歷史背景、現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向，以及對(duì)這些問題的評(píng)述）</p><p>　　委婉語（委婉語）一詞源于希臘文，這意味著好，因此，在犧牲時(shí)，古希臘人說幸運(yùn)，這將使用委婉語。原因是人們使用委婉稱之為上帝，可以發(fā)揮他們的作用，以安撫，以避免他們得到的重視。古代人不理解大自然的力量和技術(shù)發(fā)展得如此崇拜更清晰，

32、委婉的說法是宗教的起源。</p><p>　　古希臘文化的傳播到歐洲和美國與時(shí)代的發(fā)展和變化，在語言的發(fā)展變化，內(nèi)容和范圍的委婉發(fā)生了很大變化，在敏感話題的人際溝通使用隱含禁忌，迂回，曲折，委婉的語言來表達(dá)，少人進(jìn)攻的話，用哀婉的詞來表達(dá)涉及到人們的隱私。委婉語也將成為參與廣泛，不僅涉及到鬼，人類疾病和死亡，以及其他方面，而且對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)，政治，文化，教育，戰(zhàn)爭等領(lǐng)域。因此，委婉語的使用，以滿足人們對(duì)通信的需求，而是來

33、自社會(huì)各方面也反映了一個(gè)民族禮儀，社會(huì)制度和文化傳統(tǒng)。 </p><p>　　禁忌（禁忌）起源Boliniya湯加，意思是“極端的事情，需要注意”也被寫入禁忌或塔普。 18世紀(jì)，英國水手JamesCook首先注意到湯加禁忌做法，并把這個(gè)英文單詞，根據(jù)牛津高級(jí)英漢漢英雙語詞典，禁忌詞的含義“（incertain文化）禁止或一些被視為禁止因?yàn)椴贿@樣做，感動(dòng)，用forreligious或其他原因“。從這個(gè)角度看，在宗教

34、禁忌語的主要用途，或由于某種原因不能直接告訴留念。隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展，在一定程度上的禁忌字?jǐn)?shù)，而不是更少而是增加了。因此，了解禁忌語和委婉語的溝通，特別是跨文化的溝通是非常重要的。</p><p>　　三、總結(jié)部分（將全文主題進(jìn)行扼要總結(jié)，提出自己的見解并對(duì)進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展方向做出預(yù)測）</p><p>　　委婉語和禁忌，是共同的語言和西方文化現(xiàn)象在人們的日常生活中，發(fā)揮特別是在跨文化溝通的

35、重要作用，具有重要的意義。西方不同的文化背景，文化傳統(tǒng)，不同宗教和不同層次和其他委婉語和禁忌導(dǎo)致了不同語言的使用。因此，跨文化溝通，我們必須遵循不同的種族和社會(huì)實(shí)踐的語言習(xí)慣，使跨文化交際的順利進(jìn)行，以避免溝通錯(cuò)誤。</p><p>　　四、參考文獻(xiàn)（根據(jù)文中參閱和引用的先后次序按序編排）</p><p>　　[1]鄧炎昌，劉潤清。語言與文化，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1998年。[2]范家

36、才，英語修辭欣賞，上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1992年。[3]馮翠華，英語修辭格，北京商務(wù)印書館，1983年。[4]胡金，從中英委婉語對(duì)比看中西文化差異，廣西師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2002年4月。[5]胡文仲，文化與交際，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1994年。[6]李桂媛，英漢禁忌語及委婉語探討，天津外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2004年5月。[7]李海燕，從漢英死亡委婉語看民族文化異同，蘇州大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2004年6月。[8]徐莉娜，跨文化交際中的委婉語解

37、讀策略，外語與外語教學(xué)，2002年9月。</p><p>　　[1]. Hall, E.T. Beyond Culture.Garden City, NY:Anchor Doubleday,1977: </p><p>　　[2]. Samovar, L. A; Porter, R. E;&

38、#160;& Stefani, L. A. Communication Between Cultures.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000: </p><p>　　[3]. Wood, J.T. Gendered&#

39、160;Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture.Belmont, CA:Wadsworth,1994: </p><p>　　[4]. Devine, P.G. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and

40、0;controlled components.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1989,56:5-18. </p><p>　　[5]. James George Frazer. The Golden Bough--A Study in

41、 Magic and Religion.New York:The Macmillan Press LTD,1925: </p><p>　　[6]. Weber,R&Crocker,J. Cognitive process in the revisiono fs tereoty

42、picb eliefs.Journal ofP ersonality and Social Psychology.1983,[45]:961-977. </p><p>　　[7]. Wittenbrink B;Judd C M;Park B. Evidence for racial 

43、prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures[J].Journal of Personality,1997,72:262~274. </p><p>　　[8]. Spencer&

44、#160;S J;Steele C M;Quinn D M. Stereotype threat andwomen’s math performance[J].Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,1999,35:4~28. </p><p&g

45、t;　　[9]. Jost,J.T;Banaji,M.R. The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness.BritishJournal of Social Psyc

46、hology.1994,33:1-27. </p><p><b>　?。?0_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　從禁忌語與委婉語看中西文化的差異</p><p&

47、gt;　　The study of Taboo and Euphemism in English and Chinese</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　語言和文化是一種辯證的關(guān)系，每種語言都是其文化的一部分，語言既服務(wù)于文化又反映著文化的需要。委婉語與禁忌語是人們使用語言的重要形式，在人際交往中起著重要的作用。委婉語與禁忌語隨著文明的

48、發(fā)展，沉淀了豐富的文化內(nèi)涵。語言是社會(huì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物，同時(shí)也就反映了社會(huì)生活，隨著歷史的進(jìn)步的發(fā)展，語言也發(fā)生了很多的變化。由于宗教、迷信、禮儀以及科技不發(fā)達(dá)的原因，某些語言就被禁止使用，同是也就出現(xiàn)了用另外的語言來替代這種語言的現(xiàn)象，于是就出現(xiàn)了委婉語與禁忌語。在不同的民族和文化中都存在著委婉語與禁忌語，如果我們掌握了他們，就能夠在日常生活特別是在跨文化交際中，提高我們的交際能力。本文通過介紹委婉語與禁忌語的定義、形成方式、各自的在不同文

49、化中的特點(diǎn)、以及委婉語與禁忌語在中西方文化上的宗教、等級(jí)觀念、禮儀等方面的具體比較來更好的分析委婉語與禁忌語， 便于了解不同的文化，這樣就能更好的掌握它們，并運(yùn)用到實(shí)際當(dāng)中，提高交際能力，避免不必要的誤會(huì)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：委婉語，禁忌語，語言，文化，比較 </p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　

50、The relation between language and culture is dialectic. Every language is a part of its culture. Language does not only serve the culture, but also is a mirror for the culture. Language is the outcome of the social devel

51、opment, and it also reflects the society. With the development of the history, we have seen a lot of changes about language. Taboo and Euphemism are the important forms in our society. And they also play an important rol

52、e in interpersonal interaction. With the development of the </p><p>　　Key words: Taboo，Euphemism，language, culture, comparison </p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Abstr

53、act ……………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ</p><p>　　1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10</p><p>　　2 Origin and Definition of taboo and euph

54、emism ------------------------------------ 10</p><p>　　2.1 Origin and Definition of taboo---------------------------------------------------------- 10</p><p>　　2.2 Origin and Definition of euphe

55、mism -------------------------------------------------- 11</p><p>　　2.3 sample analysis --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11</p><p>　　3 Feature of euphe

56、mism and taboo in Chinese and English ------------------------ 12</p><p>　　3.1 The language features of euphemism -------------------------------------------------- 12</p><p>　　3.1.1 Nationality

57、 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12</p><p>　　3.1.2 Locality ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12</p><

58、;p>　　3.1.3 Relevance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12</p><p>　　3.1.4 Indirection and Relativity ----------------------------------------------------------

59、- 13</p><p>　　3.1.5 Fuzziness ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13</p><p>　　3.1.6 Humor -------------------------------------------------------------

60、-------------------- 13</p><p>　　3.2 The language features of taboo --------------------------------------------------- 14</p><p>　　3.2.1 Universality -------------------------------------------

61、------------------------------- 14</p><p>　　3.2.2 Nationality --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14</p><p>　　3.2.3 Relevance ----------------------------

62、------------------------------------------------ 14</p><p>　　3.2.4 Description --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15</p><p>　　3.2.5 Class nature --------

63、------------------------------------------------------------------ 15</p><p>　　3.2.6 Implicitness -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15</p><p>　　4 Three F

64、ormations of Euphemism and taboo ------------------------------------ 15</p><p>　　4.1 Formation of Taboo ------------------------------------------------------------------- 16</p><p>　　4.1.1 Pro

65、fanities --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16</p><p>　　4.1.2 Obscenities -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16</p><

66、;p>　　4.1.3 Vulgarities --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17</p><p>　　4.1.4 Sensitive topics ---------------------------------------------------------------------

67、17</p><p>　　4.2 Principles of the Formation of Euphemism --------------------------------------- 17</p><p>　　4.2.1 Remoteness --------------------------------------------------------------------

68、----- 17</p><p>　　4.2.2 Pleasantness ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18</p><p>　　4.2.3 Relatedness ------------------------------------------------------

69、----------------- 18</p><p>　　5 The difference in Taboo and Euphemism between Chinese and English - 19</p><p>　　5.1 Background of China and Western countries. -----------------------------------

70、 19</p><p>　　5.2 The application and comparison between Chinese and English in taboo and euphemism. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20</p><p>　　5.3

71、The difference between Chinese and English in taboo and euphemism------ 21</p><p>　　5.3.1 The taboo and euphemism in religion ------------------------------------------ 21</p><p>　　5.3.2 The tab

72、oo and euphemism in sense of grade --------------------------------- 22</p><p>　　5.3.3 The taboo and euphemism in etiquette ---------------------------------------- 22</p><p>　　6 Conclusions ---

73、------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23</p><p>　　7 Bibliographies ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24</p><p>　　8 Ackno

74、wledgments --------------------------------------------------------------------- 25</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　Language, as a tool of communication, through the crucial role that language

75、plays in the organization of social group, has a strong connection with culture and society. Taboo and Euphemism, being part of the language, have a long history in Chinese and English. However, their creation has their

76、unique reasons, and their usage, scope of application are also different.</p><p>　　2 Origin and Definition of taboo and euphemism</p><p>　　2.1 Origin and Definition of taboo</p><p>

77、　　The term taboo is of Polynesian origin-“tabu” on Tongan Archipelagoes. It originally refers to those holy facts or objects which cannot be spoken or touched and first noted by Captain James Cook, a British sailor. Ther

78、e is also a story. During Cook’s visit to Tongan in 1771, when he came to the island in South Pacific, he found many strange phenomena. For example, some objects can only be used by their leaders or by the God, but some

79、can only be used by common people, and some objects can only b</p><p>　　There are two aspects of taboo: one is the objects, which should be respected, but cannot be used freely; the other is objects, which c

80、annot be touched freely. In a broader sense, taboo exists in all known cultures, referring to certain acts, objects or relationship which the society wishes to avoid and the language used to talk about them. In other wor

81、ds, taboo consists of Behavioral Taboo and Verbal Taboo. Generally speaking, Behavioral Taboo caused Verbal Taboo. Verbal Taboo indicates “a tota</p><p>　　2.2 Origin and Definition of euphemism</p>&l

82、t;p>　　The word “euphemism” was derived from the Greek word “euphemismos”, which means “fair speech”. The prefix “eu” means “good, sound well” and “pheme” means “saying” or “speech”. And thus the literal meaning of “eu

83、phemism” is “to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner”. That is to say, euphemism is used as an alternative to unpleasant expression, in order to avoid possibly losing someone’s face, or one’s own face, or throug

84、h going offense, that of the audience, or some of third of party. Thi</p><p>　　2.3 sample analysis</p><p>　　For the English learner, understanding the taboo and euphemism is very important; ther

85、e are some examples both in Chinese and English.</p><p>　　In Chinese, especially in sex, Chinese language has been affected by the feudalism for a long time. People in China are not allowed to say some words

86、 in excretion. For example, people are avoided to talk about defecation when have their dinner. Chinese people do not say “somebody is dead”, they always use the words just like “somebody has gone or somebody is too old”

87、. In English, people also do not use the words “cancer”, they call it “the big c” or “l(fā)ong illness”, but in Chinese, people say the</p><p>　　3 Features of euphemism and taboo </p><p>　　3.1The la

88、nguage features of euphemism </p><p>　　3.1.1 Nationality</p><p>　　Euphemism is the common language phenomenon in the culture of the world. However different countries and different nations hav

89、e their different natural environments, social environments, modes of production, lifestyles and cultures. Euphemism is different. And we call this difference “nationality”. Look at this passage: I used to think I was po

90、or, and then they told me I was not poor, I was needy, and then they said it was self-defeating to think of myself as needy, that I was culturally deprive</p><p>　　3.1.2 Locality</p><p>　　Differ

91、ent social modes have led to different euphemisms. Just like bread is the usual food for British, they use: “take bread out of someone’s mouth” to mean “deprive somebody’s job”. Another example: “umble” and “numbles” co

92、mpose the word” humble”. “umble” and “numbles” are the pie made by the deer’s internal organs, they are low food. Then the word “humble” means “unpretentious, deferential or servile”.</p><p>　　3.1.3 Relevanc

93、e</p><p>　　The change of language is determined by the development of society. On the point of the history, language is changing all the time, new words are produced at any time and old words fade away. Euph

94、emism is unexceptional. For example, long time ago, people called black people “negro”, then “black people”, and now “African American”. This is the result of American human right.</p><p>　　3.1.4 Indirection

95、 and Relativity</p><p>　　The literal meaning of “euphemism” is “to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner”. That is to say, euphemism is used as an alternative to unpleasant expression, in order to av

96、oid possibly losing of face, either one’s own face or through going offense, or some of third of party. So the indirection is the characteristic of the euphemism. And relativity means when people say a word, it can help

97、people to associate the things they refer to. Like </p><p>　　-“Don’t you think my cooking is wonderful?” the girl asked. </p><p>　　-“Are you fishing for compliments” her boyfriend responded.<

98、/p><p>　　This conversation is implicative, boy does not only respond to his girlfriend’s question, but also avoid embarrassment.</p><p>　　3.1.5 Fuzziness</p><p>　　Many euphemisms make

99、use of the fuzziness of language and broad the meanings. In order to cover up some cruel realities, people always use some inaccurate words to express the more accurate words.</p><p>　　A: “Is the pain worse?

100、”</p><p>　　B: “It’s no great pain, sir, I have been to one specialist, sir….yesterday, and it’s….that, sir</p><p>　　A: “He couldn’t be sure. An operation…..</p><p>　　B: “Too late, h

101、e said, for that. If I had been operated on long ago there might have been a chance.”</p><p>　　When we finished this conversation, we cannot figure out what “it” and “that” are. Actually, A and B talked abou

102、t the cancer. Because people are all terrified by cancer. A and B use “it” and “that” to replace “cancer” and cover up the cruel reality.</p><p>　　3.1.6 Humor</p><p>　　Our conversation will be f

103、ull of wit and humor by using euphemism, and some cruel realities can be covered by using euphemism too. For example, “battle of bulge” describes that women fight against their weight after World War two, in order to kee

104、p a good figure, they assimilate their behavior like losing weight to a battle, and it humorously indicates their determination and perseverance about losing their weight. Another example, in Chinese, if the wife has mor

105、e rights than her husband in famil</p><p>　　3.2 The language features of taboo</p><p>　　3.2.1 Universality</p><p>　　Taboo exists in all culture’s language, life, religious and so on

106、. From food, clothing, shelter and transportation to the politics, diplomacy, economy and culture activity of society, it is involved with a lot of things. In a rude tribe or in a civilized society, in China or in Wester

107、n countries, taboo exists all the time. All the languages in the world, including the majority language or the minority language, have their own taboos. The universality of taboo derives from different nations’ diff</

108、p><p>　　3.2.2 Nationality</p><p>　　Nationality can also be regarded as particularity, the development of different nation’s form the unique features of their languages, a nation’s culture can be re

109、flected by the nation’s language, taboo is unexceptional, and every taboo has a long story. Because of the nationality, different nations have different ideas about the same phenomenon. Because of the difference between