兒童行為抑制對(duì)自身心理健康的研究進(jìn)展

1、兒童行為抑制研究進(jìn)展,,匯報(bào)類容,一、概念界定,Kagen提出，個(gè)體的氣質(zhì)可分為行為抑制和非行為抑制兩種，行為的抑制和非抑制是氣質(zhì)的一個(gè)重要維度。行為抑制會(huì)導(dǎo)致個(gè)體面對(duì)新異的或不熟悉的事件時(shí)產(chǎn)生帶有警惕和害怕象征的持續(xù)性的退縮和回避反應(yīng)，并帶有害羞、恐懼和焦慮等消極情緒的氣質(zhì)類型（畢玉, 王建平, 楊智輝, & 王玉龍. 2007）,行為抑制性是個(gè)體在陌生情境中面對(duì)陌生人和陌生物體所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的一種氣質(zhì)特征,在兒童早期,當(dāng)遇到這些

2、陌生刺激時(shí),一些年幼的兒童會(huì)變得安靜,停止他們正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng),退回到一個(gè)熟悉的人的身邊,或者從不熟悉的情境中退出（侯靜, 陳會(huì)昌, & 陳欣銀. 2009）。 所以，探討個(gè)體的行為抑制和非行為抑制，特別是兒童的行為抑制，對(duì)心理健康的影響。有利于對(duì)相應(yīng)的心理健康問(wèn)題的干預(yù)提供方向。,二、研究進(jìn)展,（一）對(duì)情緒影響 有研究就表明兒童的行為抑制對(duì)個(gè)體的成長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生重大的影響。行為抑制的兒童不愿意接近陌生刺激，具有中等程度

3、的穩(wěn)定性和特定生理基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)兒童日后情緒和行為發(fā)展具有較大影響（耿鳳基, & 徐琴美. 2007）。眾多研究表明行為抑制氣質(zhì)與個(gè)體焦慮水平有顯著的相關(guān)。畢玉等人的研究就表明：行為抑制能預(yù)測(cè)青少年焦慮，良好父母教養(yǎng)方式是保護(hù)行為抑制青少年遠(yuǎn)離焦慮障礙的有力措施（畢玉, 王建平, 楊智輝, & 王玉龍. 2007）。,（二）對(duì)心理健康的影響 有研究就表明行為抑制受到個(gè)體的應(yīng)對(duì)方式的影響。對(duì)待事情不同的應(yīng)對(duì)方式，個(gè)體的心

4、理健康水平是不同（王仲星, 王欣星, & 周偉. 2009）。Asperger綜合征兒童表現(xiàn)出一定的注意和行為抑制障礙，動(dòng)作的協(xié)調(diào)性和靈活性較差（崔吉芳, 朱森華, 高定國(guó), 周欣悅, & 鄒小兵. 2008）。同樣個(gè)體自尊與集體自尊預(yù)測(cè)不同維度的行為抑制（洪幼娟. (2010)）。,（三）對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的影響 兒童2歲的行為抑制可以顯著正向預(yù)測(cè)其7歲時(shí)教師報(bào)告的任務(wù)定向、同伴交往能力；負(fù)向預(yù)測(cè)其7歲時(shí)教師報(bào)告的能力，負(fù)

5、向預(yù)測(cè)其14歲教師報(bào)告的攻擊、學(xué)習(xí)問(wèn)題和受欺、受辱（曹睿昕, 陳會(huì)昌, 陳欣銀, 李丹, 蔡曉露, 張琳琳, ... & 楊柳. 2011）。網(wǎng)絡(luò)成癮與個(gè)體的行為抑制能力有關(guān)，行為抑制能力較低的個(gè)體比行為抑制能力較高的個(gè)體更容易網(wǎng)絡(luò)成癮，個(gè)體較低的行為抑制能力可能是導(dǎo)致其網(wǎng)絡(luò)成癮的內(nèi)在機(jī)制（蘇少冰, & 陳彩琦. 2009）。,（四）行為抑制神經(jīng)機(jī)制 與非行為抑制個(gè)體相比，在特定的刺激條件下，行為抑制個(gè)體的杏仁

6、核、紋狀體和右前額區(qū)域的激活水平較高，心率和可的松水平也傾向于較高。左前額和右前額皮層分別是與行為趨近系統(tǒng)和行為抑制系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)（耿鳳基, & 徐琴美. 2007）,三、具體研究,（一）Relationships between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression in norma

7、l adolescents正常青少年的焦慮和抑郁癥狀與自己和父母報(bào)告其行為抑制之間的關(guān)系Personality and Individual Differences人格與個(gè)體差異I F: 1.861,2003曹華,1、問(wèn)題提出,Behavioural inhibition can be regarded as a temperamental trait which is characterised by the tendenc

8、y of children and adolescents to be unusually shy and to react with fear and withdrawal in novel and/or unfamiliar social situations (Kagan, 1997). 行為抑制可以作為一種氣質(zhì)特性，是兒童和青少年的一種傾向性特質(zhì)，在在新穎/不熟悉的社會(huì)情境中通常會(huì)表現(xiàn)出害羞，出現(xiàn)恐懼的反應(yīng)和退縮(Ka

9、gan, 1997),Research has shown that youths who are behaviourally inhibited seem to be at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders。children initially identified as behaviourally inhibited were subsequently more like

10、ly to develop anxiety disorders compared to control children 有研究就表明行為抑制的青年會(huì)有更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)出現(xiàn)焦慮障礙。如果是兒童時(shí)期表現(xiàn)為行為抑制，那么相比控制組，在隨后更有可能患有焦慮障礙。,So far, research has emphasised that behavioural inhibition is a risk factor for developin

11、g childhood anxiety disorders。There is some evidence showing that behavioural inhibition is also associated with elevated levels of depression (e.g., Reznick,Hegeman, Kaufman, & Woods, 1992). 到目前為止，研究都強(qiáng)調(diào)行為抑制是兒童發(fā)展

12、焦慮障礙的一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。同時(shí)也有證據(jù)表明行為行為抑制也和抑郁水平是相關(guān)的。,Most behavioural inhibition studies have employed extensive laboratory procedures to assess behavioural and physiological features of the inhibited temperament in relatively young ch

13、ildren. 大多數(shù)行為抑制的研究是應(yīng)用的是大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)程序來(lái)評(píng)估相對(duì)較小的兒童抑制氣質(zhì)的行為和生理特征。,Inspired by the work of Reznick et al. (1992) and Gest (1997), Muris, Merckelbach, Wessel, and Van de Ven (1999) recently developed the Behavioural Inhibition In

14、strument (BII), a self-report instrument for assessing behavioural inhibition in older children. 而Reznick et al. (1992) and Gest (1997), Muris,Merckelbach, Wessel, and Van de Ven (1999)他們有創(chuàng)建的的編制了自我報(bào)告方式來(lái)評(píng)估行為抑制的工具即Beha

15、vioural Inhibition Instrument (BII)來(lái)評(píng)估年齡較大一點(diǎn)的兒童。,So far, two studies have used the BII in order to examine the connection between behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in children and ad

16、olescents 到目前為止，只有兩個(gè)研究使用BII來(lái)研究?jī)和颓嗌倌甑男袨橐种坪徒箲]障礙、抑郁癥狀之間的關(guān)系。,While previous studies (Muris et al., 1999, 2001) solely relied on youths’ self-report, the present investigation also assessed behaviouralinhibition and sym

17、ptoms of anxiety and depression from the parents’ point of view. The current study further investigated the relationship between behavioural inhibition as indexed by the BII and symptoms of anxiety and depression。 然

18、而以前的研究(Muris et al., 1999, 2001)只是單獨(dú)的依賴于青少年自我報(bào)告，當(dāng)前調(diào)查也從父母的視角來(lái)評(píng)估兒童的行為抑制和焦慮和抑郁的癥狀。所以當(dāng)前的研究想進(jìn)一步通過(guò)BII指標(biāo)來(lái)調(diào)查行為抑制和焦慮、抑郁癥狀之間的關(guān)系。,2、方法,2、1被試和程序 The parents of 499 first grade schoolchildren of a normal secondary school were appr

19、oached by mail. In a letter, parents received information about the study and they were asked to give their consent about their child’s participation. 向普通小學(xué)的一年級(jí)學(xué)生的499父母發(fā)信件。在信件里，父母接受到的關(guān)于這個(gè)研究信息和邀請(qǐng)他們孩子參與的知情同意。,In additi

20、on, parents were invited to complete parent versions of the BII and RCADS (see later) and to return materials in a sealed envelope. 而且，父母被要請(qǐng)完成父母版本的BII和RCADS（修訂版本的焦慮抑郁量表）和使用封口的信封來(lái)返回材料。,Three hundred and twenty-seven

21、 parents (65.5%) responded positively to the mailing. Children of these parents were asked to complete child versions of the BII and the RCADS.This was done in their classrooms with a research assistant and the teacher a

22、lways present to ensure confidential and independent responding. 327名父母(65.5%)積極的回應(yīng)了信件。父母的孩子要求去完成兒童版本的BII和RCADS。這件事情的完成是在他們的教室里，研究助手和老師也在場(chǎng)為了確?？煽亢退麄儶?dú)立完成。,Eventually, due to missing data and children being absent at

23、the class assessment, data of 310 parents, 297 adolescents, and 280 parent–adolescent pairs were collected. The total group of adolescents (N=327; 149 boys and 178 girls) had a mean age of 12.7 years (SD=0.6, range 11–15

24、 years, >99% of the adolescents was aged 12–14 years). 最終，由于數(shù)據(jù)丟失和兒童沒有參與教室的評(píng)估，共收集到310名父母，297名青少年和280名父母青少年配對(duì)的數(shù)據(jù)。前少年(N=327; 149 男生 和178 女生)的平均年齡在12.7歲(SD=0.6, 范圍 11–15 歲, >99% 青少年的年齡在 12–14 歲)。,2、2測(cè)量工具 BII

25、contained eight items referring to shyness, communication, fearfulness, and smiling when meeting an unfamiliar child/adult. Items are rated on four-point Likert scales with 1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=often, and 4=always. Af

26、ter recoding positive items, scores are summed to yield a BIS child (range: 4–16), a BIS adult (range: 4–16), and a BIS total score (range: 8–32). The second part of the BII remained unchanged and asked children to class

27、ify themselves in one of the three behavioural inhibition categories (i.e. low, middle, or high). 第一部分的BII共包含8個(gè)項(xiàng)目，涉及到當(dāng)面對(duì)不熟悉的兒童/承認(rèn)時(shí)害羞、交流、恐懼、微笑。采用李克特4計(jì)分，1 =沒有,2 =有時(shí),3 =經(jīng)常、4 =總是。重新積極的項(xiàng)目編碼后,成績(jī)總分產(chǎn)生BIS的兒童(范圍:4-16),BIS的成年

28、人(范圍:4-16)和BIS總分(范圍:8-32)。的第二部分BII保持不變,問(wèn)孩子將自己的三個(gè)行為抑制類別(即低、中、高)。,The RCADS is an adaptation of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS; Spence, 1997, 1998) and attempts to assess symptoms of DSM-defined anxiety disorder

29、s and major depression. RCADS是一個(gè)修訂的適合測(cè)量?jī)和箲]的量表(SCAS; Spence, 1997, 1998)，和試圖去評(píng)估DSM定義的焦慮障礙和主要抑郁癥狀。,The scale consists of 47 items that can be allocated to six subscales: social phobia、panic disorder、major depressive

30、disorder、separation anxiety disorder、generalised anxiety disorder、obsessive-compulsive disorder。Items have to be scored on a four-point scale with 0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, and 3=always. RCADS subscale scores and a

31、total anxiety score can be obtained by summing across relevant items. 量表包含47個(gè)條目，分為6個(gè)維度：社會(huì)恐怖癥（9個(gè)條目）、恐慌癥（9個(gè)條目）,重度抑郁癥（10個(gè)條目）、分離焦慮癥（7個(gè)條目）,一般性焦慮癥（6個(gè)條目）,強(qiáng)迫癥-沖動(dòng)障礙（6個(gè)條目）.問(wèn)卷為四點(diǎn)量表（0-4），0 =不,1 =有時(shí),2 =經(jīng)常,3 =總是。RCADS維度分?jǐn)?shù)和總焦慮分的總和

32、為相關(guān)項(xiàng)目的總分。,Parent versions of BII and RCADS（父母版本的BII和RCADS）The parent versions of the BII and the RCADS (i.e. BII-P and RCADS-P) were identical to the child versions of these measures, except that items/descriptions were

33、rephrased in terms of the parents’ perspective. 父母版本的BII和RCADS是相對(duì)于兒童版本而言，除了了項(xiàng)目用父母的視角來(lái)描述，其他一樣。,3、結(jié)果,3、1General findings（一般發(fā)現(xiàn)） First, questionnaires were reliable in terms of internal consistency. That is, all Cron

34、bach’s alphaswere well above 0.60 (Table 1). 第一，所有問(wèn)卷的內(nèi)部一致性系數(shù)都高于0.6，是可信的。(Table 1).,Second, no substantial gender differences were found: girls reported somewhat higher levels of separation anxiety disorder symptoms

35、 than boys, means being 1.9 (SD=2.1) versus 1.4 (SD=1.8) [t(295)=2.0, P<0.05], but when applying a Bonferroni correction this difference no longer attained statistical significance. 第二，沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)質(zhì)的性別差異：女孩在一定程度上要比男生在分離

36、性焦慮上分要高{1.9 (SD=2.1)VS 1.4 (SD=1.8)，t(295)=2.0, P<0.05} ，但是用Bonferroni 矯正后不再存在統(tǒng)計(jì)顯著性。,Third, the age range of the adolescents was restricted (i.e. 11–15 years) and no meaningful correlations between age and behavioural

37、 inhibition and symptoms of anxiety/depression were found. 第三，年齡的范圍有限（11–15歲），所有，發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡和行為抑制和焦慮/抑郁癥狀沒有顯著相關(guān)。,3.2. Correspondence between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition（兒童-父母報(bào)告行為抑制之間的相關(guān)） Correlatio

38、ns between child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition as indexed by the BIS were positive but modest, with rs between 0.44 and 0.49 (all Ps<0.001; Table 1). 兒童-父母報(bào)告行為抑制之間的BIS指標(biāo)為正相關(guān)但是都是中度相關(guān)。相關(guān)系數(shù)在0.44-0.49,Th

39、e percentage of agreement between child and parent with regard to the BI categories (low, middle, high) was 61.4%, with Cohen’s kappa being insufficient (p=0.32) and a modest Spearman rank correlation (r=0.42, P<0.001

40、). 兒童和父母關(guān)于BI的類別上的一致百分比數(shù)為61.4%，Cohen’s kappa 并不充分(p=0.32)，也只有中度的Spearman等級(jí)相關(guān)(r=0.42, P<0.001),3.3. Correspondence between child- and parent-reported anxiety and depression（兒童-父母報(bào)告焦慮和抑郁的一致性） social phobia, sepa

41、ration anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder seemed to be somewhat higher than that for symptoms of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and to a lesser extent generalised anxiety disorder 社交恐懼癥、

42、分離焦慮障礙和抑郁的癥狀在一定程度上高于恐慌癥,強(qiáng)迫癥-沖動(dòng)障礙,一般性焦慮障礙處于次要的。,Furthermore, paired t-tests indicated that parents reported higher levels of social phobia and separation anxiety disorder symptoms for their children than children themselv

43、es。 而且，配對(duì)樣本檢驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)父母報(bào)告要你孩子自己報(bào)告更好水平的社會(huì)恐懼和分離性焦慮。,3.4. Relationships between child-reported behavioural inhibition and anxiety/depression（兒童報(bào)告行為抑制和焦慮/抑郁的關(guān)系） First, Pearson correlations were computed between the child

44、version of the BIS and RCADS and RCADS-P scores 第一，皮爾遜相關(guān)分析來(lái)比較兒童版本的BIS 、RCADS 和RCADS-P分?jǐn)?shù),Second, (multivariate) analyses of variance were carried out to compare the RCADS and RCADS-P scores of adolescents who classifi

45、ed themselves as either low, middle, or high on behavioural inhibition. 第二，分析比較RCADS 和RCADS-P對(duì)于低，中，高行為抑制的被試,3.5. Relationships between parent-reported behavioural inhibition and anxiety/depression（父母報(bào)告行為抑制和焦慮/抑郁的關(guān)系）,

46、3.6. Relative predictive validity of child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition to symptoms of anxiety and depression（兒童-父母報(bào)告行為抑制預(yù)測(cè)焦慮/抑郁癥狀） child-reported anxiety and depression were best predicted by child-rep

47、orted behavioural inhibition, whereas parent-reported anxiety and depression were best predicted by parent-reported behavioural inhibition. 兒童報(bào)告的行為抑制可以很好的預(yù)測(cè)兒童報(bào)告的焦慮/抑郁癥狀；父母報(bào)告的兒童的行為抑制可以很好的預(yù)測(cè)父母報(bào)告兒童的焦慮/抑郁癥狀,In only two o

48、f the regression analyses child- and parent-reported behavioural inhibition both accounted for a unique and significant proportion of the variance. 兩個(gè)關(guān)于兒童-父母報(bào)告行為抑制都可以顯著的解釋一個(gè)部分變化。,4、討論,Laboratory observations have s

49、hown that behavioural inhibition is present in 10–15% of children who manifest this behavioural pattern in its extreme (see Turner et al., 1996) 實(shí)驗(yàn)室的觀察表明行為抑制在10–15%兒童群體上存在，顯示這種行為抑制的廣泛存在的。,The present data nicely illu

50、strate the relatively poor agreement between parent and child report with regard to the assessment of interna lising symptoms such as anxiety and depression (e.g. Rapee, Barrett, Dadds, & Evans, 1994). 當(dāng)前的數(shù)據(jù)非常漂亮的

51、闡明了相關(guān)的不一致在父母和兒童報(bào)告評(píng)價(jià)相關(guān)的焦慮/抑郁癥狀。,Agreement between adolescents and their parents for behavioural inhibition was also rather modest . On the one hand, this may indicate that behavioural inhibition not only has clear-cut obs

52、ervable features, but also has more covert emotional and cognitive components. 行為抑制只顯示出中等程度，這表明行為抑制不僅有清晰可觀察的特征，而且還存在更多的隱藏的情緒和認(rèn)知成分。,Thus, it remains possible that behavioural inhibition not only serves as an antecede

53、nt for anxiety disorders, but also is directly involved in the aetiology ofchildhood depression. Another possibility is that the connection between behavioural inhibition and depression is carried by anxiety. 因此，可能行

54、為抑制不僅在焦慮障礙之前 ，而且，他也直接涉及到兒童抑郁的病因?qū)W。另一種可能是行為抑制和抑郁的鏈接是有焦慮在中間起作用。,5、不足,第一、當(dāng)前測(cè)量的行為抑制排除了社會(huì)情境的行為抑制第二，BII評(píng)價(jià)當(dāng)前和過(guò)去的害羞和兒童社會(huì)抑制，工具并沒有考慮到這是一些兒童獲得的特征。第三，只是簡(jiǎn)單用問(wèn)卷分?jǐn)?shù)來(lái)評(píng)估焦慮/抑郁水平 第四、應(yīng)該從橫向研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步的證明兒童-父母報(bào)告行為抑制對(duì)焦慮和抑郁的預(yù)測(cè)力。第五、被試的年齡范圍過(guò)小,6、結(jié)論,Ta

55、ken together, the present data provide further support for the notion that behavioural inhibition plays a role in the aetiology of childhood anxiety disorders 總的來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)前的數(shù)進(jìn)一步的支持了行為抑制在兒童的焦慮障礙其中重要的角色。,7、評(píng)價(jià),本研究雖然是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的相關(guān)研

56、究而且所有的過(guò)程都和前人研究相似，但是作者有自己的創(chuàng)新之處在于，在變量選擇上加入父母評(píng)價(jià)。同時(shí)在數(shù)據(jù)分析上下了功夫。 這個(gè)研究也給我們其實(shí)行為抑制并不是一個(gè)有效的調(diào)節(jié)策略，當(dāng)我們遇到事情不放使用行為表達(dá)或許更好，我們也可以做一些相關(guān)研究。,（二）,Relations among behavioral inhibition, Big Five personality factors, and anxiety disorder sy

57、mptoms in non-clinical children非臨床兒童行為抑制、大五人格特質(zhì)、焦慮性障礙癥狀間關(guān)系探討,,Personality and Individual Differences個(gè)性與個(gè)體差異I F: 1.861,王科2009,1. Introduction引言,Behavioral inhibition is a temperament typology referring to children’s t

58、endency to react with shyness, fear, and withdrawal to novelty, unfamiliarity, and strain. 行為抑制的表現(xiàn)：兒童害羞，膽怯，對(duì)新異、不熟悉、緊張刺激表現(xiàn)出退縮傾向 Surprisingly little research has been conducted on the underlying personality factors o

59、f this temperament characteristic. 前人并沒有詳細(xì)研究行為抑制的潛在人格因素,Some authors have argued that behavioral inhibition is the observable manifestation of the fundamental personality trait of neuroticism, which can be defined a

60、s the enduring tendency to experience negative emotional states. 有研究表明行為抑制與“神經(jīng)質(zhì)”關(guān)系密切。（神經(jīng)質(zhì)：持續(xù)性處于消極情緒狀態(tài)） Another basic personality trait that has been associated with behavioral inhibition is extraversion. 行為抑制還與“

61、外向性”相關(guān),Moreover, because behavioral inhibition has rarely been investigated in combination with neuroticism and extraversion, it remains unclear whether this temperament characteristic accounts for unique variance in anx

62、iety symptoms beyond these basic personality traits. 那么，高神經(jīng)質(zhì)與低外向性能否解釋行為抑制兒童焦慮癥狀的產(chǎn)生？,From a psychopathology perspective, behavioral inhibition is of interest because various studies have demonstrated that this temper

63、ament feature is associated with the development of anxiety symptoms. 同時(shí)，大量研究表明行為抑制常常與焦慮癥狀的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)。 Not only social phobia, but also separation anxiety disorder and multiple anxiety disorders were significantly mo

64、re prevalent among children with behavioral inhibition. 此外，社交恐懼癥、分離焦慮、多重焦慮紊亂也同行為抑制有關(guān)。,In this way, it became possible to investigate 于是，本文將研究一下問(wèn)題：(a) correlations among behavioral inhibition, personality traits, a

65、nd anxiety disorder symptoms, 行為抑制、人格特質(zhì)、焦慮癥狀間相關(guān)關(guān)系(b) to what extent neuroticism, extraversion, and other personality traits account for unique variance in behavioral inhibition, 神經(jīng)質(zhì)、外向性及其他人格特質(zhì)對(duì)行為抑制的解釋力如何,(c) whe

66、ther behavioral inhibition accounts for unique variance in anxiety disorder symptoms after controlling for Big Five personality traits. 在控制人格因素后，行為抑制對(duì)焦慮癥狀的解釋力如何？,2. Method 方法部分 2.1. Participants 被試,· Eventual

67、ly, due to missing data and children being absent during the assessment session, data of 226 children (109 boys and 117 girls) and parents (155 mothers, 16 fathers, 39 both parents, and 16 other caretakers) were collecte

68、d. 除去流失被試，最后有226名兒童（男孩109名）及相應(yīng)數(shù)量的父母（母親166名、父親16名、39對(duì)夫婦、16名其它看護(hù)者）參加測(cè)試。,These children had a mean age of 10.54 years (SD = 1.05, range 9–12 years) and more than 85% of them were from original Dutch descent. 這些兒童平

69、均年齡10.54歲，其中85%為荷蘭籍兒童。,2.2. Questionnaires,Non-clinical children aged 9–12 years completed self-report scales for measuring behavioral inhibition, Big Five personality traits (including neuroticism and extraversion), and