動(dòng)機(jī)理論和激勵(lì)方法【外文翻譯】

1、1原文：原文：MotivationalTheiesIncentivesApproachesRaiSumitaRewardSystem:TheObjectiveMotivatingFactMotivationaltheicscanalsobeconceptualisedintotheviewsofthreedifferentschools:physiologicalcognitivebehavioural.Itisobviousthatn

2、oneofthesetheiesprovidesacompleteanswer.Somefocussolelyonmoaryaspectsothersontherelationshipaspect.Thephysiologicalschoolofthoughtholdsthatallbehaviourisdeterminedbyphysiologicalneedscognitivetheistsassumethattheemployee

3、’sbehaviourisentirelybasedonrationalthoughtprocessesbehaviouristsassumethatcertainbehaviourscanbeivelyreinfcedthroughrewardothersdiscouraged.Tosumupwemaysaythatthelinkbetweenperfmancemotivationstartedwiththenotionthatfin

4、ancialrewardsdohelpimproveperfmancebutthiswaslaterdevelopedtoincludeanumberofnonfinancialfacts.Atpresentnoneofthetheiescanadequatelydescribethelinkbetweenthetwo.Howeverthecontextualapproachappearstobeabetteroptiontodefin

5、etherelationshipasitfocusesonbothfinancialnonfinancialrewardthecomponentofsignificantenvironmentintegratesthenotionofindividual’sselfwithhishercontext.Heretheexternalcontextincludesthenatureoftaskkindofrewardetc.whilethe

6、internalcontextincludestheneedvaluesystemofanindividualattheganisationalleveltheculture.Thepowerofcontextovermotivationisanimptantareaofstudy.Thedefinitionofrewardthestructureoftherewardsystemhaveundergonemanychangesinth

7、elasttwodecades.Intoday’sbusinessenvironmentthewdrewardcoversabroadrangeinvolvingallaspectsoffixedpayotheremployeebenefitsincludingbonusespensionschemesbasecompensationholidayssickpaymedicalbenefitslowinterestloanscarsst

8、ockoptionscash.Asmentionedearlierthemainemphasisinthisstudyisonincentiveschemesespeciallythefinancialaspect.3studiescitedherearespecifictodevelopedcountriesliketheUStheUK.ThereistodatenopropersurveybasedstudyconductedinI

9、ndiansettingtoidentifythefactsthatmotivateemployeestowkhard.Demographicfactsplayacrucialroleinlevelsofmotivation.Individualsatdifferentganizationallevelsindifferentenvironmentsmayhavedifferentmotivationalvalues.Hencether

10、eisaneedtotakealookatincomelevelotherdemographicfactswhenanalysingattitudefmotivationalpurposes.Evenintheeraofglobalizationwherediversewkfcesarecommonpeoplestillcarrysomeaspectsfromtheirculturesocietalbeliefswhichpartial

11、lyexplainssuchvariationsinbehaviourastheJapanesepreferencefcollectiverecognition.IncentiveSchemesIncentivesareaspecialfmofrewardthatencouragestimulateemployeestoproducethedesiredbehaviour.Therearecontraryviewsonthelinkag

12、eofincentiveperfmance.Whilesomeresearchersassertthesignificantpositiveimpactofincentivesonmotivationothersrefuteit.Somemanagementexpertsarguethatmoneyonlymotivatespeoplewhoarealreadymotivated.Opponentsoftheuseofincentive

13、spointtothefactthatcountrieslikeGermanyJapanSwedenwhereincentivesprogrammesarenotinuseproducequalitygoodsservices.Theyarguethatincentivesaredemingmanipulativecreatecompetitionwithinthefirmdivideemployeesdistractemployees

14、fromtheimptanceoftheirwk.Itisalsodifficulttorewardonthebasisofindividualperfmancebecausemeasurementofindividualperfmanceisonlypossibleintherarecaseswhenthewkthatanindividualdoesisindependentofothers.Inmostsoftwarecompani

15、esfinstancetheemphasisisonteamwkspanningacrosssectionoftechnologiesbusinesses.AccdingtoKohnrewardsbylargesucceedinsecuringonlytemparycompliancedonotcreateanenduringcommitmenttoanyvalueactions.Bribesinthewkplacesimplycann