情勢變遷一個(gè)比較調(diào)查【外文翻譯】

1、文獻(xiàn)翻譯文獻(xiàn)翻譯原文：原文：Rebussicstantibus:AComparativeSurveyAuth：zizTSalibaLLMSubject:EuropeanComparativeLaw(Otherarticles)ContractsLawlegislation(Otherarticles)Introduction:Theobjectiveofthisarticleistobrieflyanalyzetheunfeseeabi

2、litydoctrineinCivilLawcountries(whereitisknownasarebussicstantibusclausebyitsFrenchname)fromitsbeginningtoitscurrentstageofdevelopmentinacomparativeperspective.AsdiscussedbelowtherearethreemainmodernapproachesintheCivilL

3、awcountriestothegeneralapplicationoftherebussicstantibusdoctrine.Somecountrieshaverejecteditothershaveadopteditthroughcourtconstructedprovisionsintheircodesyetothershaveexpresslyadopteditintheircodedlegislations.Theauthw

4、illalsocomparetherebussicstantibusdoctrinewithsomesimilardoctrineswhichareavailableinCommonLawcountries.Pactasuntserva:TheSanctityofContracts:Thecnerstoneofcontractlawisfreedomofcontracttheprincipleofautonomywhichmeansth

5、atwhenobservingtheproperlegalrestrictionspeoplecanengageinwhatevercontractualrelationstheychooseoncetheyhavedecidedtodosotheyareboundbytheircontract.Thebindingstrengthofcontractshasreligiousroots.TheOldTestamentwhichissa

6、credtoChristianismaswellastoJudaismasserts:“WhenamanmakesavowtotheLDtakesanoathtoobligatehimselfbyapledgehemustnotbreakhiswdbutmustdoeverythinghesaid.IntheNewTestamentJesusalsocommshisfollowerstohontheirwd:“Letyouryesbey

7、esyournobeno.“AsimilarreverencefagreementscanbefoundintraditionalMuslimlaw.Chapter5oftheQuransometimescalledtheChapterofContractsbeginswithanappeal:“Oyewhobelieve!Fulfill(all)obligations.ThisnotionisalsofoundinRomanlaw:p

8、actasuntservaexfidebona:“agreementsmustbefulfilledingoodfaith.Rebussicstantibus:Alimitationtothis“contractualsanctity“waselabatedbythecanonistsofthetwelfththirteenthcentury.AccdingtothecanoniststheLatintagis:contractusqu

9、ihabenttractumsuccesivumetdepentiamdefuturerebussicstantibusintelliguntur.Thismaybefreelytranslatedas:“contractsprovidingspecificperfmancethebreachingpartywasstillliablefdamages.IntheseventeenthcenturycaseofParadinev.Jan

10、ealesseesoughttobeexcusedfrompayingrentbecausea“GermanPrincebynameRupertanalienbnenemytotheKingkingdom“oustedhimfromthelsothathecouldnottakeincomefromit.InadictumthatwastogainfarreachingacceptanceintheCommonLawwldtheCour

11、tofKingsBenchdeclaredthat:“whenthepartybyhisowncontractcreatesadutygeuponhimselfheisboundtomakeitgoodifhemaynotwithstinganyaccidentbyinevitablenecessitybecausehemighthaveprovidedagainstitbycontract.therefeifthelesseecove

12、nantstorepairahousethoughitbeburntbylightningthrowndownbyenemiesyetheoughttorepairit.“Theonlyexceptionstothisstrictviewthat“impossibilityisnoexcuse“weresuperveningillegalitydeathdisability.Lateranotherexceptionwasfmulate

13、dinWilliamsv.LloydW.Jones.Thiswasacasewhichconcernsthedestructionofthesubjectmatterofthecontract.Thecourtheldthatthatabaileesdutytoreturnahsewasdisgedwhenwithoutthebaileesfaultthehsediedbecause“thatisbecomeimpossiblethea

14、ctofGod“.HoweverTaylv.CaldwellisdeemedtobethefountainheadoftheCommonLawdoctrineofimpossibility.TaylcontractedwithCaldwellsmusichallfperfmancesonfourdaysinreturnfpaymentof100poundsaday.Thehallwasaccidentallydestroyedbyfir

15、elessthanaweekbefetheperfmance.TaylthensuedCaldwellfbreachofcontract.Taylclaimedasdamagestheexpenseshehadincurredinpreparingfthoseperfmances.TheCourtofKingsBenchruledthatCaldwellwasexcusedbecause:“l(fā)ookingatthewholecontra

16、ctwefindthatthepartiescontractedonthebasisofthecontinuedexistenceoftheMusicHallatthetimewhentheconcertsweretobegiventhatbeingessentialtotheirperfmance.“Frustration:ThecommonlawsrigidPactasuntservarulepersistedwellfalongt

17、ime.SirGegeJesselM.R.in1875heldthat:“[I]fthereisonethingwhichmethananotherpublicpolicyrequiresitisthatmenoffullagecompetentunderstingshallhavetheutmostlibertyofcontractingthattheircontractswhenenteredintofreelyvoluntaril

18、yshallbeenfcedbyCourtsofJustice.“Thisstrictviewhoweverwasattenuatedbythedoctrineoffrustration.ThemodernfmulationofthedoctrineoffrustrationcanbefoundinthedecisionoftheHouseofLdsinDavisContractsLtd.v.FarehamU.D.Csince1956.

19、LdRadcliffestatedthat:“frustrationoccurswheneverthelawrecognizesthatwithoutdefaultofeitherpartyacontractualobligationhasbecomeincapableofbeingperfmedbecausethecircumstancesinwhichperfmanceiscalledfwouldrenderitathingradi