2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、原文：TheHiddenPayroll:EmployeeBenefitstheStructureofWkplaceInequalityAngelaM.Employeebenefitscontributetothestratificationofthelabfceintooccupationalmarkets.Employeebenefitsearningsfm“compensationpackages“availableindiffer

2、entcombinationsatdifferentlevelstooccupationslocatedindifferentlabmarkets.InthisstudyIhavemergedaggregateddatafromtheCurrentPopulationSurveyPensionSupplementin1979atthedetailedoccupationlevelwithdatafromtheFourthEditiono

3、ftheDictionaryofOccupationalTitlestoexaminetherelativeimptanceofwkfceacteristicsoccupationalcontentlabmarketcontextintheprovisionofedemployeebenefitsbothseparatelyincombinationswithearnings.Theanalysesrevealthatfringeben

4、efitsarestructurallydeterminedfactsthatrepresentadimensionoftherewardstructureofoccupationsdifferentfromearningsbuttheycombinewithearningstostratifythewkplaceintooccupationalmarkets.“Pensionsprovidethebestdocumentedexamp

5、leofthevariationinfringebenefits.Slightlymethanhalfofthewkfcein1979wasinpensioncoveredemploymentthehighestlevelofcoverageinhisty(1985).Pensioncoveredemploymentwasconcentratedinpublicprivate“ce“industries(BeckHanTolbert19

6、78).Buteveninceindustriespensioncoverageistypicallylimitedtothosewhowkfulltime(Slavick1966MacLean1986).Plansalsohavevestingschedulesi.e.minimumrequirementsf“continuous“serviceparticipationinderfanemployeetobecomeeligible

7、fabenefit.Theseserviceschedulesoftendiscriminateagainstwkerswithinterruptedserviceresultingfromlayoffs“personal“needssuchaschildbirthalthoughpensionlegislationbeginninginthe1970s(e.g.theEmployeeRetirementIncomeSecurityAc

8、tin1974)wastargetedtoprotecttheemployeesrightsinthelattercase.socialmakeupofthelabfcebyoccupationsisassumedtobeinfluencedbytheskillseducationalvocationaldevelopmentcommitmenttotheoccupationbywkers.Fromthisperspectiveempl

9、oyeebenefitslikeearningsareoccupationalrewards.The“skill“componentoftheproductionequationrequiresdifferentialrewardincentivepackages.Asinthecaseofwagessalariesthesecompensationsareendogenoustothenatureofwkfirmlevelproduc

10、tionfunctionswkerresources.Thustheskilllevelothervariablefeaturesofwkcontentacrossoccupationsshouldstronglydifferentiateoccupations.Lowskilllowwagejobstherefearelikelytocommfewerfringebenefitsaswell.Thesecondmajperspecti

11、veonememarketcenteredthanoccupationallycenteredfallsunderthegeneralrubricofinstitutionalistlabmarkettheythoughtheapproachesinthisperspectivearequitediverse(Averitt1968Edwards1979BaronBielby19801984GdonEdwardsReich1982Hod

12、son1978).Theemphasesinthisapproachareonthestructureconsequencesofmonopolisticversuscompetitiveeconomicganizationontheresourcesofwkersparticularlytheganizationalresourcesprovidedbyunionizationprofessionalization.Histicall

13、yconditionedpatternsoflabfceregulationcompensationarearguedtoberootedineconomicganizationleadingtothesegmentation(stratification)ofthelabfce(Bridges1982).Thefragmentationofthelabfceiscreatedthroughthedifferentialallocati

14、onofsubgroupsofwkerstodifferentindustriestodifferentcategiesofeconomic(earnings)symbolic(prestige)reward.Meoverthefragmentationisoftenviewedasrelativelyindependentoftheoccupationsthemselvesthustheintrinsiccontentskilllev

15、elofjobsareviewedaslessimptantthantherewardvaluesassignedtothemfextrinsiceconomicreasons.Thefragmentationofthelabintoracesexsegregatedstableunstablecomponentsissimilarlyviewedasregulatedbymarketlevelexigencies.Fromthispe

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