二手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)在研究中的使用

1、二手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)在研究中的使用,how：“眼” 需要有理論透鏡去捕捉、識(shí)別和選取適用的二手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)（理論訓(xùn)練！文獻(xiàn)儲(chǔ)備！研究功力?。胺ā?方法得當(dāng)！審慎的對(duì)待二手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，詳細(xì)介紹理論構(gòu)建、數(shù)據(jù)源的選擇以及編碼 “工” 有耐心，肯花時(shí)間，不怕費(fèi)事,,,作業(yè),,homework,,,確定范圍,中衛(wèi)縣、民勤縣、景泰縣、景泰縣、臨澤縣、金塔縣、瓜州縣、敦煌縣等七個(gè)面臨荒漠化威脅的縣對(duì)其地理位置、面積、人口、治理荒漠化工作歷史沿革等主要內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了解，梳

2、理其中的共同點(diǎn)符合最相似/最不同研究設(shè)計(jì)原則,,,招募啟事,,,,,,,,,簡(jiǎn)單的自我介紹,項(xiàng)目意義,倫理說明,聯(lián)系方式,,,訪談問卷,,,通過培訓(xùn)高中生開展問卷,,,,,通過培訓(xùn)高中生開展問卷,六個(gè)等級(jí)尺度：很重要—重要—一般重要—中立—不重要—不清楚,五個(gè)可能性：十分嚴(yán)重—嚴(yán)重—中等嚴(yán)重—不明顯—大大改善,,,定義特定研究的四個(gè)維度,改變覆蓋面和空間范圍將會(huì)改變分析單位，組織層級(jí)作為分析單位改變了，分析層次也就改變了,,,覆蓋

3、面,,,,,,,改變空間范圍的案例研究,應(yīng)用了試點(diǎn)-推廣的辦法,6,穩(wěn)定的外部支持,7,三個(gè)案例,宋和村，民勤縣（成功）,張掖市，甘肅?。ú怀晒Γ?榆林市，陜西?。ò氤晒Γ?,,改變文化背景的案例研究,√=滿足 〤=弱滿足 ×=不滿足,,,,,關(guān)于二手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)使用的一些思考,,,通過二手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)的表象獲得對(duì)本質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí),,因此，首先具備提出關(guān)鍵問題的能力，其次具有功能強(qiáng)大的數(shù)據(jù)處理和分析能力,,,EVIDENCE O

4、N REGULATIONS OF USE AND USERS對(duì)使用和使用者進(jìn)行管制的證明,,,Open Access (開放獲取) Evidence consistent with Hardin's predictionIncentives for successful resource management are absent from or weak in open access regimes 缺乏資源管理動(dòng)力,

5、Private Property (私有財(cái)產(chǎn))Usually provides incentives for rational exploitation of the resource通常提供理性開發(fā)資源的動(dòng)力,demand exceeds the capacity of the resource to sustain itselftechnology is available to exploit the resource at

6、 a high level,Depletion,economic incentive(not necessarily sustainable)eg. Late-maturing species like whales,,,EVIDENCE ON REGULATIONS OF USE AND USERS對(duì)使用和使用者進(jìn)行管制的證明,,Communal Property (公有財(cái)產(chǎn)),Contrary to HardinSocial

7、 groups have the ability to design, utilize, and adapt often ingenious mechanisms to allocate use rights among members. 社會(huì)團(tuán)體具備自我管制能力 eg. elaborate regulations on Japanese forest and meadow commons, cooperative self-regu

8、lation among New Jersey fishermen, village-wide system of irrigation in South India,Voluntary collective action can be feasible and effective,,,EVIDENCE ON REGULATIONS OF USE AND USERS對(duì)使用和使用者進(jìn)行管制的證明,,State Property (國(guó)有財(cái)

9、產(chǎn)),State governance does not necessarily ensure sustainable use. 國(guó)家治理≠可持續(xù)Problems:①Proliferation of such regulations eg. Noncompliance in New England regional fishery②Seldom success in less-developed countries eg

10、. poor resource-management infrastructure & problematic enforcement,Evidence on regulations of use and users,Communal Property Private Property State Property,success failure,,,,Conclusion (結(jié)論),,(1) Hardin’s mo

11、del is insightful but incompleteHis four assumptions:open accesslack of constraints on individual behaviorconditions in which demand exceeds supplyresource users who are incapable of altering the rules22 years la

12、ter, the herdsmen seek ways to:control access to the pastureagree upon a set of rules of conduct,,,Conclusion (結(jié)論),,(2) Hardin overlooks the important role of institutional arrangements and cultural factors(3) Societ

13、ies have the capacity to construct and enforce rules and norms that constrain the behavior of individuals(4)Co-management is a viable option eg. shared governance / state regulation jointly with user self-management /