高中英語(yǔ)必修四unit2語(yǔ)法課件

1、The –ing form as the Subject , Object ，Predictive, Attributive and Object Complement,Grammar,Have you ever seen these signs?,parking, spitting, littering, smoking,-ing forms,1. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的構(gòu)成: 是在動(dòng)詞末尾加-ing 形式構(gòu)成, 因此又叫動(dòng)詞的 -

2、ing 形式。如: do-doing, be-being, ask-asking, etc.否定形式: not+ -ing 構(gòu)成2. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ), 沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化, 但可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 還有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。3. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式由動(dòng)詞加-ing變化而成, 它同時(shí)具有名詞和動(dòng)詞的特征, 在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。,指出-ing形式在下面句中的成分。Finding ways to grow

3、 more rice has been his life goal.He enjoys listening to violin music.China is a developing country.The music is exciting.We heard her singing in her room.Being ill, she went back home.,主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),一、動(dòng)詞-ing

4、形式作主語(yǔ) 表示經(jīng)常的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。如： 1）Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 2）Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 3）Going to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 4）Asking

5、a woman’s age is impolite in our country.,2. -ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常后置, 此時(shí)須用it作形式主語(yǔ), 用形容詞或名詞作表語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)有: no use, no good, fun, hard work, a hard / difficult job, a waste of time 等; 形容詞有: dangerous, worthwhile, useless等。,歸納:

6、 常用-ing形式作主語(yǔ)的句型有：It +be +a waste of time doing It is/was no good/use doing It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing It is/was worth/worthwhile doing There is no doing...無(wú)法……; 不允許……,3. 在there be no...結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語(yǔ), 這種結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相當(dāng)

7、于“It is impossible to do… ”。,There is no sense in doing 做……沒(méi)有道理There is/was no use doing 做……無(wú)意義 There is/was nothing worse than doing 沒(méi)有比……更糟的There is/was no point doing 做

8、……無(wú)意義,1)There is no hiding of evil but not to do it．若要人不知, 除非己莫為。2)There is no joking about such matter.這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。3)There was no knowing when he would leave.無(wú)法知道他什么時(shí)候離開(kāi)。,,,,Try to tell the meaning of each sentence.,注

9、意: There is no need to do sth 沒(méi)必要做某事, 在此句式中to do 不可換為doing.There is no need to tell her. 提示: 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞用作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 其邏輯主語(yǔ)由形容詞性物主代詞和名詞所有格構(gòu)成。1）My sister’s being ill made me worried.2）Your being right doesn’t necessarily mean

10、 my being wrong.,動(dòng)名詞與不定式做主語(yǔ)時(shí)的比較：動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作通常是一個(gè)習(xí)慣性的長(zhǎng)期進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 不定式則通常表示動(dòng)作的一次性或短暫性。e.g.1）Teaching English is my job.2）Finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.3）To reach there on time is my task.,二、動(dòng)名詞用作賓

11、語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)有兩種情況。1. 只能后接-ing作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞, 常見(jiàn)的有avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, escape, cannot help, imagine, mind, miss, practise, cannot stand, excuse, fancy, give up, put off, risk, insist on

12、, look forward, feel like等。e.g.1）I can’t avoid going．2）Have you considered looking for one special friend?3）People couldn’t help laughing foolish man．,2. 既可接-ing和to do作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞, 常見(jiàn)的有: begin, start, continue, like, love

13、, prefer, by, mean, forget，remember, hate等。A. 在 like, love, hate, prefer等動(dòng)詞之后，用-ing或不定式意義上沒(méi)有什么不同, 只是側(cè)重點(diǎn)有些不同, ing表示泛指的動(dòng)作, to do表示具體的一次性動(dòng)作。B. 在 begin/start, continue之后, 用動(dòng)名詞和不定式, 意義沒(méi)有什么不同, 尤其是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人的時(shí)候。,C. 在動(dòng)詞forget

14、, remember, regret之后, 用動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不同。-ing 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,-to do 表示動(dòng)作還沒(méi)發(fā)生；I remember posting the letter．I’ll remember to post the letter．I shall never forget seeing the famous writer．Don’t forget to write to your mother．I

15、 regret missing the report．I regret to say I can’t take your advice．,,,,D. 意義各不相同try to do (設(shè)法) mean to do (打算, 有意要做) try doing (試試) mean doing (意思是, 意味著)be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做某事 be used to do 被用來(lái)做某事

16、can’t help doing 禁不住做某事can't help to do 不能幫助做某事,,,E. go on doing 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事; go on to do 接著做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。,,,,,3. 在介詞后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)1) I insist on taking proper food for this trip．2

17、) Instead of smiling, each of them made a face．3) She was very interested in working for our company．注：下列短語(yǔ)中的to都是介詞, 所以動(dòng)詞要接-ing形式: devote to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, st

18、ick to,be used to等。,三、-ing形式作定語(yǔ)1. 單個(gè)動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作定語(yǔ)位于被修飾名詞的前面, 既可以表示被修飾者的作用或功能, 也可以表示被修飾者的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。e.g.building materials = materials for building 建筑材料,drinking water = water for drinkinga walking stick = a stick for

19、 walkinga reading room = a room for reading a writing desk = a desk for writingtiring music = music that is tiring a surprising result= a result that is surprising,,,,,,,2. –ing 形式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí), 放在所修飾的名詞之后, 并且在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)

20、從句。1）They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 2）The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father. 3）Anybody swimming in this r

21、iver will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined.,,,,,3. -ing形式短語(yǔ)也可以用作非限制定語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 這時(shí), 它與句子其他部分用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。1) His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is w

22、orking as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 2) The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. = The apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.,,,四、-ing形

23、式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1) 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常放在賓語(yǔ)后面, 表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)性的動(dòng)作, 強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)過(guò)程或一種狀態(tài)。如：(1)When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. (2)We found the snake eating the eggs.,2) 當(dāng)主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 原來(lái)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-

24、ing形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如： They found the result very satisfying. = The result is found very satisfying. They heard him singing in the next room. = He was heard singing in the next room.,2. 能用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的幾類動(dòng)詞: 表示感覺(jué)和心理狀

25、態(tài)的動(dòng)詞, 常見(jiàn)的有 see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。 a. We saw a light burning in the window. b. I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. c. Can you smell anything burning? d.

26、As he spoke, he observed everybody looking at him curiously. e. I didn’t notice him waiting.,2) 表示指使意義的動(dòng)詞, 常見(jiàn)的有 have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。如：I won’t have you doing that. This set me thinking.I’m sorr

27、y to have kept you waiting. I can’t get the clock going again.You won’t catch me doing that again.,3. see, hear, feel, watch等動(dòng)詞之后用-ing形式和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：① 前者表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 而后者表示(或強(qiáng)調(diào)) 動(dòng)作從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束的全過(guò)程。如:We passed by the class

28、mates and saw the teacher making the experiment.我們走過(guò)教室, 看見(jiàn)老師在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(只在走過(guò)教室的剎那間, 看見(jiàn)老師正在做實(shí)驗(yàn)),五、-ing形式作表語(yǔ) -ing形式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)放在系動(dòng)詞之后, 用來(lái)泛指某種動(dòng)作或行為, 以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)或情況。1) Her hobby is painting. 2) My job is looking after the childre

29、n.3) His concern for his mother is most touching.4) She was very pleasing in her appearance.,六.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須是句子的主語(yǔ), 分詞必須和句中的主語(yǔ)含有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系, 否則不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。但要注意它的各種形式變化:,主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式 V-ing

30、 being V-ed having V-ed having been V-ed,,一般式,完成式,e. g. 1) Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom. (聽(tīng)見(jiàn)和進(jìn)入兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)2) The building being built now is our new library. (being built為現(xiàn)在

31、分詞的被動(dòng)形式, 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行之中)3) Having done the work, he went home.,主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式 V-ing being V-ed having V-ed having been V-ed,一般式,完成式,現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ), 修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子, 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的原因、時(shí)間、方式、結(jié)果、條件、伴隨等?，F(xiàn)在分詞一般不用作

32、表目的地狀語(yǔ)(通常用不定式表目的地狀語(yǔ))。,1）Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.,1表時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),2表原因狀語(yǔ)1）Being ill, he didn’t go to school.=As he was

33、 ill, he didn’t go to school.,2）Being a student, you should study hard.=Since you are a student, you should study hard.,3 表方式、伴隨情況的狀語(yǔ): 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的分詞表示的動(dòng)作, 必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作, 或是與謂語(yǔ)所表示地動(dòng)作(或狀態(tài))同時(shí)發(fā)生, 或是對(duì)謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)詞(或狀態(tài))作進(jìn)一步地補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。,1) He

34、sat on the sofa, watching TV.=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.,2) 他們笑著談著走進(jìn)了教室。,_____________________ , they went into the classroom.,Laughing and talking,4 表結(jié)果e.g. 1) Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her

35、younger brother.=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.,2) The song is sung all over the country,________________________________.,making it the most popular song,5 表?xiàng)l件,1) Using your head,

36、you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find a way.,______________, you will see a white house.,2) Walking ahead,6 與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格: 　1) I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．　2) All the tickets havin

37、g been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 　3) Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.,**有時(shí)也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格) +分詞形式。 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 7 作獨(dú)立成分: 1) Judg

38、ing from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.,Thank you!,The ___ boy was last seen ___ near the bank of the lake. A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D. missed; to play解析: mi

39、ssing是形容詞, 作boy的定語(yǔ), 意思是“失蹤的”。 was last seen playing表示被看見(jiàn)時(shí)正在玩。,真題解析,A,精析:根據(jù)句意“it may now be too late to …” 和 “already” 可知“河流已經(jīng)被嚴(yán)重污染”, 應(yīng)用完成時(shí)。答案 A。,高考鏈接,____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clea

40、n up the river. (2004全國(guó)) A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. That D. Suffered,A,2. ____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (全國(guó)2002)A. Giv

41、en B. To give C. Giving D. Having given,解析: 本題考查過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的用法。分析題干, 前一部分相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句, 即 If he is given …, 因?yàn)橹骶涫?it, 從句應(yīng)含被動(dòng)意義, 這恰是過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的基本含義即含被動(dòng)意義。答案 A。,A,3. The picture ____ on the wall is paint

42、ed by my niece. (2001上海) A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung解析: 分析題目可知, 謂語(yǔ)是 is painted, 那么選項(xiàng)部分應(yīng)是充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的。A項(xiàng)是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式, 其一般不作定語(yǔ), 只作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ); C項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞“第三人稱單數(shù)”顯然也不能作定語(yǔ), 只作謂語(yǔ); 分

43、析 the picture與動(dòng)作 hang 之間的關(guān)系, 其不含被動(dòng)意義, D項(xiàng)排除; B項(xiàng)是現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式, 相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句which is hanging。答案 B。,B,4. — Let’s have a rest． — Not now. I don’t want to stop __________ yet．(MET 1985) A. study &#

44、160;        B. to study C. for studying    D. studying,解析: stop studying 意為“停止學(xué)習(xí)”。,D,5. — Let me tell you something about the journalists．

45、 — Don’t you remember ________ me the story yesterday? (1999上海高考) A. told       B. telling C. to tell   D. to have told,解析: re

46、member telling me 意為“記得曾經(jīng)告訴過(guò)我”。,B,1. — What made you so upset? — _____ two tickets to the pop music concert. A. Losing B. Because of losing C. To lose D. Because I had lost 2. I ca

47、n’t imagine _______ that with them. A. do           B. to do C. being done    D. doing,A,考考你,D,3. He got well-prepared for the j

48、ob interview, for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 4. ___ is forbidden inside the park. A. To cycle B. We cycle C

49、. Anyone cycles D. Cycling,B,D,5. I can’t stand ___ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ___ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop

50、 D. to work; to stop 6. The old lady needs ____. A. look afterB. to look after C. looking afterD. being looked after,C,C,1. If you can keep ________(read) English newspapers, your English will be imp

51、roved. 2. He has promised __________(come) to my birthday party.3. I hate _________________(tell) lies!4. I will never forget __________(go) to Beijing with him last summer. I forgot ________(tell) her

52、 the news; so she knew nothing about it.,Complete these sentences:,reading,to come,telling/to tell,going,to tell,出國(guó)旅行是很激動(dòng)人心的。Travelling abroad is very exciting.2. 在這兒等是沒(méi)用的, 我們走吧。It’s no use waiting here. Let’s go