高中英語必修四unit2語法課件

1、The –ing form as the Subject , Object ，Predictive, Attributive and Object Complement,Grammar,Have you ever seen these signs?,parking, spitting, littering, smoking,-ing forms,1. 動詞-ing形式的構(gòu)成: 是在動詞末尾加-ing 形式構(gòu)成, 因此又叫動詞的 -

2、ing 形式。如: do-doing, be-being, ask-asking, etc.否定形式: not+ -ing 構(gòu)成2. 動詞-ing形式不能單獨作謂語, 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化, 但可以有自己的賓語和狀語, 還有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。3. 動詞-ing形式由動詞加-ing變化而成, 它同時具有名詞和動詞的特征, 在句中可以作主語、賓語等。,指出-ing形式在下面句中的成分。Finding ways to grow

3、 more rice has been his life goal.He enjoys listening to violin music.China is a developing country.The music is exciting.We heard her singing in her room.Being ill, she went back home.,主語,賓語,定語,表語,賓語補足語,狀語,一、動詞-ing

4、形式作主語 表示經(jīng)常的、習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài), 謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。如： 1）Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 2）Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 3）Going to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 4）Asking

5、a woman’s age is impolite in our country.,2. -ing形式作主語時常后置, 此時須用it作形式主語, 用形容詞或名詞作表語。常見的名詞或名詞短語有: no use, no good, fun, hard work, a hard / difficult job, a waste of time 等; 形容詞有: dangerous, worthwhile, useless等。,歸納:

6、 常用-ing形式作主語的句型有：It +be +a waste of time doing It is/was no good/use doing It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing It is/was worth/worthwhile doing There is no doing...無法……; 不允許……,3. 在there be no...結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語, 這種結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相當(dāng)

7、于“It is impossible to do… ”。,There is no sense in doing 做……沒有道理There is/was no use doing 做……無意義 There is/was nothing worse than doing 沒有比……更糟的There is/was no point doing 做

8、……無意義,1)There is no hiding of evil but not to do it．若要人不知, 除非己莫為。2)There is no joking about such matter.這種事開不得玩笑。3)There was no knowing when he would leave.無法知道他什么時候離開。,,,,Try to tell the meaning of each sentence.,注

9、意: There is no need to do sth 沒必要做某事, 在此句式中to do 不可換為doing.There is no need to tell her. 提示: 當(dāng)動名詞用作主語時, 其邏輯主語由形容詞性物主代詞和名詞所有格構(gòu)成。1）My sister’s being ill made me worried.2）Your being right doesn’t necessarily mean

10、 my being wrong.,動名詞與不定式做主語時的比較：動名詞表示的動作通常是一個習(xí)慣性的長期進行的動作, 不定式則通常表示動作的一次性或短暫性。e.g.1）Teaching English is my job.2）Finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.3）To reach there on time is my task.,二、動名詞用作賓

11、語 動名詞作賓語有兩種情況。1. 只能后接-ing作賓語的動詞, 常見的有avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, escape, cannot help, imagine, mind, miss, practise, cannot stand, excuse, fancy, give up, put off, risk, insist on

12、, look forward, feel like等。e.g.1）I can’t avoid going．2）Have you considered looking for one special friend?3）People couldn’t help laughing foolish man．,2. 既可接-ing和to do作賓語的動詞, 常見的有: begin, start, continue, like, love

13、, prefer, by, mean, forget，remember, hate等。A. 在 like, love, hate, prefer等動詞之后，用-ing或不定式意義上沒有什么不同, 只是側(cè)重點有些不同, ing表示泛指的動作, to do表示具體的一次性動作。B. 在 begin/start, continue之后, 用動名詞和不定式, 意義沒有什么不同, 尤其是當(dāng)主語是人的時候。,C. 在動詞forget

14、, remember, regret之后, 用動名詞與不定式意義不同。-ing 表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,-to do 表示動作還沒發(fā)生；I remember posting the letter．I’ll remember to post the letter．I shall never forget seeing the famous writer．Don’t forget to write to your mother．I

15、 regret missing the report．I regret to say I can’t take your advice．,,,,D. 意義各不相同try to do (設(shè)法) mean to do (打算, 有意要做) try doing (試試) mean doing (意思是, 意味著)be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做某事 be used to do 被用來做某事

16、can’t help doing 禁不住做某事can't help to do 不能幫助做某事,,,E. go on doing 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事; go on to do 接著做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。,,,,,3. 在介詞后接動名詞作賓語1) I insist on taking proper food for this trip．2

17、) Instead of smiling, each of them made a face．3) She was very interested in working for our company．注：下列短語中的to都是介詞, 所以動詞要接-ing形式: devote to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, st

18、ick to,be used to等。,三、-ing形式作定語1. 單個動詞的-ing形式作定語位于被修飾名詞的前面, 既可以表示被修飾者的作用或功能, 也可以表示被修飾者的動作或狀態(tài)。e.g.building materials = materials for building 建筑材料,drinking water = water for drinkinga walking stick = a stick for

19、 walkinga reading room = a room for reading a writing desk = a desk for writingtiring music = music that is tiring a surprising result= a result that is surprising,,,,,,,2. –ing 形式短語作定語時, 放在所修飾的名詞之后, 并且在意思上相當(dāng)于一個定語

20、從句。1）They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 2）The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father. 3）Anybody swimming in this r

21、iver will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined.,,,,,3. -ing形式短語也可以用作非限制定語, 相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句, 這時, 它與句子其他部分用逗號分開。1) His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is w

22、orking as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 2) The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. = The apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.,,,四、-ing形

23、式作賓語補足語1) 動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語常放在賓語后面, 表示一個正在進行的主動性的動作, 強調(diào)一個過程或一種狀態(tài)。如：(1)When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. (2)We found the snake eating the eggs.,2) 當(dāng)主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時, 原來作賓語補足語的動詞-

24、ing形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補足語。如： They found the result very satisfying. = The result is found very satisfying. They heard him singing in the next room. = He was heard singing in the next room.,2. 能用-ing形式作賓語補足語的幾類動詞: 表示感覺和心理狀

25、態(tài)的動詞, 常見的有 see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。 a. We saw a light burning in the window. b. I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. c. Can you smell anything burning? d.

26、As he spoke, he observed everybody looking at him curiously. e. I didn’t notice him waiting.,2) 表示指使意義的動詞, 常見的有 have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。如：I won’t have you doing that. This set me thinking.I’m sorr

27、y to have kept you waiting. I can’t get the clock going again.You won’t catch me doing that again.,3. see, hear, feel, watch等動詞之后用-ing形式和動詞不定式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別：① 前者表示動作正在進行, 而后者表示(或強調(diào)) 動作從開始到結(jié)束的全過程。如:We passed by the class

28、mates and saw the teacher making the experiment.我們走過教室, 看見老師在做實驗。(只在走過教室的剎那間, 看見老師正在做實驗),五、-ing形式作表語 -ing形式作表語時放在系動詞之后, 用來泛指某種動作或行為, 以說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)或情況。1) Her hobby is painting. 2) My job is looking after the childre

29、n.3) His concern for his mother is most touching.4) She was very pleasing in her appearance.,六.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時, 分詞的邏輯主語必須是句子的主語, 分詞必須和句中的主語含有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系, 否則不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。但要注意它的各種形式變化:,主動形式 被動形式 V-ing

30、 being V-ed having V-ed having been V-ed,,一般式,完成式,e. g. 1) Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom. (聽見和進入兩個動作同時發(fā)生)2) The building being built now is our new library. (being built為現(xiàn)在

31、分詞的被動形式, 表示動作正在進行之中)3) Having done the work, he went home.,主動形式 被動形式 V-ing being V-ed having V-ed having been V-ed,一般式,完成式,現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作狀語, 修飾謂語動詞或整個句子, 表示動作發(fā)生的原因、時間、方式、結(jié)果、條件、伴隨等?，F(xiàn)在分詞一般不用作

32、表目的地狀語(通常用不定式表目的地狀語)。,1）Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.,1表時間狀語,2表原因狀語1）Being ill, he didn’t go to school.=As he was

33、 ill, he didn’t go to school.,2）Being a student, you should study hard.=Since you are a student, you should study hard.,3 表方式、伴隨情況的狀語: 作伴隨狀語的分詞表示的動作, 必須是主語的一個動作, 或是與謂語所表示地動作(或狀態(tài))同時發(fā)生, 或是對謂語表示的動詞(或狀態(tài))作進一步地補充說明。,1) He

34、sat on the sofa, watching TV.=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.,2) 他們笑著談著走進了教室。,_____________________ , they went into the classroom.,Laughing and talking,4 表結(jié)果e.g. 1) Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her

35、younger brother.=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.,2) The song is sung all over the country,________________________________.,making it the most popular song,5 表條件,1) Using your head,

36、you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find a way.,______________, you will see a white house.,2) Walking ahead,6 與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格: 　1) I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．　2) All the tickets havin

37、g been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 　3) Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.,**有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格) +分詞形式。 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 7 作獨立成分: 1) Judg

38、ing from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.,Thank you!,The ___ boy was last seen ___ near the bank of the lake. A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D. missed; to play解析: mi

39、ssing是形容詞, 作boy的定語, 意思是“失蹤的”。 was last seen playing表示被看見時正在玩。,真題解析,A,精析:根據(jù)句意“it may now be too late to …” 和 “already” 可知“河流已經(jīng)被嚴重污染”, 應(yīng)用完成時。答案 A。,高考鏈接,____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clea

40、n up the river. (2004全國) A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. That D. Suffered,A,2. ____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (全國2002)A. Giv

41、en B. To give C. Giving D. Having given,解析: 本題考查過去分詞作狀語的用法。分析題干, 前一部分相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句, 即 If he is given …, 因為主句是 it, 從句應(yīng)含被動意義, 這恰是過去分詞作狀語的基本含義即含被動意義。答案 A。,A,3. The picture ____ on the wall is paint

42、ed by my niece. (2001上海) A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung解析: 分析題目可知, 謂語是 is painted, 那么選項部分應(yīng)是充當(dāng)定語的。A項是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式, 其一般不作定語, 只作時間或原因狀語; C項動詞“第三人稱單數(shù)”顯然也不能作定語, 只作謂語; 分

43、析 the picture與動作 hang 之間的關(guān)系, 其不含被動意義, D項排除; B項是現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式, 相當(dāng)于定語從句which is hanging。答案 B。,B,4. — Let’s have a rest． — Not now. I don’t want to stop __________ yet．(MET 1985) A. study &#

44、160;        B. to study C. for studying    D. studying,解析: stop studying 意為“停止學(xué)習(xí)”。,D,5. — Let me tell you something about the journalists．

45、 — Don’t you remember ________ me the story yesterday? (1999上海高考) A. told       B. telling C. to tell   D. to have told,解析: re

46、member telling me 意為“記得曾經(jīng)告訴過我”。,B,1. — What made you so upset? — _____ two tickets to the pop music concert. A. Losing B. Because of losing C. To lose D. Because I had lost 2. I ca

47、n’t imagine _______ that with them. A. do           B. to do C. being done    D. doing,A,考考你,D,3. He got well-prepared for the j

48、ob interview, for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 4. ___ is forbidden inside the park. A. To cycle B. We cycle C

49、. Anyone cycles D. Cycling,B,D,5. I can’t stand ___ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ___ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop

50、 D. to work; to stop 6. The old lady needs ____. A. look afterB. to look after C. looking afterD. being looked after,C,C,1. If you can keep ________(read) English newspapers, your English will be imp

51、roved. 2. He has promised __________(come) to my birthday party.3. I hate _________________(tell) lies!4. I will never forget __________(go) to Beijing with him last summer. I forgot ________(tell) her

52、 the news; so she knew nothing about it.,Complete these sentences:,reading,to come,telling/to tell,going,to tell,出國旅行是很激動人心的。Travelling abroad is very exciting.2. 在這兒等是沒用的, 我們走吧。It’s no use waiting here. Let’s go