簡(jiǎn)介：AFRICANJOURNALOFBIOTECHNOLOGYVOL821,PP58075813,2NOVEMBER,2009AVAILABLEONLINEATHTTP//WWWACADEMICJOURNALSORG/AJBISSN1684–5315?2009ACADEMICJOURNALSFULLLENGTHRESEARCHPAPERSEPARATIONANDRECOVERYOFORGANICACIDSFROMFERMENTEDKITCHENWASTEBYANINTEGRATEDPROCESSFARAHNADIAOMAR,NOR’AINIABDULRAHMAN,HALIMATUNSAADIAHHAFID,PHANGLAIYEEANDMOHDALIHASSANDEPARTMENTOFBIOPROCESSTECHNOLOGY,FACULTYOFBIOTECHNOLOGYANDBIOMOLECULARSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYPUTRAMALAYSIA,43400SERDANG,SELANGOR,MALAYSIAACCEPTED4SEPTEMBER,2009ORGANICACIDSPRODUCEDFROMANAEROBICDIGESTIONOFKITCHENWASTEWERERECOVEREDUSINGANEWINTEGRATEDMETHODWHICHCONSISTEDOFFREEZINGANDTHAWING,CENTRIFUGATION,FILTRATIONANDEVAPORATIONTHEMAINORGANICACIDPRODUCEDWASLACTICACID98AFTERTHEFREEZINGANDTHAWINGPROCESS,73OFTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSWEREREMOVEDANDTHEORGANICACIDSWEREELEVATEDFROM590TO70G/LTHEEVAPORATIONTECHNIQUEWASUSEDTOFURTHERCONCENTRATETHEORGANICACIDSUPTO224G/LUSINGTHEINTEGRATEDRECOVERYMETHOD,THEREDUCTIONOFTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSINTHESOLUTIONACHIEVEDWASABOUT93THEMATERIALBALANCEFORTHERECOVERYPROCESSWASALSOPRESENTEDKEYWORDSANAEROBICDIGESTION,KITCHENWASTE,ORGANICACIDS,RECOVERYINTRODUCTIONTHEREMARKABLEGROWTHECONOMYINMALAYSIAHASBROUGHTTREMENDOUSPOPULATIONGROWTHWHICHTHENRESULTEDINAHUGEAMOUNTOFMUNICIPALSOLIDWASTEMSWBEINGGENERATEDTHROUGHOUTTHEYEARMSWISUSUALLYDUMPEDINLANDFILLSANDDEGRADEDINTOSIMPLERCOMPOUNDSHOWEVER,DUETOTHESCARCITYOFLANDANDTHECONSTRAINTOFLANDFILLAREAS,ALTERNATIVEMETHODSSHOULDBECONSIDEREDINORDERTOREDUCETHESPACENEEDEDFORLANDFILLSINCINERATIONISALSOANOPTIONOHKOUCHIANDINOUE,2006ASITISANEASYFINALDISPOSALMETHODBUTLARGEAMOUNTSOFENERGYWILLBEWASTEDINTHEBURNINGPROCESSTSAI,2008SINCE2254OFMSWCONSISTSOFFOODANDORGANICWASTESKATHIRVALEETAL,2003,BIOCONVERSIONOFMSWINTOUSEFULPRODUCTSISFEASIBLEANDITSTREATMENTCOSTCANBEREDUCEDTOOFOODWASTECONTAINSABOUT80OFMOISTUREWHICHISEASILYBIODEGRADABLEANDISRICHINNUTRIENTSANDMICROFLORAWANGETAL,2001DUETOTHESECHARACTERISTICS,BIOLOGICALTREATMENTSAREPREFERREDONEOFTHEMOSTPRACTICALBIOLOGICALTREATMENTSISANAEROBICDIGESTIONITISAGREATTOOLTOSTABILIZEALARGEVOLUMEOFWASTEMATERIALSECONOMICALLYANDEFFECTIVELYSAKAIETAL,2000ITALSOCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILNOR_AINIBIOTECHUPMEDUMYTEL60389466669FAX60389467510PRODUCESLOWBIOMASSANDISABLETODESTROYPATHOGENSBANARJEEETAL,1999FOODWASTECOULDBEANAEROBICALLYFERMENTEDTOPRODUCEVOLATILEFATTYACIDS,ALDEHYDES,ALCOHOLSANDCARBONDIOXIDESTABNIKOVAETAL,2006RATHERTHANBEINGDEGRADEDANDUNEXPLOITEDINTHELANDFILLS,FOODWASTECANBEUTILIZEDFORMANYAPPLICATIONSSUCHASTHEPRODUCTIONOFBIOPLASTICSSAKAIETAL,2004,BIOGASZHUETAL,2008,BIOHYDROGENANDETHANOLPRODUCTIONSKIMETAL,2004,COMPOSTINGTSAI,2008ADHIKARIETAL,2008ANDORGANICACIDSPRODUCTIONOHKOUCHIANDINOUE,2007ZHANGETAL,2008ORGANICACIDSAREORGANICCOMPOUNDSWHICHHAVEBEENEXTENSIVELYUSEDINTHEFOODANDBEVERAGESINDUSTRIES,PHARMACEUTICALINDUSTRIES,COSMETICS,ANDDETERGENTSANDRECENTLYTHEYAREEXTENSIVELYUSEDFORBIOPOLYMERPRODUCTIONSAUERETAL,2008THEREARETWOWAYSTOPRODUCEORGANICACIDSWHICHARECHEMICALSYNTHESISORBIOLOGICALSYNTHESISALTAFETAL,2007WHETHERITISCHEMICALLYORBIOLOGICALLYSYNTHESIZED,THECRITICALSTAGEOFTHEPROCESSISPRODUCTRECOVERYDOWNSTREAMPROCESSESINCLUDINGSEPARATION,EXTRACTIONANDPURIFICATIONOFORGANICACIDSWHICHCONTRIBUTEMORETHAN60OFTHEOVERALLPRODUCTIONCOSTHANETAL,2000SEVERALMETHODSHAVEBEENREPORTEDFOREXTRACTINGORGANICACIDSFROMTHEFERMENTATIONBROTHSUCHASELECTRODIALYSISHUANGETAL,2007,MEMBRANEFILTRATIONKANGANDCHANG,2005,SOLVENTEXTRACTIONHARINGTONOMARETAL5809FIGURE2ORGANICACIDSPROFILEIN50LBIOREACTORTOTALORGANICACIDS?,LACTICACID?,ACETICACID?ANDFORMICACID?RESULTSAREMEANSFORDUPLICATEEXPERIMENTSFIGURE3PROFILEOFPH?ANDBACTERIADISTRIBUTION?DURINGKITCHENWASTEFERMENTATIONRESULTSAREMEANSFORDUPLICATEEXPERIMENTSSHOWNAFTERSEVENDAYSOFFERMENTATION,TOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSWEREREDUCEDAT62ORGANICACIDSRECOVERYANDTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSREDUCTIONFIGURE4SHOWSTHEORGANICACIDS,TOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSANDTOTALKJELDAHLNITROGENOBTAINEDATEACHUNITOPERATIONOFTHERECOVERYPROCESSTHERECOVERYPROCESSINCLUDESPHYSICALSEPARATIONTHATISFREEZINGANDTHAWING,CENTRIFUGATIONANDFILTRATIONWHILETHEEVAPORATIONSTEPISAMETHODUSEDTOCONCENTRATETHERECOVEREDORGANICACIDSBYELIMINATINGEXCESSWATERTHEORGANICACIDSCONTENTINCREASEDBYABOUT56WHILETHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSDECREASEDBYABOUT622AFTERTHEFERMENTATIONBYTHEFREEZINGANDTHAWINGPROCESS,THEORGANICACIDSCONTENTINCREASEDBY16WITH66REMOVALOFTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSTHECENTRIFUGATIONANDFILTRATIONPROCESSDONOTHAVEANEFFECTONTHECONCENTRATIONOFTHEORGANICACIDSTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSDECREASEDFROM1789TO1227G/LWATERWASEVAPORATEDAT50°CINVACUUMANDTHEREMAININGORGANICACIDSANDSOMESUSPENDEDSOLIDSWERECONCENTRATEDAFTERTHEEVAPORATIONSTEP,BOTHTHEORGANICACIDSANDTHETOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDSCONTENTSWEREINCREASEDBY69AND83,RESPECTIVELYTHENITROGENCONTENTOFTHEFERMENTATIONBROTHANDRECOVEREDLIQUIDMEDIUMWEREANALYZEDINTHISSTUDYTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：EFFECTSOFTHEFEMORALOFFSETANDTHEHEADSIZEONTHESAFERANGEOFMOTIONINTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYAKINOBUMATSUSHITA,MD,YASUHARUNAKASHIMA,MD,PHD,SEIYAJINGUSHI,MD,PHD,TAKUAKIYAMAMOTO,MD,PHD,AKIOKURAOKA,PHD,?ANDYUKIHIDEIWAMOTO,MD,PHDABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYWASTOQUANTIFYTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALOFFSETANDHEADSIZEONRANGEOFMOTIONROMAFTERTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYMODULARPROSTHESESWEREIMPLANTEDINTO11CADAVERICHIPSUSINGAPOSTEROLATERALAPPROACHANDTESTEDFORROMWITH3DIFFERENTOFFSETSAND5DIFFERENTFEMORALHEADSIZESINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMRESULTEDIN211°AND267°OFIMPROVEDFLEXION,AND137°AND212°OFIMPROVEDINTERNALROTATION,RESPECTIVELYTHEROMIMPROVEDINAHEADSIZE–DEPENDENTMANNERPRIMARILYBECAUSEOFINCREASINGTHEJUMPINGDISTANCEOFTHEFEMORALHEADRATHERTHANDELAYINGANYIMPINGEMENTINCONTRAST,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFFEMORALOFFSETWASDRIVENBYDELAYEDOSSEOUSIMPINGEMENTKEYWORDSTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYTHA,FEMORALOFFSET,FEMORALHEADSIZE,RANGEOFMOTIONROM,JUMPINGDISTANCE?2009ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDISLOCATIONISONEOFTHEMOSTFREQUENTANDIMPORTANTCOMPLICATIONSAFTERTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYTHA13THERATEOFDISLOCATIONAFTERPRIMARYTHAHASBEENREPORTEDTOBE2TO546VARIOUSFACTORSINFLUENCEDISLOCATIONPATIENTASSOCIATEDFACTORSINCLUDEAGE,SEX,PARALYSIS,ANDMUSCLEWEAKNESS4,7FACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHTHESURGERYINCLUDEINAPPROPRIATECUPORSTEMPOSITION,USEOFAPOSTERIORAPPROACH,REPAIROFTHESOFTTISSUE,ANDINTRAOPERATIVEPOSITIONING35,8,9CHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPROSTHESIS,SUCHASHEADSIZEANDHEADNECKRATIO,ALSOINFLUENCEHIPSTABILITYAFTERTHA1013INMOSTDISLOCATIONS,FEMORALHEADSDEVIATEBECAUSEOFIMPLANTOROSSEOUSIMPINGEMENTTHEREFORE,ITISIMPORTANTTODELAYIMPINGEMENTTOPREVENTDISLOCATIONSANDIMPLANTSSHOULDBECAREFULLYDESIGNEDTOREDUCETHERISKOFIMPINGEMENTIMPROVEMENTSCANPOTENTIALLYBEACHIEVEDBYINCREASINGTHEFEMORALHEADSIZEAND/ORTHEFEMORALOFFSETNUMEROUSSTUDIESHAVEPREVIOUSLYREPORTEDTHEEFFECTSOFHEADSIZEONRANGEOFMOTIONROM2,4,13,14HOWEVER,TOOURKNOWLEDGE,ONLYAFEWSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONTHERELATIONBETWEENHEADSIZEANDIMPINGEMENTANDJUMPINGDISTANCEQUANTIFICATIONOFTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALOFFSETONROMALSOHASNOTYETBEENREPORTEDINTHISSTUDY,WECONDUCTEDEXPERIMENTSUSINGCADAVERSTOQUANTIFYTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALOFFSETANDFEMORALHEADSIZEONSAFEROMOFTHEHIPAFTERTHAWEALSOANALYZEDTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALHEADSIZEONTHEJUMPINGDISTANCEMETHODSIMPLANTATIONMODULARTOTALHIPPROSTHESESPERFIXHAJAPANMEDICALMATERIAL,OSAKA,JAPANWEREIMPLANTEDUSINGAPOSTEROLATERALAPPROACHIN11HIPJOINTSFROM8CADAVERSINEACHSURGERY,THEANTERIORJOINTFROMTHEDEPARTMENTOFORTHOPEDICSURGERY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFMEDICAL,SCIENCES,KYUSHUUNIVERSITY,HIGASHIKU,FUKUOKA,JAPANAND?DEPARTMENTOFANATOMYANDCELLBIOLOGY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFMEDICALSCIENCES,KYUSHUUNIVERSITY,HIGASHIKU,FUKUOKA,JAPANSUBMITTEDNOVEMBER14,2007ACCEPTEDFEBRUARY10,2008NOBENEFITSORFUNDSWERERECEIVEDINSUPPORTOFTHESTUDYREPRINTREQUESTSYASUHARUNAKASHIMA,MD,PHD,DEPARTMENTOFORTHOPEDICSURGERY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFMEDICAL,SCIENCES,KYUSHUUNIVERSITY,311MAIDASHI,HIGASHIKU,FUKUOKA8128582,JAPAN?2009ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVED08835403/08/240400243600/0DOI101016/JARTH200802008646THEJOURNALOFARTHROPLASTYVOL24NO42009HOCTUKEYTESTSIGNIFICANCEWASDEFINEDASAPVALUELESSTHAN05RESULTSEFFECTOFFEMORALOFFSETTHEROMOFTHEHIPINCREASEDINAFEMORALOFFSET–DEPENDENTMANNERINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONBY211°AND267°,RESPECTIVELYFIG3ATHERANGEOFFLEXIONREACHEDANAVERAGEOF1325°WITHAN8MMFEMORALOFFSETINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMWITHANADDUCTIONOF0°SIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY137°AND212°,RESPECTIVELYFIG3BSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTINTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONWASALSOOBSERVEDWITHA20°ADDUCTIONHEADSIZETHERANGEOFFLEXIONANDINTERNALROTATIONIMPROVEDINAHEADSIZE–DEPENDENTMANNERINCREASINGTHEHEADSIZEFROM22TO36MMWITHA0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONANDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY113°AND100°,RESPECTIVELYFIG4A,BSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTINTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONWASALSOOBSERVEDWITH0°AND20°ADDUCTIONSFIG3EFFECTSOFTHEFEMORALOFFSETINTHEROMDATAARESHOWNASTHEIMPROVEMENTDEGREESFROMTHATWITH22MMHEADSIZEA,RANGEOFFLEXIONUNTILDISLOCATIONINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMLATERALLYSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONBY211°AND267°,RESPECTIVELYB,RANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONUNTILDISLOCATIONWITHA90°FLEXIONANDWITHORWITHOUTA20°ADDUCTIONINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMLATERALLYWITH0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY137°AND212°,RESPECTIVELYSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSOFTHEINTERNALROTATIONWEREALSONOTEDWITH20°ADDUCTIONPB05FIG4EFFECTSOFHEADSIZEONROMDATAARESHOWNASTHEIMPROVEMENTDEGREESFROMTHATWITH22MMHEADSIZEA,RANGEOFFLEXIONUNTILDISLOCATIONTHERANGEOFFLEXIONINCREASEDINAHEADSIZE–DEPENDENTMANNERINCREASINGTHEHEADSIZEFROM22TO36MMWITH0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONBY113°B,RANGEOFTHEINTERNALROTATIONUNTILDISLOCATIONWITHA90°FLEXIONANDWITHORWITHOUTA20°ADDUCTIONINCREASINGTHEHEADSIZEFROM22TO36MMWITH0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY10°THEREWASNOSIGNIFICANCEINTHEROMWITH20°ADDUCTIONTHEHEADSIZELARGERTHAN28MMSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDROMCOMPAREDWITHTHATLESSTHAN26MMTHEREWASNOSIGNIFICANCEINTHEROMBETWEENTHE28MMAND36MMHEADSIZEPB05648THEJOURNALOFARTHROPLASTYVOL24NO4JUNE2009

簡(jiǎn)介：外文標(biāo)題AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACH外文作者DRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLB文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENGINEERINGSCIENCEANDCOMPUTING,APRIL2016,VOLUME6,ISSUENO4英文2873單詞，14698字符，中文4589漢字。此文檔是外文翻譯成品，無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式哦下載之后直接可用，方便快捷只需二十多元。原文原文AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACHDRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLBABSTRACTTHEPLANNING,MANAGEMENTANDCONTROLOFAIRPOLLUTIONNEEDTOBEADDRESSEDSIMULTANEOUSLYTOACHIEVETHEMAXIMUMOUTPUTTHEPRESENTPAPERSIGNIFYTHEIMPORTANCEANDHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHNEEDSTOBEINFUSEDINTOTHESYSTEMWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,PARTICULARLYBAGFILTERSTOCONTROLDUSTEMISSIONSANDWETSCRUBBERSTOCONTROLGASEOUSEMISSIONSBYWAYOFTHROWAWAYSCRUBBINGPROCESSES,REGENERATIVESCRUBBINGPROCESSES,DRYPROCESSESANDSPRAYTOWERSKEYWORDSAIRPOLLUTION,INTEGRATEDAPPROACH,DESIGNOFCONTROLSYSTEMSINTRODUCTIONTHETERM“AIRPOLLUTION”ISUSEDTODESCRIBESUBSTANCESTHATAREARTIFICIALLYINTRODUCEDINTOTHEAIRINTHEFORMOFGASESANDAIRBORNEPARTICLESWHICH,INEXCESS,AREHARMFULTOHUMANHEALTH,BUILDINGSANDECOSYSTEMSAIRPOLLUTIONISMAINLYCAUSEDBYCOMBUSTIONOFFOSSILFUEL,PROCESSINGOFMATERIALSANDDECOMPOSITIONOFORGANICMATTERSTHEMAINSOURCESOFAIRPOLLUTIONISFROMINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES,TRANSPORTSECTOR,HOUSEHOLDFUELBURNING,ANDOTHERCOMMERCIALACTIVITIESTHEPRESENTPAPERHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,THEDETAILSOFWHICHAREASUNDERPATHWAYCONTROLPATHWAYCONTROLISACONTROLSYSTEMTHROUGHWHICHTHEAIRPOLLUTANTSARERESTRICTEDORARRESTEDBETWEENASOURCEANDRECEPTORTHROUGHTHEMECHANISMOFSCAVENGINGANDFILTRATIONTHISCANBEACHIEVEDBYHAVINGAGREENBELTOFSUITABLESPECIESBETWEENSOURCEANDRECEPTORSUCHAGREENBELTWOULDBEABLETO3IMPINGEMENTCHAMBERS4PACKEDTOWER5JETSPRAYSCRUBBINGTOWER6VENTURYSCRUBBERBAGFILTERSDESIGNINTRODUCTIONFILTRATIONISAMONGTHEMOSTRELIABLE,EFFICIENT,ANDRATHERECONOMICALMETHODSBYWHICHPARTICULATEMATTERMAYBEREMOVEDFROMGASES?SUCHTYPEOFFILTERSAREREPRESENTEDBYVARIOUSFABRICBAGARRANGEMENTSANDCAPABLEOFHIGHDUSTLOADING,MORETHAN1GM/M3?INDEPTHORBEDFILTERS?REPRESENTEDBYFIBROUSARRAY,APAPERLIKEMAT,ANDOCCASIONALLY,ASADEEPPACKEDBEDPACKEDBEDSAREAPPLIEDWHENPARTICULATECONCENTRATIONISMUCHLESSDEEPPACKEDBEDSAREPREPAREDFROMCRUSHEDSTONEORBRICKS,WIRESCREENS,ORFIBERSOFMANYTYPESARRANGEDINDIVIDUALLYORINCOMBINATIONFABRICBAGFILTERS?EMPLOYEDTOCONTROLEMISSIONSINVOLVINGABRASIVES,IRRITATINGCHEMICALDUSTS,ANDEXHAUSTSFROMELECTRICFURNACES,OILFIREDBOILERS,OXYGENFEDCONVERTERSFORSTEELMAKINGPRINCIPLEOFOPERATIONFILTRATIONISPRINCIPALLYACCOMPLISHEDBYTHEPARTICLELAYERTHATACCUMULATESONTHEFABRICSURFACEPRESSURELOSSINCREASESWITHACCUMULATEDDUSTLAYER,THEREBYGASVELOCITYDECREASESTHUS,DUSTDISLODGINGOPERATIONISUNDERTAKENTOHAVEPROPERFILTRATIONMANYFABRICBAGFILTERSASSEMBLEDINONEUNITISCALLEDBAGHOUSECLASSIFICATIONOFFILTERS?FABRICORCLOTHFILTERSPROPERTIESOFFIBERMATERIALSRESISTANCETOATTACKBYFIBERSTRENGTHTEMPFACIDBASEORGANICSOLVENTCOSTOTHERSCOTTONSTRONG180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWWOOLMEDIUM210MEDIUMPOORGOODPAPERWEAK180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWNYLONSTRONG220MEDIUMGOODGOODEASYTOCLEANDACRONSTRONG280GOODMEDIUMGOODORLONMEDIUM250GOODMEDIUMGOODVINYLIDENECHLORIDEMEDIUM210GOODMEDIUMGOODPOLYETHYLENESTRONG250MEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMTETRAFLUOROETHYLENEMEDIUM500GOODGOODGOODEXPENSIVE

簡(jiǎn)介：C?2008,THEAUTHORSJOURNALCOMPILATIONC?2008,BLACKWELLPUBLISHING,INCDOI101111/J15408175200800679XECHOCARDIOGRAPHICDIASTOLICDYSFUNCTIONANDMAGNETICRESONANCEINFARCTSIZEINHEALEDMYOCARDIALINFARCTIONTREATEDWITHPRIMARYANGIOPLASTYANDREABARBIERI,MD,?FRANCESCABURSI,MD,MSC,?LUIGIPOLITI,MD,?LUCAROSSI,MD,?FEDERICAFIOCCHI,MD,?GUIDOLIGABUE,MD,?ALESSANDROPINGITORE,MD,?VINCENZOPOSITANO,MD,?PIETROTORRICELLI,MD,?ANDMARIAGRAZIAMODENA,MD??DEPARTMENTOFCARDIOLOGY,?DEPARTMENTOFRADIOLOGY,MODENAANDREGGIOEMILIAUNIVERSITY,MODENA,ITALYAND?CNRINSTITUTEOFCLINICALPHYSIOLOGY,PISA,ITALYBACKGROUNDAFTERACUTEMYOCARDIALINFARCTIONMITHESEVERITYOFDIASTOLICDYSFUNCTIONBYECHOCARDIOGRAPHYREPRESENTSANINDEPENDENTPROGNOSTICMARKERHOWEVER,THEMECHANISMSWHEREBYDIASTOLICDYSFUNCTIONPORTENDSANINCREASEDRISKAFTERMIARENOTFULLYUNDERSTOODWEINVESTIGATEDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENECHOCARDIOGRAPHICDIASTOLICDYSFUNCTIONSEVERITYANDINFARCTSIZEQUANTITATIVELYMEASUREDBYCONTRASTENHANCEDMAGNETICRESONANCECEMRMETHODSCROSSSECTIONALPROSPECTIVESTUDYWEQUANTIFIED“HEALED”INFARCTSIZEBYCEMRMEASURINGTHEPERCENTAGEOFDELAYEDENHANCEMENTWITHRESPECTTOLEFTVENTRICULARMASSANDDIASTOLICFUNCTIONBYDOPPLERECHOCARDIOGRAPHYBOTHEXAMSWERESCHEDULEDATLEAST1MONTHAFTERAFIRSTACUTESTSEGMENTELEVATIONMISTEMISUCCESSFULLYTREATEDWITHPRIMARYANGIOPLASTYANDSTENTINGTOINCREASETHESPECIFICITY,INDIVIDUALECHOCARDIOGRAPHICPARAMETERSWEREINTEGRATEDTOGRADEGLOBALDIASTOLICFUNCTIONIN4GRADESNORMALDIASTOLICFUNCTION,IMPAIREDRELAXATIONWITHNORMAL,ORNEARNORMALFILLINGPRESSURESIMPAIREDRELAXATIONWITHMODERATEELEVATIONOFFILLINGPRESSURES,ANDIMPAIREDRELAXATIONWITHMARKEDELEVATIONOFFILLINGPRESSURES,“RESTRICTIVEFILLING”RESULTSWEPROSPECTIVELYENROLLED52PATIENTSMEANAGE62±13YEARS,77MENCEMRANDECHOCARDIOGRAPHYWEREPERFORMED48±15DAYSAFTERTHEMITHEREWASASIGNIFICANTBUTMODESTCORRELATIONBETWEENDIASTOLICFUNCTIONGRADEANDINFARCTSIZER0423,P0002,WHICHWASINDEPENDENTOFGLOBALANDREGIONALSYSTOLICFUNCTIONANDPERSISTEDAFTERFURTHERADJUSTMENTFORAGE,SEX,BODYSURFACEAREA,LEFTVENTRICULARMASS,ENDDIASTOLICVOLUMES,ANDSPHERICITYINDEXALLP10,E/VP15,DECREASEINE/A≥05DURINGVALSALVAMANEUVER,“PSEUDONORMALFILLING”GRADEII/IVANDIMPAIREDRELAXATIONWITHMARKEDELEVATIONOFFILLINGPRESSURES,“RESTRICTIVEFILLING”DECELERATIONTIME15GRADESIIIIV/IVASPREVIOUSLYDESCRIBED19LEFTATRIALVOLUMEWASASSESSEDBYTHEMODIFIEDSIMPSONMETHODFROMAPICALFOURANDTWOCHAMBERVIEWSMEASUREMENTSWEREOBTAINEDINENDSYSTOLEFROMTHEFRAMEPRECEDINGMITRALVALVEOPENING,ANDTHEVOLUMEWASINDEXEDTOBSA20MITRALREGURGITATIONWASQUANTIFIEDBYCALCULATINGTHEAREAOFTHEREGURGITANTJETWITHCOLORDOPPLER21EACHVALUEREPRESENTSTHEAVERAGEOFTHREECONSECUTIVEBEATSDETERMINATIONOFINFARCTSIZEBYCEMRIMAGINGMRIPROTOCOLMRIWASPERFORMEDONA15TWHOLEBODYSCANNERINTERACV,PHILIPSMEDICALSYSTEMSEQUIPPEDWITHQUASARGRADIENTSCARDIACMRIWASPERFORMEDWITHTHEFIVEELEMENTCARDIACSYNERGYCOILCARDIACSYNCHRONIZATIONWASOBTAINEDBYMEANSOFVECTORELECTROCARDIOGRAPHICGATINGTHESTUDYPROTOCOLCONSISTEDOFCINEMRIATRESTTOEVALUATEREGIONALANDGLOBALLEFTVENTRICULARFUNCTIONANDVOLUMES,FOLLOWEDBYACEMRITODETERMINETHEPRESENCEANDTHEEXTENTOFINFARCTEDTISSUETENTOTWELVE,DEPENDINGONTHEHEARTSIZE,CINESHORTAXISVIEWSWEREIMAGEDFROMAPEXTOBASEWITHASENSITIVITYENCODEDBALANCEDFASTFIELDECHOBFFESEQUENCEDURINGBREATHHOLDSOFAPPROXIMATELY15SECONDSTHEFOLLOWINGPARAMETERSWEREUSEDECHOTIME,17MSECREPETITIONTIME,40MSECSLICETHICKNESS,8MMWITHNOINTERSLICEGAPFIELDOFVIEW,320MMDATAMATRIXSIZE,256224MMPHASEOFFIELD,075TRIGGERDELAY,MINIMUM85VIEWSPERSEGMENTS,8–14ACCORDINGTOTHEHEARTRATEFLIPANGLE,45?ATLEAST30CINEFRAMESWEREOBTAINEDFOREACHSLICETHESAMEGEOMETRYSETTINGSOFTHEBASELINESCANSWEREREPEATEDTOOBTAINCOMPARABLESLICESPOSTCONTRASTDELAYEDIMAGESWEREACQUIREDINTHESHORTAXISOFTHELEFTVENTRICLE15MINUTESAFTERBOLUSINJECTIONOFGADOLINIUMINENDDIASTOLEFORTHEEVALUATIONOFMYOCARDIALDISTRIBUTIONOFHYPERENHANCEMENTA3DGRADIENTECHOBASEDSEQUENCEWITHINVERSIONPREPULSEWASUSEDWITHTHEFOLLOWINGPARAMETERSECHOTIME,42MSECFLIPANGLE,20MATRIX,256160NEX,200FOV,36CMSLICETHICKNESS,8MMTHEINVERSIONTIMERANGEDFROM260TO340MSECAREALTIMEOPTIONALLOWINGTHEINTERACTIVECHANGEOFINVERSIONTIMEWASUSEDTOOPTIMIZETHISPARAMETERUNTILTHENULLINGOFMYOCARDIUMWASOBTAINEDAVARIABLENUMBEROFSHORTAXISSLICES10±18,MAXIMUM11,MINIMUM8WERETRACEDFROMTHEBASETOTHEAPEXTOCOVERTHEENTIRELEFTVENTRICLEALSO,ONEVERTICALANDONEHORIZONTALLONGAXISVIEWSWEREACQUIREDTOASSESSTHEAPEXDEFINITIONSANDDATAANALYSISIMAGESWEREANALYZEDONAOFFLINEWORKSTATIONVIEWFORUM32PHILIPSMEDICALSYSTEMSFORREGIONALANALYSIS,THELEFTVENTRICLEWASDIVIDEDINTO17MYOCARDIALSEGMENTS14TOASSESSINFARCTSIZE,THEEXTENTOFDELAYEDENHANCEDAREASWASMEASUREDUSINGASEMIAUTOMATIC,PREVIOUSLYVALIDATEDSOFTWARE22THEANALYSISWASDONEINALLSHORTAXISIMAGESANDINTWOLONGAXISIMAGESFORTHEANALYSISOFVENTRICULARAPEXINEACHIMAGE,THEBOUNDARIESOFCONTRASTENHANCEDAREASWEREAUTOMATICALLYTRACEDAND,EVENTUALLY,MANUALLYCORRECTEDSEGMENTALEXTENTOFINFARCTIONWASSCOREDBYTHECONSENSUSOFTWOINVESTIGATORSFF,GL,BLINDEDTOTHECLINICALDATAREGIONSOFINTERESTWEREACCEPTEDVOL25,NO6,2008ECHOCARDIOGRAPHYAJRNLOFCVULTRASOUNDALLIEDTECH577

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簡(jiǎn)介：BANDINGLIGATIONOFHEMORRHOIDSJGASTROINTESTINLIVERDISJUNE2007VOL16NO2,163165ADDRESSFORCORRESPONDENCEMOSCHOSJOHNMD,PHDPAPADIMITRIOU10STRKALAMARIA55131,GREECEEMAILGUTINGRBANDINGHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERSINGLECENTEREXPERIENCEDIMITRIOSPAIKOS1,ANTHIEGATOPOULOU1,JOHNMOSCHOS1,ANASTASIOSKOULAOUZIDIS2,SHIVRAMBHAT2,DIMITRIOSTZILVES1,KONSTANTINOSSOUFLERIS1,DIMITRIOSTRAGIANNIDIS1,IOANNISKATSOS1,ANESTISTARPAGOS11“THEAGENIO”HOSPITAL,THESSALONIKI,GREECE2WARRINGTONGENERALHOSPITAL,CHESHIRE,UKABSTRACTBACKGROUNDHEMORRHOIDSARETHEMOSTCOMMONANORECTALDISORDERINTHEWESTERNWORLDANDAREAMAJORCAUSEOFACTIVE,RELAPSINGORCHRONICRECTALBLEEDINGMANYTREATMENTOPTIONSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDANDTRIEDFOREARLYSTAGEHEMORRHOIDSTHEREISGENERALAGREEMENTTHATRUBBERBANDINGLIGATIONRBLISSAFEANDEFFECTIVEAIMSTOEVALUATETHEEFFECTIVENESSANDCOMPLICATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHRBLPERFORMEDINOUTPATIENTSFORSYMPTOMATICHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERDEVICERESULTSSIXTYCONSECUTIVEPATIENTSUNDERWENTHEMORRHOIDBANDINGWITHTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERTHEMEANTIMEREQUIREDFORONESESSIONWAS62MINTHELONGESTWAS10MINNOMAJORCOMPLICATIONSWERENOTEDMINOREARLYANDLATEBLEEDINGWASREPORTEDIN10AND67RESPECTIVELY,BUTNONEWASSEVEREPAINOCCURREDIN67BUTWASNOTSEVEREINALLCASES,CLINICALANDENDOSCOPICRANGEANDFORMSCORESIMPROVEMENTWASOBSERVEDANDPATIENTSOFALLAGES,INCLUDINGTHEELDERLY,WEREFOUNDTOBETOLERANTTOTHEPROCEDURECONCLUSIONRBLPERFORMEDINOUTPATIENTSFORSYMPTOMATICHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERDEVICEISASSOCIATEDWITHAGOODRESPONSEANDLOWCOMPLICATIONRATEWERECOMMENDTHETECHNIQUEASASAFEANDRELIABLETREATMENTOPTIONKEYWORDSHEMORRHOIDSO’REAGANDISPOSABLEBANDERRUBBERBANDINGLIGATIONINTRODUCTIONHEMORRHOIDSARETHEMOSTCOMMONANORECTALDISORDERINTHEWESTERNWORLD1MANYTREATMENTOPTIONSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDANDTRIEDTHEREISGENERALAGREEMENTTHATRUBBERBANDINGLIGATIONRBLISSAFEANDEFFECTIVESURGERYSHOULDBERESERVEDFOR3RDOR4THGRADEHEMORRHOIDS,“MIXED”HEMORRHOIDSNOTRESPONDINGTORBLORPATIENTSONANTICOAGULANTSTHEIDEALTREATMENTISEASILYLEARNED,COSTEFFECTIVE,GIVESSATISFACTORYRESULTSANDLACKSCOMPLICATIONSRBLISRECOMMENDEDASTHEINITIALMODEOFTHERAPYFORHEMORRHOIDSOFGRADE1TO3OURAIMWASTOEVALUATETHEEFFECTIVENESSANDCOMPLICATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHRBLPERFORMEDINOUTPATIENTSFORSYMPTOMATICHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERDEVICEMATERIALANDMETHODSBETWEENSEPTEMBER2005ANDMARCH2006,60CONSECUTIVEPATIENTS32MEN,28WOMENUNDERWENTRBLWITHTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERALLPATIENTSHADINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSOFGRADE1TO4ACCORDINGTOTHEGOLIGHERGRADINGSYSTEMWHICHISAFOURSTAGEGRADINGFORINTERNALHEMORRHOIDS2ALLPATIENTSHADUNDERGONEUNSUCCESSFULCONSERVATIVETREATMENTTHESTUDYDESIGNWASAPPROVEDBYTHEHOSPITAL’SETHICSCOMMITTEEWRITTENINFORMEDCONSENTWASOBTAINEDFROMEACHPATIENTPATIENTSWITHASSOCIATEDANALFISSURES,ANALSPASMORINFECTIOUSANALPATHOLOGIESANDPATIENTSWHOREFUSEDTOSIGNTHEINFORMEDCONSENTFORMWEREEXCLUDEDFROMTHESTUDYALLPATIENTSWEREPREPAREDFORTREATMENTBYADMINISTRATIONOFASALINESOLUTIONENEMAANDAPPLICATIONOFALOCALANESTHETICOINTMENTXYLOCAINEGEL2ASTRAZENECA,WEBEL,GERMANYINTOTHEANALCANALEARLYCOMPLICATIONSWEREDEFINEDASTHOSEOCCURRINGWITHINAWEEKALLRBLSWEREPERFORMEDONANOUTPATIENTBASISTHEFRONTENDOFTHELOADEDLIGATORWASINITIALLYINSERTEDFULLYINTOTHERECTUMANDTHENSLOWLYWITHDRAWNASITWASANGLEDACUTELYTOPOINTDIRECTLYTOWARDTHESITETOBELIGATED,1CMABOVETHEDENTATELINETHETISSUEWASSUCKEDINTOTHELIGATORBYWITHDRAWINGITSPLUNGERATESTFORPAINWASPERFORMEDBYROTATINGTHELIGATORTHROUGH180OWHILEMAINTAININGSUCTIONIFTHISMANEUVERCAUSEDDISCOMFORTTHELIGATORWASREPOSITIONEDATAHIGHERLEVELSUCTIONWASMAINTAINEDFORATLEAST30SECONDSWHILETHELIGATORWASROTATEDTHROUGH180OSEVERALTIMESTOALLOWANADEQUATEBITEOFTISSUETOBEBANDINGLIGATIONOFHEMORRHOIDS165SUGGESTSRBLFORTREATMENTFORGRADE2HEMORRHOIDSWHILERESERVINGHAEMORRHOIDECTOMYFORGRADE3HEMORRHOIDSORRECURRENCESAFTERRBL11ANOTHERRECENTSTUDYREPORTEDTHATRBLCANBEUSEDTOTREATALLDEGREESOFHEMORRHOIDSWITHSIMILAREFFECTIVENESS12INOURSTUDY,3MONTHFOLLOWUPWASSATISFACTORYREGARDINGALLGRADESOFHEMORRHOIDSAPARTFROMGRADEIVINCONCLUSION,RBLPERFORMEDINOUTPATIENTSFORSYMPTOMATICHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERDEVICEISASSOCIATEDWITHAGOODRESPONSEANDLOWCOMPLICATIONRATEWERECOMMENDTHETECHNIQUEASASAFEANDRELIABLETREATMENTOPTION4FUKUDAA,KAYJIYAMAT,ARAKAWAHETALRETROFLEXEDENDOSCOPICMULTIPLEBANDLIGATIONOFSYMPTOMATICINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSGASTROINTESTENDOSC2004593803845GUPTAPJRADIOFREQUENCYCOAGULATIONVERSUSRUBBERBANDLIGATIONINEARLYHEMORRHOIDSPAINVERSUSGAINMEDICINAKAUNAS2004402322376CLEATORIG,CLEATORMMBANDINGHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERBUSINESSBRIEFINGUSGASTROENTEROLOGYREVIEW200569737GUPTAPJINFRAREDCOAGULATIONVERSUSRUBBERBANDLIGATIONINEARLYSTAGEHEMORRHOIDSBRAZJMEDRES200336143314388PFENNINGERJL,SURRELLJNONSURGICALTREATMENTOPTIONSFORINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSAMFAMPHYCISIAN1995528218349MACRAEHM,MCLEODRSCOMPARISONOFHEMORRHOIDTREATMENTAMETAANALYSISCANJSURG199740141710SCHWARTZSIPRINCIPLESOFSURGERY,6THED,MCGRAWHILL,NYORK1994,PP,222122911SHANMUGAMV,THAHAMA,RABINDRANATHKS,CAMPBELLKL,STEELERJ,LOUDONMARUBBERBANDLIGATIONVERSUSEXCISIONALHAEMORRHOIDECTOMYFORHEMORRHOIDSCOCHRANEDATABASESYSTREV200520CD00503412IYERVS,SHRIERI,GORDONPHLONGTERMOUTCOMEOFRUBBERBANDLIGATIONFORSYMPTOMATICPRIMARYANDRECURRENTINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSDISCOLONRECTUM20044713641370REFERENCES1LEFFEHEMORRHOIDSPOSTGRADMEDICINE198782951012SUMY,CHIUCT,WUCS,ETALENDOSCOPICHEMORRHOIDALLIGATIONOFSYMPTOMATICINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSGASTROINTESTENDOSC2003588718743O’REGANPJDISPOSABLEDEVICEANDAMINIMALLYINVASIVETECHNIQUEFORRUBBERBANDLIGATIONOFHEMORRHOIDSDISCOLONRECTUM199942683685CONFLICTOFINTERESTNONETODECLARE

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簡(jiǎn)介：QAYUMETALENVIRONSYSTRES2016523DOI101186/S4006801600741RESEARCHENVIRONMENTALTAXATIONBASEDINTEGRATEDMODELINGTOWARDSSUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONAPPROACHABDULQAYUM1,ANJANAGUPTA2,AKANKSHAGUPTA3ANDRAKESHARYA4ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDGLOBALIZATIONANDRAPIDINDUSTRIALIZATIONWASINEVITABLEDURINGLATENINETEENTHCENTURYCONSIDERINGTHEDEMAND–SUPPLYDEFICITANDREQUIREMENTSOFEVOLVINGSOCIETIESHOWEVER,ATLATERSTAGETHESEFACTORSWEREMAPPEDTOBEMAJORREASONSFORTHEENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONFURTHER,ATTHECOSTOFENVIRONMENTDEGRADATION,DEVELOPMENTANDECONOMICGROWTHCANNOTBEACHIEVEDTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEWORKISTODESIGNAGREENTAXATIONPOLICYTOMITIGATEHAZARDOUSENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFVARIOUSSECTORSANDTOVISUALIZETHEBENEFITSWHICHCANBRIDGETHESOCIOECONOMICDIVIDEPREVALENT,ESPECIALLYINDEVELOPINGNATIONSTHEAPPROACHISAMALGAMATIONOFEIABASEDAPPROACHONTHEENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTECRITERIAANDENVIRONMENTENERGY,ECONOMYRESULTSINTEGRATEDMODELISBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLETHATTHETAXRATEHASTOBECOMMENSURATEWITHTHEENVIRONMENTALDAMAGESWHICHANYPROJECTCAUSESANDITWASFOUNDTHATBOTHECONOMICGROWTHANDENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONARESYNCHRONOUSGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTRELATEDPROJECTSCANNOTBECOMPROMISEDBECAUSEOFINCREASEDDEMANDSTHEREFORE,THEREHASTOBEFINEBALANCEBETWEENDEVELOPMENTANDCONSERVATIONCONCLUSIONSTHEPOLICIESMAYBEDESIGNEDONTHEMODELDISCUSSEDTOBRINGOUTOPTIMALCONTRIBUTIONOFINDUSTRYSECTORTOWARDSGENERATINGRESOURCESFORECONOMICGROWTHANDTOBRIDGESOCIOECONOMICDIVIDEGREENTAXATIONPROVESTOBEDETERRENTTOOLTOWARDSENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATIONANDOPTIMALENERGYUTILIZATIONKEYWORDSDENOVOAPPROACH,ENERGYECONOMYENVIRONMENT,ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATION,ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT,GREENTAXATION,SOCIOECONOMICGROWTH?2016THEAUTHORSTHISARTICLEISDISTRIBUTEDUNDERTHETERMSOFTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTION40INTERNATIONALLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BY/40/,WHICHPERMITSUNRESTRICTEDUSE,DISTRIBUTION,ANDREPRODUCTIONINANYMEDIUM,PROVIDEDYOUGIVEAPPROPRIATECREDITTOTHEORIGINALAUTHORSANDTHESOURCE,PROVIDEALINKTOTHECREATIVECOMMONSLICENSE,ANDINDICATEIFCHANGESWEREMADEBACKGROUNDITISWIDELYARGUEDTHATTHEREISHUGEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPRESSUREAMONGDEVELOPINGNATIONSTOADDRESSINCREASEDNEEDOFTHEPEOPLE,WHERERESOURCESARESCARCENARULAANDDUNNING2000SCARCITYCOMPOUNDSTHEPRESSUREONENVIRONMENTDUETOMAXIMALUTILIZATIONOFNATURALRESOURCESAND,INDIAISNOTANEXCEPTIONASITISSECONDMOSTPOPULOUSCOUNTRYINTHEWORLDASPERANESTIMATE,ITISVERYLIKELYTOOVERPASSCHINABY2040TOOCCUPYTHEAPEXPOSITIONINTHEPOPULATIONPYRAMIDMCDEVITT1996ITISARGUEDTHATENERGYCONSUMPTIONVARIESDIRECTLYWITHPOPULATIONINCREASEJOHNANDPAUL1974INDIAWILLBEUNDERTREMENDOUSPRESSURETOINCREASEITSENERGYDEMANDTOMEETITSOVERRIDINGSOCIALANDECONOMICOBLIGATIONSDUETOBURGEONINGPOPULATIONTHEREFORE,ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONBYMITIGATINGEFFECTSOFVARIOUSEFFLUENTSANDPOLLUTANTSBECOMESINEVITABLETAXATIONPROVEDTOBEADETERRENTTOWARDSREDUCINGTHEENERGYDEMANDBYIMPROVINGENERGYINTENSITYINEUROPE,FUELDEMANDWOULDHAVEBEENTWICEIFITHADNOTFOLLOWEDTHEPOLICYOFHIGHFUELTAXATIONSTERNER2007INEUROPEANUNIONEU,ITWASFOUNDTHATINDUSTRIESTHATREDUCEPOLLUTIONINCREASEITSRESOURCEPRODUCTIVITYANDSWITCHTORENEWABLESOURCESISHIGHLYENCOURAGEDINTURKEY,ASECONDDIVIDENDOFENVIRONMENTALTAXATION,THATISECONOMICBENEFITSINADDITIONTOENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTS,SHOWSPOTENTIALWHENIMPORTEDFUELSAREPRIMARYSOURCEOFPOLLUTANTGURKAN2003THECONCEPTOPENACCESSCORRESPONDENCEAKANKS11_ISJJNUACIN3CENTREFORWESTASIANSTUDIES,JAWAHARLALNEHRUUNIVERSITY,NEWDELHI,INDIAFULLLISTOFAUTHORINFORMATIONISAVAILABLEATTHEENDOFTHEARTICLEPAGE3OF10QAYUMETALENVIRONSYSTRES2016523WHILE,PRODUCERISNERVECENTEROFTHEMODELINCORPORATINGNUMEROUSINFLOWSANDBIDIRECTIONALFLOWSFROMBOTHCONSUMERANDTHEGOVERNMENTEPICENTERSINTHEMEANPROCESS,IMPOSITIONOFINDIRECTGREENTAXESCOMESINTOTHEPICTUREFROMWHICHTERIBASEDMODELEVOLVESTHEENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTECRITERIAAREPOINTBASEDTOTAL106ANDMANDATORY30ANDSOMEAREOPTIONALINNATURETHEREISADDITIONALSCOREBONUSFORCOVERINGTHESEASPECTSOFENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONTABLE1ASCHEMATICFLOWCHARTFIG2WASDEVELOPEDFORTHETAXATIONMETHODOLOGYANDISDERIVEDFROMENVEEMMODELFIG1WHICHTRIGGERSTHEINTRODUCTIONOFGTTOSTABILIZETHEDYNAMICEQUILIBRIUMOFPRODUCERWITHTHEGOVERNMENTWHILETERIMODELDESCRIBESTHEDETAILEDMETHODOFTAXATIONFORAPARTICULARINDUSTRYFORAPROJECT,EIAISDONEUSINGTERICRITERIAANDITISEVALUATEDAGAINSTTHEENVIRONMENTDAMAGESITHASCAUSEDORCAUSESDURINGANDPOSTCONSTRUCTIONPHASEPERCENTAGEADHERENCEOFAPROJECTTOTHELISTEDCRITERIAISALSOESTIMATEDUSINGAFACTOR‘X’WHICHWASCALCULATEDASCOMPLIANCEOFTHEPROJECTWITHTERICRITERIAOFGREENBUILDINGBASEDON‘X’TAXINCENTIVESAREGRANTEDASPERTHESCHEMATICFLOWCHARTFIG2REVENUEGENERATEDFROMADDITIONALGTPENALTYSHALLGOTOTHESOCIOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDREVENUEFROMGTSHALLGOTOTHE‘GREENCLIMATEFUND’FORLONGTERMGOALSTHISWILLCOLLECTIVELYLEADTOBETTERGOVERNANCE,SUSTAINABLEGROWTHTARGETS,ANDWILLCATALYZETHEENDEAVORSFORBRIDGINGTHEEXPANDINGSOCIOECONOMICDIVIDESHOWCGEMODELISAPPLICABLEFORINDIATHEENVIRONMENTANDCLIMATECHANGEISSUESARENOTRESTRICTEDTOANYGEOGRAPHICALTERRITORYRATHERIT’SAGLOBALISSUEMOREOVER,TURKISHECONOMYISNOTMUCHDIFFERENTFROMTHEINDIANCOUNTERPARTCONSIDERINGTHEISSUETOBEGLOBALANDWITHOUTANYSPECIFICTURKISHECONOMYPARAMETERSUSEDINTHECGEMODEL,ITCANBEEXTENDEDTOINDIAASWELLWITHOUTLOSSOFANYGENERALITYHOWENVEEMCGMMODELISCONNECTEDWITHDE?NOVOTERI?BASEDAPPROACHTHEMODELDEALSWITHTHEDYNAMICEQUILIBRIUMOFENVEEMTRIADSECONOMICBENEFITSAREACCRUEDBECAUSEOFADOPTIONOFEFFICIENTENERGYWHICHLEADSTOENVIRONMENTIMPROVEMENTSPRIMAFACIE,THEBLINDINDUSTRIALIZATIONATTHECOSTOFENVIRONMENTALDAMAGECONTRIBUTESGOODECONOMICBENEFITITMAYBETRUEINSHORTTERMBUTTHISMODELFAILSMISERABLYINLONGRUNANDASPOSTINDUSTRIALIZATIONILLEFFECTSAREBIGGERDIVIDENDSTHEDYNAMICEQUILIBRIUMMUSTBEACCOUNTEDBYCONSIDERINGLONGTERMSUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENTALGOALSUNDERTHISCIRCUMSTANCE,GREENTAXATIONSHALLBEINTRODUCEDASEXTERNALVARIABLETOCONTROLINDISCRIMINATEUSEOFNATURALRESOURCESFORLONGERECOVIABLEBENEFITSITACTSASACATALYSTFORPRODUCERGOVERNMENTEQUILIBRIUMWHICHINTURNAFFECTSPRODUCER–CONSUMEREQUILIBRIUM,SIMULTANEOUSLYAND,GTISALSOAKEYBINDINGELEMENTFORTHESETWOMODELSTOWARDSDEVELOPINGTHEINTEGRATEDAPPROACHSUPPLYOFCOMMODITYSUPPLYOFCOMMODITYIMPOSITIONOFINDIRECTGTPRODUCERSGOVERNMENTCONSUMERIMPORTEDGOODSI/OMATRIXENERGYTECHNOLOGYMATRIXINTERMEDIATEGOODSSUPPLYOFCAPITAL,LABORFIG1ENVEEMMODELFORIMPOSITIONOFINDIRECTGREENTAXES

簡(jiǎn)介：2380單詞，單詞，13萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文3400漢字漢字出處出處NAVASKA,SASIKUMARM,SREEVIDYASABENCHMARKFORMEDICALIMAGEWATERMARKINGC//INTERNATIONALWORKSHOPONSYSTEMS,SIGNALSANDIMAGEPROCESSING,2007AND,EURASIPCONFERENCEFOCUSEDONSPEECHANDIMAGEPROCESSING,MULTIMEDIACOMMUNICATIONSANDSERVICESIEEE,2007237240畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯系信息工程系信息工程系專業(yè)業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程班級(jí)級(jí)姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)簽名年月日BELOSSLESSBECAUSEOFTHESTRINGENTREQUIREMENTSONHIGHQUALITYINMEDICALAPPLICATIONSHOWEVERTHENUMBEROFEMBEDDEDBITSSHOULDBELARGEENOUGHFORTHECLINICIANSTOWRITETHEIRDIAGNOSISREPORTSOMEOFTHEAVAILABLEWATERMARKINGTECHNIQUESUSEDFOREMBEDDINGTEXTINFORMATIONINTOMEDICALIMAGESCANBEFOUNDIN2,3,4POPULARBENCHMARKSTHEIMPORTANTAVAILABLEBENCHMARKSARESTIRMARK,CHECKMARK,OPTIMARKANDCERTIMARKALLTHETHESEBENCHMARKSSHARETHECOMMONINEFFICIENCYOFPROVIDINGAPLATFORMFOREVALUATINGALLKINDSOFIMAGEWATERMARKINGMETHODSTHISMAKESAROOMFORRESEARCHONDEVISINGABENCHMARKFORALLKINDSOFIMAGEWATERMARKING3ANOVELBENCHMARKFORMEDICALIMAGEWATERMARKINGANIDEALBENCHMARKINGPROCEDURESHOULDINVOLVEEXAMININGTHESETOFMUTUALLYDEPENDENTPARAMETERSOFTHEWATERMARKINGSYSTEMANDITSHOULDCLEARLYOPTIMIZETHETRADEOFFBETWEENVARIOUSCONSTRAINTSOFWATERMARKINGVARIOUSPERFORMANCEMETRICSAREUSEDTOEVALUATETHESEPARAMETERSBASEDONASPECIFICAPPLICATIONTHEREQUIREMENTSOFWATERMARKINGSUCHASIMPERCEPTIBILITY,CAPACITYANDROBUSTNESSAREHAMPERINGEACHOTHERTHEREFORE,ATRADEOFFISESSENTIALBETWEENTHESEPARAMETERSAPROPEREVALUATIONHASTOENSURETHATALLTHESELECTEDREQUIREMENTSAREMETTOACERTAINLEVELOFASSURANCETHEEVALUATIONMETHODFORMEDICALIMAGEWATERMARKINGTECHNIQUESDIFFERSFROMTHEOTHERBENCHMARKSBECAUSEOFTHEFOLLOWINGCONSTRAINTSTHEREQUIREMENTSOFWATERMARKINGSUCHASIMPERCEPTIBILITY,CAPACITYANDROBUSTNESSAREHAMPERINGEACHOTHERTHEREFORE,ATRADEOFFISESSENTIALBETWEENTHESEPARAMETERSAPROPEREVALUATIONHASTOENSURETHATALLTHESELECTEDREQUIREMENTSAREMETTOACERTAINLEVELOFASSURANCETHEEVALUATIONMETHODFORMEDICALIMAGEWATERMARKINGTECHNIQUESDIFFERSFROMTHEOTHERBENCHMARKSBECAUSEOFTHEFOLLOWINGCONSTRAINTS31COVERIMAGESETTHEBENCHMARKINCORPORATESANUMBEROFCOVERIMAGESOFVARYINGSIZETHEMEDICALIMAGESAREAVAILABLEINDIFFERENTMODALITIESSUCHASCT,MRI,US,ANDXRAYTHEHOSPITALINFORMATIONSYSTEMCONTAINSINTEGRATEDMEDICALIMAGEDATABASEANDRETRIEVALSYSTEMTHATENABLESDOCTORSTOBROWSEPATIENTIMAGESATANYTIMESUCHASYSTEMALLOWSMEDICALIMAGESINDIFFERENTMODALITIESTOBEINTEGRATEDINTOANIMAGEDATABASESERVERWITHTHEDICOMSTANDARDDIGITALWATERMARKINGCANIMPERCEPTIBLYEMBEDMESSAGESWITHOUTCHANGINGIMAGESIZEORFORMATSOTHEWATERMARKEDMEDICALIMAGECANCONFORMTOTHEDICOMFORMAT32CAPACITYTHOUGHTHECAPACITYOFWATERMARKISEXPRESSEDINBITSPERPIXEL,MORECONVENIENTUNITTHATCANBEGENERALLYAPPLIEDTOEPRTEXTDATAHIDINGINMEDICALIMAGESIS

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VARIOUSAMOUNTSOFEMBEDDEDCHARACTERSTHERESULTSOBTAINEDFORIMAGESOFDIFFERENTMODALITIESWEREAVERAGEDTHEWPSNRVALUETHATENSURESIMPERCEPTIBILITYOFWATERMARKWASFOUNDTOBE40DBITWASOBSERVEDTHATLSBTECHNIQUESENSUREMINIMUMDEGRADATIONTOCOVERIMAGEFOREVALUATINGWPSNR,ERRORDIFFERENCEBETWEENCOVERIMAGEANDWATERMARKEDIMAGEWASSCALEDBYTHECORRESPONDINGNVFVALUESEVALUATEDATEACHPIXELITWASFOUNDTHATCTIMAGESPROVIDETHEHIGHESTVALUEOFIMPERCEPTIBILITYFORTHEGIVENNUMBEROFEMBEDDEDCHARACTERSCOMPAREDTOIMAGESINOTHERMODALITIESTHISISDUETOTHEHIGHCONTRASTBETWEENADJACENTREGIONSINCTIMAGESCAPACITYOFTHEROIMAPPEDTOHORIZONTALDETAILSWASCALCULATEDFINALLY,THECAPACITYOFHORIZONTALDETAILSWITHOUTROIWASCALCULATEDASPER1INTHEBLINDWATERMARKINGSCENARIO,TWODIFFERENTPSEUDORANDOMSEQUENCESWEREEMBEDDEDINTHEROIANDNONROIREGIONSSOTHATTHEWATERMARKDETECTORCANCORRECTLYIDENTIFYTHEROIASEXPECTED,THENUMBEROFBITSTHATCOULDBEEMBEDDEDINTOTHEHORIZONTALDETAILSDECREASEDWITHTHEINCREASEINTHESIZEOFROIFIG2DEGRADATIONINVISUALQUALITYWITHCAPACITY42VISUALQUALITYVSATTACKSTRENGTHTHEDEGRADATIONINTHEVISUALQUALITYOFTHEWATERMARKISILLUSTRATEDUSINGVISUALQUALITYVSATTACKSTRENGTHGRAPHWPSNRDECREASEDWITHINCREASEINTHEVARIANCEOFGAUSSIANNOISETHEWPSNRUSEDTOMEASUREVISUALDEGRADATIONOFMEDICALIMAGESWITHNOISEUSESCONTRASTSENSITIVITYFUNCTIONCSFASTHEWEIGHTINGFACTORTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFCSFISMODELEDASABANDPASSFILTERANDTHEERRORSIGNALISFILTEREDBYTHISBPFFIG2DEGRADATIONINVISUALQUALITYWITHATTACK43BITERRORRATEVSATTACKSTRENGTHBITERRORRATEVSATTACKSTRENGTHGRAPHISUSEDTOFINDOUTTHEROBUSTNESSOFTHEWATERMARKAGAINSTVARIOUSATTACKSTHEBITERRORRATEBETWEENTHEORIGINALANDEXTRACTEDWATERMARKINCREASEDWITHTHEINCREASEINTHEVARIANCEOFSPECKLENOISEITWASOBSERVEDTHATTHEWATERMARKINGCAPACITYINWAVELETDOMAINISMUCHLOWERCOMPAREDTOTHATOFSPATIALDOMAINBUTTHEROBUSTNESSISBETTERTHANTHATOFSPATIAL239

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