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1、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的診斷治療專家共識(shí)耿德勤(徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)科),目的和意義,常見神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病均易伴發(fā)或共病抑郁焦慮障礙腦血管病和卒中認(rèn)知功能障礙帕金森病多發(fā)性硬化癲癇原發(fā)性頭痛 共病使得疾病遷延不愈、顯著地增加了疾病的負(fù)擔(dān) 旨在提高醫(yī)師對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙 的認(rèn)識(shí)和處理,體現(xiàn)“以人為本”的醫(yī)學(xué)宗旨, 更好地實(shí)踐生物-心理-社會(huì)的醫(yī)學(xué)模式,概 要,流行病學(xué)

2、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn) 神經(jīng)科抑郁/焦慮狀態(tài)常見的軀體化表現(xiàn) 頭痛和焦慮抑郁的關(guān)系 抑郁和焦慮狀態(tài)的初查和識(shí)別 抑郁癥的治療目標(biāo) 神經(jīng)科抑郁焦慮障礙的治療 抗抑郁劑的藥物相互作用,流行病學(xué),流行病學(xué),腦血管病和卒中后抑郁焦慮障礙1~6各研究報(bào)道的卒中后抑郁(PSD)發(fā)病率和患病率變異很大有研究認(rèn)為卒中后1個(gè)月是發(fā)病的高峰,但也有研究認(rèn)為卒中后3~6月是發(fā)病高峰 社區(qū)研究: PSD在卒中急性期為3

3、3%,慢性期為34%醫(yī)院研究:PSD在卒中急性期為36%、 恢復(fù)期為32%, 慢性期為34% 我國研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PSD在卒中后1月為39%、3~6個(gè)月為53%、1年為24%,1.  Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.  T

4、ucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294–298. 4.  Ri

5、ckards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.  Pohjasvaara T, Leppavuori A,Siira I,et al. Frequency and clinical

6、 determinants of poststroke depression. Stroke,1998,29:2311-2317.6.  Hackett ML, Yapa C, Parag V, et al. Frequency of depression after stroke:A systematic review of observational studies. Stroke,2005,36:1330-1340.,

7、流行病學(xué),認(rèn)知功能障礙伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~3抑郁障礙多見于癡呆前期或早期,有研究認(rèn)為抑郁是癡呆的前驅(qū)癥狀或危險(xiǎn)因素有抑郁的輕度認(rèn)知障礙 (MCI)者向老年性癡呆(AD)的轉(zhuǎn)化率是無抑郁者的2倍 AD伴發(fā)抑郁的患病率可達(dá)75%,一般約為30%~50%血管性癡呆(VaD)或血管性認(rèn)知損害(VCI)者的抑郁癥狀的發(fā)生率約為40%~60%MCI的抑郁累計(jì)患病率約為26%,1.  Holtzer R, Scarmeas N, W

8、egesin DJ, et al. J Am Geriatr Soc,2005,53:2083-2089.2.  Modrego PJ, Ferrández J.. Arch Neurol,2004,61:1290-1293.3. Potter GG, Steffens DC. Contribution of depression ,Neurologist,2007,13: 105–117.,流行病學(xué),帕金森?。?/p>

9、PD)伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~7PD患者的抑郁障礙患病率為8%~76%,平均25%~40%約40%患者有焦慮障礙有研究認(rèn)為抑郁和焦慮障礙可能先于患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀出現(xiàn),1.  Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.  Tucker

10、 GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294–298. 4.  Rickard

11、s H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol

12、Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinson’s disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63–S70.7. Ehrt U,Aarsland D. Psychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease

13、. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2005,18: 335-341.,流行病學(xué),多發(fā)性硬化(MS)伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~7終身患病率近50%,是普通人群的3倍社區(qū)問卷調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)41%患者有抑郁,其中29%為中-重度抑郁對3000例16歲以上MS患者的死因調(diào)查顯示,15%的患者死于自殺流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示35.7%的患者合并各種焦慮,其中18.6%為廣泛性焦慮、10%為驚恐發(fā)作,1.  Benedetti F,

14、 Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.  Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3. 

15、 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294–298. 4.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neuro

16、l Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder:JAMA 2003,289:3095–3105.6. Janssens AC, Buljevac D, van Doorn PA. Prediction of anxiet

17、y and distress following diagnosis . Mult Scler,2006 ,12:794-801.7. Siegert RJ,Abernethy DA. Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;469-475.,流行病學(xué),癲癇伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~6抑郁癥的患病率為50%~

18、55%住院患者中,控制良好者的抑郁發(fā)病率為10%、患病率為20%,控制不良者則分別為20%和60%癲癇患者發(fā)作間期的焦慮癥的患病率為10%~25%,1.  Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.  Tucker GJ. N

19、eurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294–298. 4.  Rickards H. D

20、epression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Lambert M, Robertson M. Depression in epilepsy: etiology, phenomenology and treat

21、ment. Epilepsia,1999,40(suppl 10):S21–S47.6. Gaitatzis A,Trimble MR,Sander JW. The psychiatric comorbidity of epilepsy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica,2004,110:207-220.,流行病學(xué),原發(fā)性頭痛伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~2原發(fā)性頭痛門診患者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)27%的患者有中-重度

22、抑郁,其中偏頭痛人群為17.1%、轉(zhuǎn)化型偏頭痛為36.1%、緊張型頭痛(TTH)為28.3%;偏頭痛患者終身的抑郁障礙患病率約為30%~80%,是普通人群的3-4倍。同時(shí),易有驚恐和強(qiáng)迫等焦慮障礙;有先兆的偏頭痛和轉(zhuǎn)化型偏頭痛者的伴發(fā)率更高。頻發(fā)型和慢性TTH者抑郁焦慮障礙的伴發(fā)率可達(dá)2/3;青少年慢性頭痛者調(diào)查,有抑郁障礙30%(抑郁癥21%)、焦慮障礙36%、高度自殺危險(xiǎn)者20%,1.  Radat F,Swends

23、en J. Psychiatric comorbidity in migraine: a review. Cephalalgia,2005,25:165-178.2.  Wang SJ,Juang KD,F(xiàn)uh JL,et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and suicide risk in adolescents with chronic daily headache. Neurology, 20

24、07,68:1468–1473.,流行病學(xué)的啟示,腦血管病和卒中、認(rèn)知功能障礙、帕金森病、多發(fā)性硬化、癲癇、原發(fā)性頭痛伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮比例高,使相關(guān)疾病地治療更加復(fù)雜、困難,延長病程,同時(shí)增加了疾病負(fù)擔(dān);因此,有必要對神經(jīng)科常見伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮的患者進(jìn)行識(shí)別和診治。,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn),定 義,抑郁障礙——各種原因引起的以顯著而持久的心境低落為主要特征的一類心境或情感障礙; 焦慮障礙——一種內(nèi)心緊張不安、預(yù)感到似乎將要發(fā)

25、生某種不利情況而又難于應(yīng)付的不愉快情緒; 本共識(shí)中抑郁障礙和焦慮障礙指抑郁和焦慮狀態(tài)即嚴(yán)重程度達(dá)中等或以上,超出患者所能承受或自我調(diào)整能力,并且對其生活和社會(huì)功能造成影響,但并不一定達(dá)到或符合精神科中的具體疾病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一些神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病所致的神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變,與情感障礙自然病程中發(fā)生的改變相似,因此可以產(chǎn)生類似的抑郁焦慮表現(xiàn)。這也解釋了神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病高發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的狀況,目前主要神

26、經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-1(形態(tài)學(xué))抑郁癥可能存在神經(jīng)解剖的易感性,目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-2(形態(tài)學(xué))海馬體積和未治療的抑郁之間的關(guān)系,38 Female Outpatients With Recurrent Depression in Remission,*Significant inverse relationship between total hippocampal volume and the length of ti

27、me depression went untreated.Sheline YI, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1516-1518.,海馬總體積( mm3),未治療的抑郁,R2=0.28 P=0.0006*,0,1,000,2,000,3,000,4,000,3,000,3,500,4,000,4,500,5,000,5,500,6,000,R2=0.28P=0.0006*,,,目前主要神經(jīng)生物

28、學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-3(形態(tài)學(xué)) 抑郁癥與細(xì)胞凋亡,BDNF=brain-derived neurotrophic factor.1. Sapolsky RM. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:925-935.2. Duman RS, et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:732-739.,目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-4(形態(tài)學(xué))治療能預(yù)防或逆轉(zhuǎn)損傷嗎?,5-HT=serotoni

29、n; NE=norepinephrine; ECT=electroconvulsive therapy. 1. Sapolsky RM. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:925-935.2. Duman RS, et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:732-739.,應(yīng)激2,糖皮質(zhì)激素,BDNF,正常存活和生長,神經(jīng)元萎縮/死亡,,,,,,,BDNF,,,,,增加存活和生長,5-H

30、T and NE,DA,,,,糖皮質(zhì)激素,,??,,藥物治療, ECT, 心理治療2,樹突分支1,目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-5(神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌學(xué))抑郁, 焦慮和 HPA調(diào)控紊亂: 腦-體的關(guān)系,,下丘腦,杏仁核,藍(lán)斑,ACTH,,,,,,,細(xì)胞因子,可的松,骨,脂肪組織,腎上腺,交感神經(jīng)活動(dòng)增強(qiáng),前額葉皮層,,,,,軀體感覺/情緒,,,心血管,代謝,免疫與神經(jīng)元再激活,認(rèn)知,,腎上腺素, NE,骨質(zhì)疏松癥,O’Connor, et

31、 al. QJM 2000;93:323-33Miller, O’Callaghan. Metabolism 2002:51:5-10,抑郁障礙的主要臨床表現(xiàn),核心癥狀情緒低落興趣減退、愉快感喪失、持續(xù)疲乏其它癥狀:睡眠障礙軀體癥狀:各種疼痛、食欲減退、消化道癥狀出現(xiàn)焦慮或激越癥狀記憶力減退、注意力難集中,焦慮障礙的主要臨床表現(xiàn),過份焦慮焦躁:經(jīng)常、無緣無故感到心煩緊張不安:經(jīng)常感到心情緊張、不能松弛過份擔(dān)心總

32、是感到心神不寧,過度擔(dān)心一些小事,卒中伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)1~6,研究認(rèn)為PSD為直接的腦損害所致,并提示優(yōu)勢半球和前部半球損害更容易發(fā)生PSD,但meta分析未見部位相關(guān)性“血管性抑郁”是老年期抑郁的重要病因,約占1/3,主要與額葉和底節(jié)部位的白質(zhì)病變、小血管病變及“無癥狀卒中”有關(guān),PSD雖然常見,但由于患者常有失語、忽略或認(rèn)知損害而不被訴說或識(shí)別,1.  Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Ponti

33、ggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.  Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3.  Rickards H. Depres

34、sion in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294–298. 4.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychia

35、try,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinson’s disease:. Neurology,

36、2002,58(Suppl 1):S63–S70.,癡呆伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)1~6,皮質(zhì)下小血管病性VaD或VCI患者的抑郁障礙持續(xù)時(shí)間長、難治. 突出表現(xiàn):始動(dòng)性差、精神運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩和易伴執(zhí)行功能障礙AD伴發(fā)的抑郁障礙有隨病程延長而逐漸減少的趨勢,1.  Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opi

37、n Psychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.  Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Ps

38、ychiatry,2006,19:294–298. 4.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neur

39、opsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinson’s disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63–S70.,PD伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)1~6,常見的精神運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩、淡漠

40、、興致缺乏、身體語言減少、自主神經(jīng)癥狀容易與抑郁混淆常見的失眠、注意差、疲乏、震顫、不安和自主神經(jīng)癥狀又容易與焦慮混淆。過多擔(dān)心可能是重要鑒別點(diǎn)PD患者可有明顯的情感波動(dòng),持續(xù)數(shù)分鐘,每天多次。晚期患者出現(xiàn)治療的“開關(guān)”現(xiàn)象,有抑郁焦慮情緒,使得診斷困難。,PD患者的情感障礙與腦內(nèi)多種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的改變有關(guān),1.  Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and ne

41、urological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.  Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological diso

42、rders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294–298. 4.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.

43、Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinson’s disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63–S70.

44、,MS及癲癇伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)1~6,精神運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩、睡眠異常、認(rèn)知改變和疲乏是MS和抑郁共有的表現(xiàn)抑郁多見于復(fù)發(fā)和用激素治療期間,MS患者的抑郁可能與病灶部位(額葉、顳葉)及炎癥有關(guān),抑郁可為癲癇發(fā)作和發(fā)作后表現(xiàn),但更多見于發(fā)作間期。顳葉癲癇和左側(cè)癇灶者容易發(fā)生抑郁。,抑郁與癲癇的關(guān)系是雙向的,病因多重而復(fù)雜,1.  Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression a

45、nd neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.  Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological

46、 disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294–298. 4.  Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5

47、. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinson’s disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63

48、–S70.,Kroenke K, et al. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:774-779.,神經(jīng)科抑郁焦慮患者特點(diǎn):軀體癥狀多,神經(jīng)科就診抑郁焦慮患者特點(diǎn)不主動(dòng)敘述情緒癥狀多見主述為睡眠問題、疲乏及不確定位置的軀體疼痛癥狀易與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)原發(fā)疾病相互影響,注意鑒別,Kroenke K, et al. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:774-779.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,10,20,

49、30,40,50,60,70,80,90,軀體癥狀的個(gè)數(shù)*,抑郁患病率(%),,其他精神障礙,,情緒障礙(焦慮/抑郁),0 to 1(n=215),2 to 3(n=225),4 to 5(n=191),6 to 8(n=230),?9(n=139),神經(jīng)科抑郁焦慮患者特點(diǎn):軀體癥狀多,*常見軀體癥狀:頭痛頭暈疲乏失眠背痛四肢或關(guān)節(jié)痛月經(jīng)紊亂消化道不適腹痛胸痛性功能障礙,多個(gè)軀體癥狀可能預(yù)示抑郁癥,

50、Table The Frequency of Symptoms in Hysteria Neurosis Symptom % Symptom %,Dyspnea

51、 72 Weight loss 28 Palpitation 60

52、 Anorexia 60 Chest pain 72 Nausea 80Dizzine

53、ss 84 Vomiting 32 Headache 80

54、 Abdominal pain 80 Anxiety attacks 64 Abdominal bloating 68Fatigue

55、 84 Food intolerances 48 Blindness 20

56、 Diarrhea 20 Paralysis 12 Constipation 64

57、 Anesthesia 32 Dysuria 44 Aphonia 44

58、 Urinary retention 8 Lump in throat 28 Dysmenorrhea

59、Fits or convulsions 20 (premarital only) 4 Faints 56

60、 Dysmenorrhea Unconsciousness 16 (prepregnancy only) 8

61、 Amnesia 8 Dysmenorrhea(other) 48 Visual blurring 64

62、 Menstrual irregularity 48 Visual hallucination 12 Excessive menstrual bleeding 48

63、 Deafness 4 Sexual indifference 44 Olfatory hallucination 16

64、 Frigidity(absence of orgasm) 24 Weakness 84 Dyspareunia

65、 52 Sudden fluctuations Back pain 88 In weight

66、 16 Joint pain 84 Extremity pain 84

67、 Burning pains in rectum,vagina,mouth 28 Other bodily pain

68、 36 Depressed feelings 64 Phobias 48 Vomi

69、ting all nine months Nervous 92 of pregnancy 20 Had to quit working

70、 Cried a lot 60 Because felt bad 44

71、 Felt life was hopeless 28 Always sickly Thought of dying 48

72、 (most of life) 40 Wanted to die 36 Thought of suicide 28

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