[雙語翻譯]糧食安全外文翻譯—觀點食品安全與營養(yǎng)的未來——追求雙贏，權(quán)衡利弊（原文）

1、Contents lists available at ScienceDirectFood Policyjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodpolViewpointViewpoint: Future of food safety and nutrition - Seeking win-wins, coping with trade-offsKalliopi Mylonaa, Pet

2、ros Maragkoudakisa, Ladislav Mikob, Anne-Katrin Bocka, Jan Wollgasta, Sandra Caldeiraa, Franz Ulbertha,?a European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), 1049 Brussels, Belgium b European Commission

3、, Directorate-General Health and Food Safety, 1049 Brussels, BelgiumA R T I C L E I N F OKeywords:Food safetyNutritionForesightChallengesPreparednessTrade-offsA B S T R A C TThe possible implications of global trends suc

4、h as climate change and resource scarcity on food security are highon the political agendas. While the food sufficiency aspect of food security takes centre-stage, the future of foodsafety and nutritional quality of diet

5、s often seems to be taken for granted. This paper builds on the results of aforesight study on EU food safety and nutrition towards 2050 to discuss potential future points of tension forfood policy. Increasing food produ

6、ction while using fewer resources and reducing food waste while ensuringfood safety are just two examples. Innovation at different levels in the food system will be needed to addressfuture challenges. Fast technology upt

7、ake and the launch of new food-related products can put pressure on theability to deliver timely risk assessments, the scope of which might also need to cover other legitimate factors.Future food policies need to be more

8、 sensitive to impacts on food safety and nutrition and health aspects. Aholistic food systems approach must be taken to identify and discuss in advance possible tensions and trade-offsand to address them upfront in a sys

9、tematic and transparent manner.1. IntroductionOne of the key questions dominating the turn of this century is howto secure the supply of sufficient, environmentally sustainable, nu-tritious, safe and accessible-to-all fo

10、od. Food security ('zero hunger')features very high among the recently agreed 17 SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs) and is intimately linked to several otherSDGs (United Nations, 2015). Ensuring food security an

11、d a sustainableagro-food system is not an easy task, given the impacts of climatechange and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to pre-serve key resources of particular importance for the water-energy-foodnex

12、us. The increasing global population and the transition in emergingmarket economies towards diets of predominantly animal origin, putadditional pressure on ensuring sufficient food production(Alexandratos and Bruinsma, 2

13、012). We have seen how disruptiveevents and geo-political developments such as the 2008 economic crisisor the 2015 EU/Russian embargo, which resulted in a 43% decrease ofEU agri-food exports to Russia, had dramatic conse

14、quences for bothfood producers and consumers (Szczepanski, 2015). In addition, recentdevelopments such as the decision of the United Kingdom to leave theEuropean Union and the repercussions this may bring to both parties

15、,demonstrate the need to take into account uncertainty in policy design.While access to “safe” and “nutritious” food is integral in the defi-nition of food security, most studies focus on how to ensure the “suf-ficiency”

16、 requirement of this definition. It can be argued that the reasonfor this is the high level of food safety currently enjoyed in developedregions. The EU in particular takes pride in its food safety legislativeframework,

17、which is seen as one of the most advanced in the world.This is achieved through science-based risk analysis based on the pre-cautionary principle and an institutional separation of risk assessment,management and communic

18、ation. But even in this environment, theoccasional food 'crisis' such as the German EHEC O104:H4 outbreak(Robert Koch Institut, 2011), unearths the vulnerabilities of the system.One may also argue that ensuring s

19、afety, nutritional quality, varietyand balance of foods and diets as well as the underlying social, en-vironmental and economic determinants, do not receive the attentionthey deserve in food security studies, as the suff

20、iciency aspect appearsto be more pressing. Moreover, the abundant food offer and almostunrestricted access to a large variety of nutritious quality foods in mostof the developed countries, result in the skewed view that

21、it is up to theindividual to make the right decisions and succeed in life and health.Making nutritious food available does not automatically lead to popu-lation-wide healthy diets (Butland et al., 2007). Despite a series

22、 of in-itiatives and action plans towards the promotion of healthier diets andhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.12.002Received 28 November 2017; Accepted 5 December 2017? Corresponding author.E-mail address: franz.u

23、lberth@ec.europa.eu (F. Ulberth).Food Policy 74 (2018) 143–146Available online 22 December 20170306-9192/ © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Tresearch is an important element. While the concept is being includedand ad

24、vanced in public research (e.g. EU funded projects such as En-gage 2020,2 RRI Tools,3, INPROFOOD4 or CIMULACT,5 the RRI conceptstill needs to be further integrated into corporate management (Stahlet al., 2017). However,

25、also the food industry has identified the in-volvement of citizens in food innovation and production as an im-portant challenge to tackle (European Technology Platform (ETP)“Food for Life,” 2016). Different levels of cit

26、izen engagement are cur-rently developed and applied, ranging from dialogues and consultationsto active contributions (e.g. data collection via crowd sourcing), col-laboration (e.g. analysing data, refining the project d

27、esign) to co-crea-tion of projects (e.g. citizens being involved in all steps of the researchproject) (Figueiredo Nascimento et al., 2016). Conceivably, citizenscould also support risk assessment and post-market monitori

28、ng bycollecting and sharing data on the use and effects of food products(Mylona et al., 2016). These approaches, organised by researchers orexperts, are increasingly complemented by bottom-up initiatives, en-compassing s

29、elf-organised do-it-yourself science by crowd-funded in-itiatives, hacker communities or fab labs (Bauer et al., 2016).These concepts might also help in developing innovative solutionsfor managing the plethora of easily

30、accessible but often misleading,factually-wrong, or conflicting information on food safety and nutri-tion, which will be necessary for dealing with future food insecuritysituations.5. And could innovation for nutrition a

31、nd health compromise foodsafety?The increasing dominance of foods high in fat, sugar and salt andthe decreased consumption of fresh produce challenge the “nutritious”attribute of our diet. Combined with snacking behaviou

32、r associatedwith busy schedules and increasingly sedentary lifestyles, diets arehaving devastating health consequences and the burden of disease at-tributable to diets and lifestyle may well increase further in the futur

33、e.Furthermore, the impacts of a changing climate in the coming yearsmay put further strain on the availability of fresh produce, in particularin self-sufficient systems. Paradoxically as it may seem, the desire for aheal

34、thful diet is pervasive and food products promising health benefitsabound. The future may prove even more creative, e.g. with “medica-lisation” of foods. Concerns may arise though, if individuals consumecocktails of nutr

35、ients and nutraceuticals in excess of recommendations,possibly even together with pharmaceuticals within the context ofpersonalised nutrition and personalised medicine. A regulatory frame-work may be needed for products

36、that fall outside the current nutritionand health claims legislations in the EU or in similar legal frameworksaround the globe.6. A possible futureThe areas identified for possible trade-offs give an indication for thein

37、terlinkages and complexities inherent to the food system. Theyshowcase the need to consider the upcoming challenges within the foodsystem, taking into account all aspects of food security. Co-ordinationand coherence betw

38、een different policies is essential; the links betweenagricultural, food and nutrition or environmental policies are clear fromthese discussions but many others exist, e.g. to education, social, em-ployment and fiscal po

39、licies. As awareness of the current failings of the(global) food system grows, possibly exacerbated by future challenges,the calls for a more appropriate, comprehensive approach gain ground,be it a systems thinking appro

40、ach, a comprehensive (common) EU foodpolicy or a combination of both (e.g. IPES-Food, 2017; FAO and WHO,2014; Hawkes et al., 2012; van’t Veer et al., 2017).Our findings strongly support the notion that future research an

41、dpolicies need to be integrative and more sensitive to impacts on foodsafety and nutrition aspects. This will be key to achieve nutrition se-curity and healthy lifestyles while ensuring sufficiency and sustain-ability of

42、 production of safe and affordable foods on our way towards2050. This may not always result in a win-win outcome; collaborationbetween all stakeholders in the food chain and well-informed and en-gaged citizens will be in

43、dispensable to find compromises and securebenefits. Policy makers from local to global level and across the dif-ferent policy areas will have an important role to play. They can pro-vide the urgently needed frameworks an

44、d spaces for these discussionsto flourish. The spaces exist in many instances – inter-ministerial/sec-toral groups, stakeholder fora, roundtables, consumer groups, vocalNGOs - but need to be strengthened and more inclusi

45、ve. At the EU level,the EU Better Regulation Package (European Commission, 2015), forexample, emphasizes strongly the need for citizens and stakeholders tocontribute throughout the policy and law?making process.Research

46、too needs more inclusivity and a wider reach, also in termsof interdisciplinarity at all stages of research, from planning (evaluationof proposals) to publication and dissemination.Only when research and policies embrace

47、 the complexity of the foodsystem(s) we will be able to move towards future food polices that willput us on the right track for achieving food security.DisclaimerThe views expressed here are those of the authors and do n

48、ot ne-cessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.AcknowledgementsThis research did not receive any specific grant from fundingagencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. AnastasiaLivaniou,

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