氣象科技英語翻譯

1、Like a fish in the ocean, man is confined to a very shallow layer of atmosphere.The gaseous envelope of the Earth is physically inhomogeneous in both the vertical and horizontal directions, although the horizontal i

2、nhomogeneity is much less marked than the vertical inhomogeneity. Various criteria have been devised for dividing the atmosphere into layers. This division can be based on the nature of the vertical temperature profile,

3、on the gaseous composition of the air at different altitudes, and the effect of the atmosphere on aircraft at different altitudes, etc. The division based on the variation of the air temperature with altitude is used

4、 most commonly in the meteorological literature. According to a publication of the agrological commission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1961, the Earth’s atmosphere, is divided into five main layers:

5、 the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere. These layers are bounded by four thin transition regions: the tropospause, the stratospause, the mesospause, the thermo

6、spause . The troposphere is the lower layer of the atmosphere between the Earth’s surface and the tropopause. The temperature drops with increasing height in the troposphere, at a mean rate of 6.5 ℃ per kilometer (laps

7、e rate). The upper boundary of the troposphere lies at a height of approximately 8 to 12 km in the polar and troposphere contains about 75% of the total mass of atmospheric air, while in the tropics it contains about 90%

8、. The tropoause is an intermediate layer in which either a temperature in version or an isothermal temperature distribution is observed. The stratosphere is the atmospheric layer above 就像海洋中的魚一樣,人類被局限在大氣中一個(gè)非常狹窄的層次之內(nèi)。雖然地球

9、的大氣層在水平方向上的不均勻性比在垂直高度上的不均勻性要小得多。但它確確實(shí)實(shí)在水平和垂直兩個(gè)方向上都是不均勻的。 人們設(shè)計(jì)了各種各樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來劃分大氣的層次。有的基于垂直溫度廓線的性質(zhì)，有的根據(jù)空氣在不同高度上的大氣成分，有的根據(jù)大氣在不同高度上對飛機(jī)的影響來劃分等等。根據(jù)空氣溫度隨高度的變化來劃分（大氣的層次）是氣象文獻(xiàn)中用得最普遍的一種劃分方法。根據(jù) 1961 年世界氣象組織大氣學(xué)委會(huì)公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，地球大氣被劃分為 5 個(gè)主要層次：對流

10、層，平流層，中層，熱成層以及外逸層。這些層次之間鄰接著 4 個(gè)淺薄的過渡區(qū)域：對流層頂，平流層頂，中層頂以及熱成層頂。 對流層是介于地球表面和對流層頂之間的大氣低層．在對流層中，溫度以平均 6.5℃/km的遞減率隨高度的增加而降低，其上邊界在極地和中緯度地區(qū)大約位于 8—12Km 的高度，在熱帶地區(qū)大約位于 16-18Km 的高度。在極地和中緯度，對流層包含了大氣層中空氣質(zhì)量的 75%左右，然而在熱帶地區(qū)，包含了大約 90%。對流層頂是

11、一個(gè)中間層次，據(jù)觀測，其溫度是逆溫或是等溫分布。based on the extent of atmospheric interaction with the Earth’s surface. According to this principe,the atmosphere is usually divided into a so called boundary layer (sometimes also called the fri

12、ction layer) and the free atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer(up to 1 or 1.5 km) is influenced considerably by the Earth’s surface and by eddy-viscosity forces. At the same time, we can neglect, as a first appr

13、oximation, the influence of eddy-viscosity forces in the free atmosphere.Of all the above atmospheric layers, only the troposphere(especially its boundary layer) is characterized by a marked instability of the vertical d

14、istribution of the meteorological parameters. It is in this layer that both temperature inversions and superadiabatic temperature variations with height are observed.The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases an

15、d aerosols, the latter being the name given to a system comprised of small liquid and solid particles distributed in the air. Air is not a specific gas :rather, it is a mixture of many gases. Some of them, such as nitrog

16、en, oxygen, argon, neon, and so on, may be regarded as permanent atmospheric components that remain in fixed proportions to the total gas volume. Other constituents such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone vary

17、in quantity from place to place and form time to time. The principal sources of nitrogen, the most abundant constituent of air, are decaying from agricultural debris, animal matter, and volcanic eruption. On the other si

18、de of the ledger, nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere by biological processes involving plants and sea life. 最后，除了以上對大氣的劃分以外，我們也可以根據(jù)大氣和地面的相互作用得到另一種分法。根據(jù)此原則，大氣通常被劃分為所謂的邊界層（有時(shí)也稱摩擦層）和自由大氣。地球表面和渦度粘滯力對大氣邊界層（知道1-1.5Km）有相當(dāng)大

19、的影響；同時(shí)，作為一級(jí)近似，在自由大氣中我們可以忽略渦度粘滯力的影響。 以上這些大氣層中，只有對流層（尤其是邊界層）中氣象參數(shù)的垂直分布具有顯著的不穩(wěn)定性的特征。人們觀測到該層中存在逆穩(wěn)和溫度隨高度超絕熱變化。地球大氣是氣體和氣溶膠的混合物，所謂的氣溶膠指的是由分布在空氣中的微小的液體和固體顆粒組成的系統(tǒng)。空氣不是一種特殊的氣體，而是由許多氣體混合成的。其中一些氣體，如，氮，氧，氬，氖等，作為空氣的永久組成成分，總是以固定的比例存在于大