自首從寬處罰的根據(jù)及其適用.pdf

1、 1 內(nèi)容摘要 自首是我國(guó)刑法裁量中的重要制度之一， 其正確適用與否對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)刑罰的目的具有重要的意義。我國(guó)刑法對(duì)于一般自首，規(guī)定了多重幅度的相對(duì)從寬處罰原則，即一般情況下可以從輕或減輕處罰，其中犯罪較輕的可以免除處罰。但是何時(shí)給予從寬處罰？對(duì)某一特定自首給予何種程度的從寬處罰？以往的理論沒有給出恰當(dāng)?shù)幕卮稹?這不但導(dǎo)致了理論上的困惑，也導(dǎo)致了司法不公，并招致了社會(huì)的批評(píng)。筆者認(rèn)為，解決問題的核心在于尋找出自首從寬處罰的根據(jù)。只有以此根

2、據(jù)作為自首適用中一以貫之的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，才能恰當(dāng)?shù)乩斫庾允椎某闪l件和適用規(guī)則，發(fā)揮自首制度的應(yīng)有價(jià)值功能。 對(duì)此，筆者從四個(gè)部分予以論述。 第一部分，探究自首從寬處罰根據(jù)的意義。在此部分，筆者首先分析了自首的運(yùn)用在我國(guó)刑法理論界和實(shí)務(wù)界所遇到的困惑。刑法對(duì)自首的從寬處罰規(guī)定是“可以” ，但理論界沒能對(duì)自首從寬處罰的根據(jù)予以合理地界定， 從而未能指出哪些情況下不應(yīng)給予從寬，導(dǎo)致將自首的適用從“可以從寬”變成實(shí)質(zhì)上的“應(yīng)當(dāng)從寬” ；而實(shí)務(wù)中，由于

3、沒能從自首從寬處罰根據(jù)的角度來(lái)理解自首的適用， 將 “可以從寬” 理解為 “可以從寬”也“可以不從寬” ，導(dǎo)致對(duì)自首的從寬規(guī)定，隨機(jī)適用、甚至濫用的后果。因此，合理界定自首從寬處罰的根據(jù)，在現(xiàn)階段具有重要的意義。 第二部分，自首從寬處罰的根據(jù)探尋。在此部分，筆者首先分析了我國(guó)現(xiàn)行刑法理論對(duì)自首從寬處罰根據(jù)的認(rèn)識(shí)。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)可以概括為兩個(gè)方面，其一、自首行為體現(xiàn)了犯罪人人身危險(xiǎn)性減??；其二、自首行為節(jié)省了司法資源。人身危險(xiǎn)性作為人格的一個(gè)方

4、面，具有“積淀性”的特點(diǎn)，不可能因自首行為就反應(yīng)出其減??；節(jié)約司法資源只能是自首行為的附帶效益， 而不能作為從寬處罰的根據(jù)。 對(duì)此， 筆者從 “刑罰的目的” 、 “犯罪的本質(zhì)特征”以及“刑法與道德的關(guān)系”三個(gè)層面重新探尋自首從寬處罰的根據(jù)。關(guān)于刑罰的目的，報(bào)應(yīng)主義、偏重的一般預(yù)防都不可取，只有恰當(dāng)?shù)奶厥忸A(yù)防才能達(dá)到特殊預(yù)防與一般預(yù)防的統(tǒng)一。將預(yù)防犯罪認(rèn)定為刑罰的目的較為合理。在犯罪構(gòu)成四要件中，只有將犯罪人的主觀方面作為刑罰的根據(jù)，才能

5、實(shí)現(xiàn)刑罰的目的；就犯罪的本質(zhì)特征而言，只有將其認(rèn)定為“行為時(shí)極大的主觀惡性”才最為合理。從犯罪與刑罰關(guān)系的3 Abstract Voluntary surrender is an important system to the discretion of our criminal law, whether it is properly applied has a great significance to the purpose of

6、penalty. Criminal law for the voluntary surrender of our country, provides a relatively broad range of multiple punishment in principle, that is, under normal circumstances can be a lighter or mitigated punishment, the l

7、esser crime can be exempted from punishment. Any criminal who voluntarily surrenders may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment. The ones whose crimes are relatively minor may be exempted from punishment. But when t

8、he lighter punishment will be given? What degree of lightness to a particular voluntary surrender? The past theory did not give the right answer. It not only leads to the theoretical confusion, but also leads to unfair j

9、ustice, and incurs the criticism of society. The author believes that solving the problem lies in looking out the foundation to leniently punish voluntary surrender. Only put the reason, in the application of the volunta

10、ry surrender, as a consistent standard, can the premises of the voluntary surrender and the ways to apply it be appropriately apprehended, giving out the valuable function of the system of the voluntary surrender. The a

11、uthor discusses the question in four parts. Part one, the Significance of discussing the lenient punishment of the voluntary surrender. In this part, the author firstly analyzes the difficulties of using of voluntary sur

12、render in theoretical and practical. The Criminal Law of the provides the penalties of the voluntary surrender for the “can“, but foundation to leniently punish voluntary surrender was not apprehended in theory ,as a res

13、ult, the scholars can not find out in what ways that the lenient punishment of the voluntary surrender should not be applied. It leads to the apprehension of “can” as “must”. In practice, foundation to leniently punish v

14、oluntary surrender was not used, it leads to the apprehension of “can” as “can” or “can not”. Thus the provision of the lenient punishment of the voluntary surrender was applied in chance or even abused. So, it has a gre

15、at significance of reasonably defining foundation to leniently punish voluntary surrender at this stage. Part two, exploring foundation to leniently punish voluntary surrender. In this part, the author firstly analyzes t

16、he foundation to leniently punish voluntary surrender in current theoretical circles. The traditional view can be summed up as two rules. First, the voluntary surrender reflects the criminal reducing its Personal Dangero