外文翻譯---宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量可以解釋長(zhǎng)期的股市走勢(shì)?一個(gè)美國(guó)和日本比較研究_第1頁(yè)
已閱讀1頁(yè),還剩12頁(yè)未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶(hù)提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

1、<p>  2530單詞,4100漢字</p><p>  外文題目:Can macroeconomic variables explain long term stock market movements?A comparison of the US and Japan</p><p>  出 處:School of Economics and Finance, Univ

2、ersity of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK,</p><p>  作 者:Andreas Humpe Peter Macmillan</p><p>  Can macroeconomic variables explain long term stock market movements?A comparison of the US and Japan

3、</p><p>  By Andreas Humpe Peter Macmillan</p><p><b>  原文:</b></p><p><b>  ABSTRACT</b></p><p>  Within the framework of a standard discounted v

4、alue model we examine whether a number of macroeconomic variables influence stock prices in the US and Japan. A cointegration analysis is applied in order to model the long term relationship between industrial production

5、, the consumer price index, money supply, long term interest rates and stock prices in the US and Japan. For the US we find the data are consistent with a single cointegrating vector, where stock prices are positively re

6、lated to indu</p><p>  Keywords: Stock Market Indices, Cointegration, Interest Rates.</p><p>  I. Introduction.</p><p>  A significant literature now exists which investigates the r

7、elationship between stock market returns and a range of macroeconomic and financial variables, across a number of different stock markets and over a range of different time horizons. Existing financial economic theory pr

8、ovides a number of models that provide a framework for the study of this relationship. </p><p>  One way of linking macroeconomic variables and stock market returns is through arbitrage pricing theory (APT)

9、(Ross, 1976), where multiple risk factors can explain asset returns. While early empirical papers on APT focussed on individual security returns, it may also be used in an aggregate stock market framework, where a change

10、 in a given macroeconomic variable could be seen as reflecting a change in an underlying systematic risk factor influencing future returns. Most of the empirical studies </p><p>  An alternative, but not inc

11、onsistent, approach is the discounted cash flow or present value model (PVM)1. This model relates the stock price to future expected cash flows and the future discount rate of these cash flows. Again, all macroeconomic f

12、actors that influence future expected cash flows or the discount rate by which these cash flows are discounted should have an influence on the stock price. The advantage of the PVM model is that it can be used to focus o

13、n the long run relationship betwe</p><p>  the stock market and macroeconomic variables. Campbell and Shiller (1988) estimate the relationship between stock prices, earnings and expected dividends. They find

14、 that a long term moving average of earnings predicts dividends and the ratio of this earnings variable to current stock price is powerful in predicting stock returns over several years. They conclude that these facts ma

15、ke stock prices and returns much too volatile to accord with a simple present value model. Engle and Granger (1987)</p><p>  In this paper, we will draw upon theory and existing empirical work as a motivati

16、on to select a number of macroeconomic variables that we might expect to be strongly related to the real stock price. We then make use of these variables, in a cointegration model, to compare and contrast the stock marke

17、ts in the US and Japan. In contrast to most other studies we explicitly use an extended sample size of most of the last half century, which covers the most severe stock market booms in US and Japan. </p><p>

18、  The aim of this paper is to see whether the same model can explain the US and Japanese stock market while yielding consistent factor loadings. This might be highly relevant, for example, to private investors, pension f

19、unds and governments, as many long term investors base their investment in equities on the assumption that corporate cash flows should grow in line with the economy, given either a constant or slowly moving discount rate

20、. Thus, the expected return on equities may be linked to futur</p><p>  In the following section, we briefly outline the simple present value model of stock price formation and make use of it in order to mot

21、ivate our discussion of the macroeconomic variables we include in our empirical analysis. In the third section we briefly outline the cointegration methodology, in the fourth section we discuss our results and in the fif

22、th section we offer a summary and some tentative conclusions based on our results.</p><p>  As suggested by Chen, Roll and Ross (1986), the selection of relevant macroeconomic variables requires judgement an

23、d we draw upon both on existing theory and existing empirical evidence. Theory suggests, and many authors find, that corporate cash flows are related to a measure of aggregate output such as GDP or industrial production4

24、. We follow, Chen, Roll and Ross (1986), Maysami and Koh (1998) and Mukherjee and Naka (1995) and make use of industrial production in this regard.Unanticipated infl</p><p>  The interest rate directly chang

25、es the discount rate in the valuation model and thus influences current and future values of corporate cash flows. Frequently, authors have included both a long term interest rate (e.g. a 10 year bond yield) and a short

26、term interest rate (e.g. a 3 month T-bill rate)5. We do not use a short term rate as our aim here is to find a long term relationship between the stock market and interest rate variables. Changes in the short rate are ma

27、inly driven by the business </p><p>  Unlike many studies; see inter alia Mukherjee and Naka (1995) and Maysami and Koh (2000); we do not include the exchange rate as an explanatory variable. We reason the d

28、omestic economy should adjust to currency developments and thus reflect the impact of foreign income due to firms’ exports measured in domestic currency over the medium run. Additionally, in the white paper on the Japane

29、se Economy in 1993, published by the Japanese Economic Planning Agency, it has been pointed out that the boom i</p><p>  In contrast to our study, many researchers have based their analysis on business cycle

30、 variables or stock market valuation measures such as the term spread or 7</p><p>  default spread for the former category or dividend yield or earnings yield for the latter. Examples of those papers include

31、 Black, Fraser and MacDonald (1997); Campbell and Hamao (1992); Chen, Roll and Ross (1986); Cochran, DeFina and Mills (1993); Fama (1990); Fama and French (1989); Harvey, Solnik and Zhou (2002) and Schwert (1990). These

32、variables are usually found to be stationary and as we plan to model long term equilibrium using non stationary variables we do not included them in our mode</p><p>  As McAdam (2003) has confirmed, the US e

33、conomy has been characterized by more frequent but less significant downturns relative to those suffered by the Japanese economy. This might be explained by a higher capital and export orientated Japanese economy relativ

34、e to the US. We might therefore expect higher relative volatility in corporate cash flows and hence also in Japanese share prices. A priori, therefore, share prices in Japan may be more sensitive to changes in industrial

35、 production, althoug</p><p>  In this paper we compare the US and Japan over the period January 1965 until June 2005. The use of monthly data gives the opportunity to analyse a very rich data set, to our kno

36、wledge earlier papers have only analysed shorter periods or have made use of a lower data frequency. This allows us to include the impact of the historically high volatility of both stock markets. The US stock market sho

37、wed very high returns between 1993 and 1999, while from 2000 until 2003 returns have been very large an</p><p>  Conclusion</p><p>  In order to achieve a deeper understanding of long term stock

38、 market movements, a comparison of the US and Japanese stock market, using monthly data over the last 40 years has been conducted. Using US data we found evidence of a single cointegration vector between stock prices, in

39、dustrial production, inflation and the long interest rate. The coefficients from the cointegrating vector, normalised on the stock price, suggested US stock prices were influenced, as expected, positively by industrial &

40、lt;/p><p>  外文題目:Can macroeconomic variables explain long term stock market movements?A comparison of the US and Japan</p><p>  出 處:School of Economics and Finance, University of St Andrews, St

41、Andrews, UK,</p><p>  作 者:Andreas Humpe Peter Macmillan*</p><p><b>  譯 文:</b></p><p>  宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量可以解釋長(zhǎng)期的股市走勢(shì)?一個(gè)美國(guó)和日本比較研究</p><p>  在一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的貼現(xiàn)值模型的框架內(nèi),我們考察宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變

42、量是否影響美國(guó)和日本的股票價(jià)格。利用美國(guó)和日本的數(shù)據(jù),利用協(xié)整分析的方法,以長(zhǎng)期工業(yè)生產(chǎn),居民消費(fèi)價(jià)格指數(shù),貨幣供給,長(zhǎng)期利率和股票價(jià)格之間的關(guān)系建立模型。對(duì)于美國(guó)股市的研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)協(xié)整向量,此時(shí)股票價(jià)格和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值正相關(guān),和居民消費(fèi)價(jià)格指數(shù)和長(zhǎng)期利率負(fù)相關(guān)。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)股市價(jià)格和貨幣供應(yīng)量顯著相關(guān)(積極的)。然而,對(duì)于日本的數(shù)據(jù)分析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)協(xié)整向量。第一協(xié)整向量,股票價(jià)格和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)正相關(guān)和貨幣供應(yīng)量負(fù)相關(guān)。對(duì)于第二個(gè)協(xié)

43、整向量,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)和長(zhǎng)期利率呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)。這些結(jié)果的出現(xiàn)可能是由于日本經(jīng)濟(jì)在90年代不景氣和隨之而來(lái)的流動(dòng)性陷阱造成的。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:股票市場(chǎng)指數(shù),協(xié)整利率。</p><p><b>  引言</b></p><p>  現(xiàn)在存在的一個(gè)重要文獻(xiàn),利用多個(gè)不同的股票市場(chǎng)和不同的時(shí)間序列范圍,探討股市回報(bào)和宏觀經(jīng)

44、濟(jì)和金融變量范圍的關(guān)系?,F(xiàn)有的金融經(jīng)濟(jì)理論提供研究這一關(guān)系的多種模式。一種是通過(guò)套利定價(jià)理論(APT)(Ross,1976)連接宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量與股票市場(chǎng)回報(bào)的方式,其中多個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素可以解釋資產(chǎn)報(bào)酬率。而在亞太早期的實(shí)證論文側(cè)重于對(duì)個(gè)人無(wú)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回報(bào)的研究,也可能是對(duì)股市總體回報(bào)的研究,凡是一個(gè)特定的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量的變化,可以被看作是一個(gè)潛在的系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的變化,從而影響股票未來(lái)的回報(bào)。大部分的實(shí)證研究是基于APT理論,討論宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)和股市回報(bào)的

45、關(guān)系。假設(shè)趨勢(shì)平穩(wěn),模型的特點(diǎn)是在短期內(nèi)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量和股價(jià)之間存在一階差分。相關(guān)的研究特別挑選見(jiàn)Fama (1981, 1990), Fama 和 French (1989), Schwert (1990), Ferson 和Harvey (1991) 和Black, Fraser 和MacDonald (1997)。在一般情況下,這些論文表明股市收益率與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量的變化顯著相關(guān),如工業(yè)生產(chǎn),通貨膨脹,利率,收益曲線(xiàn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)。<

46、;/p><p>  另一種方法,但不和上一種方法抵觸,是貼現(xiàn)現(xiàn)金流或現(xiàn)值模型(PVM)該模型涉及股票價(jià)格未來(lái)的預(yù)期現(xiàn)金流量,以及這些未來(lái)現(xiàn)金流量的折現(xiàn)率。同樣,所有影響未來(lái)的預(yù)期現(xiàn)金流量的折現(xiàn)率或宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量,都會(huì)通過(guò)現(xiàn)金流量的折現(xiàn)對(duì)股票價(jià)格產(chǎn)生影響。該P(yáng)VM的模型的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于:它可以把重點(diǎn)放在股市與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量的長(zhǎng)期關(guān)系。Campbell 和Shiller (1988)探討股票價(jià)格,收益和預(yù)期收益的關(guān)系,幾年來(lái)他們發(fā)

47、現(xiàn),分析股息收益的長(zhǎng)期平均曲線(xiàn)和收益率變動(dòng)對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)當(dāng)前股票價(jià)格和股票的回報(bào)是比較有效的。他們得出結(jié)論,這些事實(shí)表明股票價(jià)格和收益太不穩(wěn)定無(wú)法用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的現(xiàn)值模型解釋。Engle Granger (1987) 和 Granger (1986)表明,可以使用協(xié)整技術(shù)檢測(cè)長(zhǎng)期均衡變量之間的有效性。在一些研究中這些都被應(yīng)用到股票價(jià)格與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量之間的長(zhǎng)期關(guān)系分析中,特別是看到Mukherjee和 Naka (1995), Cheung 和 N

48、g (1998), Nasseh 和 Strauss (2000), McMillan (2001) 和 Chaudhuri 和 Smiles (2004). </p><p>  在本文中,我們將利用現(xiàn)有的理論和基于實(shí)證工作需要,選擇一系列宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量,我們可以假設(shè)這些變量能夠與實(shí)際的股票價(jià)格密切相關(guān)。然后,我們利用這些變量的協(xié)整模型,以比較美國(guó)和日本的股市。相對(duì)于其他大多數(shù)研究,我們使用了更大規(guī)模的樣本量,包

49、括上個(gè)半世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間,包括美國(guó)和日本最嚴(yán)重的股市泡沫時(shí)期。雖然日本的泡沫在80年代后期,美國(guó)股市的泡沫發(fā)生在90年代并于2000年結(jié)束。從20世紀(jì)90年代股市大幅度下跌開(kāi)始,日本的股市尚未完全恢復(fù),目前,它的價(jià)值只有在其1989年2月高峰時(shí)的四分之一。</p><p>  本文的目的是看看同樣的模式是否可以同時(shí)解釋美國(guó)和日本股市,同時(shí)產(chǎn)生一致的相關(guān)系數(shù)。這可能是高度相關(guān),例如,私人投資者,養(yǎng)老基金和政府,許多

50、長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)投資者基于股票投資的假設(shè)是,該公司的現(xiàn)金流量應(yīng)與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)同步,并且假設(shè)一個(gè)常數(shù)或基本不變的折現(xiàn)率。因此,股票的預(yù)期收益率可能與未來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)相聯(lián)系。還有一個(gè)問(wèn)題可能是日本通貨緊縮對(duì)實(shí)際股本回報(bào)率的影響。在本文中,我們利用協(xié)整方法,探討日本股市是否大致遵循美國(guó)的股權(quán)模式。</p><p>  在下面的部分,我們簡(jiǎn)要地勾勒出簡(jiǎn)單的股票價(jià)格形成的現(xiàn)值模型,并且使用該模型,在實(shí)證分析中對(duì)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)因素進(jìn)行探討。在第三部

51、分我們簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下協(xié)整分析方法,在第五部分中,我們提出了一個(gè)總結(jié)和根據(jù)我們的結(jié)果得出的一些初步結(jié)論。</p><p>  正如Chen, Roll 和 Ross (1986),認(rèn)為我們需要同時(shí)借鑒現(xiàn)有理論和現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量的選擇做出合理的判斷。許多作者發(fā)現(xiàn),企業(yè)的現(xiàn)金流量和總產(chǎn)出相關(guān),如國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)。根據(jù)Chen, Roll 和 Ross (1986),Maysami 和 Koh (1998)

52、 和 Mukherjee 和 Naka (1995)的研究,在這方面使用工業(yè)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)值。未預(yù)期通貨膨脹率可能會(huì)通過(guò)價(jià)格水平的未預(yù)期的變化直接影響到實(shí)際的股票價(jià)格(負(fù)面的)。通貨膨脹的不確定性也可能影響貼現(xiàn)率,從而減少了未來(lái)企業(yè)現(xiàn)金流量的現(xiàn)值。DeFina(1991)也認(rèn)為,通脹上升已開(kāi)始對(duì)公司收入產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,由于成本上升,相應(yīng)的就要慢慢的調(diào)整產(chǎn)品價(jià)格、利潤(rùn)就會(huì)減少,因此股價(jià)開(kāi)始下跌。例如,日本在20世紀(jì)90年代末和在21世紀(jì)初期間遭受通

53、貨緊縮,這可能受到通貨膨脹和股價(jià)之間關(guān)系的影響。貨幣供應(yīng)量,例如貨幣供應(yīng)量M1,通過(guò)至少三種機(jī)制影響股票價(jià)格:首先,貨幣供給的變化可能與通脹意外上升和未來(lái)通貨膨脹的不確定性相關(guān),因此與股票價(jià)格呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān);其次,通過(guò)其對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),貨幣供給的變化與股價(jià)可能存在正相關(guān);;</p><p>  利率直接改變?cè)诠乐的P椭械馁N現(xiàn)率,從而影響企業(yè)現(xiàn)金流量的當(dāng)前和未來(lái)的價(jià)值。通常情況下,既包括長(zhǎng)期利率(如10年期債券收益率)和短

54、期利率(如3個(gè)月的國(guó)庫(kù)券利率)。我們不使用短期利率,這里是要找到一個(gè)股市和利息率之間的長(zhǎng)期關(guān)系。短期利率變動(dòng),主要是受到商業(yè)周期和貨幣政策的影響,與此相反,長(zhǎng)期利率體現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的長(zhǎng)期表現(xiàn)(關(guān)于折現(xiàn)率),我們選擇了一個(gè)10年期債券的收益率作為美國(guó)的長(zhǎng)期利率數(shù)據(jù),然而,由于數(shù)據(jù)的可用性限制和在日本10年期的債券在大部分時(shí)間里(以及類(lèi)似的到期日)是沒(méi)有流動(dòng)性的,因此對(duì)于日本,我們改用官方貼現(xiàn)率。我們應(yīng)該注意折現(xiàn)率是在日本銀行的官方貸款利率,

55、意味著它通常比市場(chǎng)價(jià)格低。我們不贊同某些研究;,特別是alia Mukherjee and Naka (1995) and Maysami and Koh (2000),我們認(rèn)為不該把匯率作為解釋變量。我們意識(shí)到國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)要適應(yīng)貨幣發(fā)展,從而反映了由于公司的出口收入用本幣衡量而對(duì)國(guó)外收入產(chǎn)生的影響。此外,在1993年,日本經(jīng)濟(jì)企劃廳公布的日本經(jīng)濟(jì)白皮書(shū)已經(jīng)指出,在1980年代后期的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮,是由國(guó)內(nèi)需求推動(dòng)而非出口(日本政府,19<

56、/p><p>  與我們的研究相反,許多研究人員根據(jù)商業(yè)周期的變量或者股市估值手段進(jìn)行他們的分析,例如對(duì)于前一類(lèi)期限的延長(zhǎng)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的加大或者對(duì)于后一類(lèi)股息收益率或收益率分別進(jìn)行研究。這些論文的例子包括Black, Fraser 和 MacDonald (1997); Campbell 和 Hamao (1992); Chen, Roll 和 Ross (1986); Cochran, DeFina 和 Mills (1

57、993); Fama (1990); Fama 和 French (1989); Harvey, Solnik 和 Zhou (2002) 和 Schwert (1990)。這些變量通常認(rèn)為是固定,我們計(jì)劃在長(zhǎng)期均衡模型中使用非平穩(wěn)變量,我們不把他們包括在我們的模型中。</p><p>  正如McAdam (2003)已經(jīng)確認(rèn),美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)相對(duì)于日本經(jīng)濟(jì)的特點(diǎn)是遭受危機(jī)更加頻繁,但衰退不顯著。這可能因?yàn)?,相?duì)于美國(guó)

58、,日本具有一個(gè)更高的資本和日本經(jīng)濟(jì)是出口導(dǎo)向型的。因此,我們期望更高的回報(bào)當(dāng)企業(yè)現(xiàn)金流量的相對(duì)波動(dòng)較大,因此,在日本股價(jià)也相對(duì)較低。日本的股票價(jià)格對(duì)于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的變化可能更敏感,雖然較大的相對(duì)波動(dòng)也可能影響回歸方程的估計(jì)系數(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤差。然而,以往的研究(Binswanger, 2000)發(fā)現(xiàn),股市與經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)出積極相關(guān),相對(duì)于日本,美國(guó)的股本回報(bào)率系數(shù)相對(duì)較大。Campbell和Hamao(1992),以1971至1990年的月度數(shù)據(jù)為樣本,

59、發(fā)現(xiàn)相對(duì)于美國(guó)的數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果,日本的股利價(jià)格比和長(zhǎng)短期利率對(duì)股市的回報(bào)率呈現(xiàn)正相關(guān)但是較小。但是,在日本,由于較高的資本和出口風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而導(dǎo)致較高的期望系數(shù),并沒(méi)有在現(xiàn)有的研究上得到證實(shí)。在90年代的日本銀行危機(jī)和隨后的資產(chǎn)通貨緊縮受到某些變量的顯著影響,特別是利率和貨幣供應(yīng)量。據(jù)我們所知,20世紀(jì)90年代初以后在日本還沒(méi)有任何現(xiàn)值模型的實(shí)證研究。因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)的低增長(zhǎng)、通貨緊縮和經(jīng)濟(jì)的嚴(yán)重衰退。在1990年之前日本股市現(xiàn)有的研究,包括Br&l

60、t;/p><p>  在本文中,我們比較了1965年1月2日直到2005年6月期間,美國(guó)和日本的情況。因?yàn)槭褂玫氖窃露葦?shù)據(jù),所以樣本數(shù)據(jù)顯得相當(dāng)?shù)呢S富,就我們所知較早的論文只有較短的時(shí)間期間或者使用頻率較低的數(shù)據(jù)。這使我們了解這兩個(gè)股市的歷史高位波動(dòng)的影響。美國(guó)股市顯示,在1993年和1999年有很高的回報(bào),而從2000年到2003年的回報(bào)都面臨較大的虧損。日本股市,從1980年到1990年期間,在主要板塊,都有較大

61、的盈利。而在1990年和2003年大多數(shù)的時(shí)間里他們卻出現(xiàn)較大的虧損。日本銀行界最近發(fā)生的問(wèn)題所造成的影響也被歸納進(jìn)我們的數(shù)據(jù)中(見(jiàn)日本政府,1993年)。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有的研究已應(yīng)用于美國(guó),但是很少有人知道美國(guó)與日本股市的估值差異。本文研究了在這兩個(gè)國(guó)家的差異和共同的模式,為了驗(yàn)證是否解釋美國(guó)股市走勢(shì)的變量也可同樣用在日本股市。</p><p>  結(jié)論 使用在過(guò)去40年的月度數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)比美國(guó)和日本股市,從而

62、更深入的了解長(zhǎng)期股市走勢(shì)。利用美國(guó)的數(shù)據(jù),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了股票價(jià)格,工業(yè)生產(chǎn),通脹和長(zhǎng)期利率之間存在一個(gè)協(xié)整向量。從協(xié)整向量的系數(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),這些變量基于股票價(jià)格回歸,可以得到美國(guó)股票價(jià)格受到工業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值的積極影響,但是和通貨膨脹率和長(zhǎng)期利率呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)。而且,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)貨幣供應(yīng)量對(duì)股票價(jià)格有較顯著的影響。在日本,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)協(xié)整向量。一種是基于股票價(jià)格的回歸,股票價(jià)格和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值呈現(xiàn)正相關(guān),與貨幣供給呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)第二個(gè)向量,基于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶(hù)所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 眾賞文庫(kù)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶(hù)因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論