gps導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　1.GPS obtains the wide-spread application, but it still had the insufficiency. GPS has become a global high and new technology industry, which is one kind of inf

2、ormation infrastructure and is entering people's daily life gradually. The existence insufficiency is very obvious, it is the system which controls by military,and it is impossible at any time any place guarantee civ

3、il; In the bustling streets, the jungle, or in the mask and the environment bad situation, its usability is restricted; Th</p><p>　　2.GLONASS receives the attention,but it is actually disappointing. GLONASS

4、 once gave people the very optimistic scene, the reality is heartless because of the economical and the technical dual reasons, which enable it only works incompletely, now only has the insufficiency ten star work, and

5、 is very unstable.</p><p>　　3.Galileoi forestalls opponent by a show of strength, with GPS combination application for overall mentality. The Galileo plan lifts up high the pure civil flag, feels relieved fo

6、r the human with the security sense. Moreover its announce publicly and the GPS compatible interaction, strengthened its attraction and the competitive power, as well as service guarantee pledge. The richly colorful serv

7、ice may satisfy the different scale and the application domain demand.</p><p>　　4.The multi-system combination is better and better, using the equipment is limd. Many years later, possibly has many satellite

8、 navigational system in the sky movement, is the better and better, one is not unnecessary; second, cannot do too using the receiver complex, will otherwise increase the cost largely, the being unable mass promotion; thi

9、rd, will receive after the satellite number will achieve certain number, the satellite signal many (will not bring the obvious advantage again. Generally</p><p>　　5.The enhancement system emerges one after a

10、nother incessantly, the final outlet is the multi-system's combination. Now various satellite navigation enhancement system emerges one after another incessantly, only says by the macrozonality enhancement system, ha

11、s US's WAAS, Europe's EGNOS, China's CWAAS, Japan's QZSS (also has one kind is MSAS). Once has two complete whole world guidance system (GNSS) work, in-orbit satellite reaches 50-60, was not unnecessary t

12、o construct these macrozonalities to</p><p>　　The military and civilian dual purpose and public and private builds is the development trend which one kind is noteworthy.</p><p>　　1.It takes mili

13、tary GPS and GLONASS announced successively implements the military and civilian dual purpose policy. The military controls GPS and GLONASS announced successively implements the military and civilian dual purpose policy,

14、 this accidentally, the satellite navigational system is one kind of very good information resource by no means that its construction's goal lies in uses, only then widely applies, can manifest its value. Certainly,

15、GPS opens civil is also between the American Depa</p><p>　　2.Galileo emphasizes its pure civil nature, in fact may also for military. What Galileo said is pure civil, in fact may take in the same old way mil

16、itary, moreover the performance and a precision spot are unambiguous. Because its service divides into several ranks, some single plane pointing accuracy may reach 1m, is the military level completely.</p><p&g

17、t;　　3.Provides in many kinds of services, is most obvious by PRS military. Galileo Provides five kind of services; first, same free “serves (OS) publicly” with the GPS standard positioning service; second, “commercial se

18、rvice (CS)”; third, “the safety serves (SoL)”; fourth, “the search rescue serves (SAR)”; fifth, “the public special permission serves (PRS)”. With OS, CS, SoL compare, PRS may provide a higher-level protection, resists t

19、o the spatial signal (SIS) attack, the goal is improves the SIS </p><p>　　4.It takes an item of national the information infrastructure, civil this should be an application key. The satellite navigational sy

20、stem takes an item of national the information infrastructure, should use and maximum limit play its role fully, particularly the civil domain is extremely broad, take GPS as the example, above 95% is civil.</p>&

21、lt;p>　　5.The military and the civil signal separates is possibly a wise move. In order to guarantee that military and civilian both sides' respective use, should better be general separates with the signal and the

22、 civil signal, GPS M-code and Galileo PRS are separates alone.</p><p>　　People must take seriously to apply equipment's research and development and the industrial production fully, this is system succes

23、sful important symbol.</p><p>　　1.Satellite navigational system construction must carry out the application finally, it is its starting point and the home to return. Using is the system construction primary

24、purpose, therefore system design's starting point must consider for the practical application, must to apply the equipment creation fine prerequisite. The GPS enhancement system comes in handy the same signal, namely

25、 the kind of GPS signal, brings conveniently to the user, actually does not add any burden. </p><p>　　2.GPS success lies in its application to be very successful, the GLONASS faulty stroke in handwriting is

26、the application difference. GPS starts using the receiver when only one kind, ten years later develops 100 many kinds, at the beginning of 2003 newest statistics indicated that has achieved 500 many kinds. The GPS receiv

27、er and extended the system to form a global high-tech industry, very widely is applied the national economy many domains</p><p>　　3.Japan's success lies in the vehicles guidance to be very successful wit

28、h other application system, wins in the US. In satellite navigation application industrial production aspect, Japanese compared to American even better, particularly in the vehicles guidance and the surface navigation ap

29、ply in the market, Japan holds the obvious superiority, the annual production amounts to several billions US dollars. </p><p>　　4.From “Beidou one” in the application promotion absorbs experience. “Beidou” s

30、tar“Beidou” the constellation builds early oneself to complete, user quantity actually cannot come up, the primary cause is the user machine cannot follow, lacks equipment which goes through a strategic pass comes in han

31、dy. In the master plan and the world integration owes a duration and degree of cooking. </p><p>　　5.People must strengthen vigorously applies the equipment and system's research development

32、 and the manufacturing. In order to cause the system construction goal to land on feet, certainly must strengthen vigorously applies the equipment and system's research development and the manufacturing, this aspect

33、is precisely our country's weak link, should place this work in the primordial consideration position.</p><p>　　With the correspondence and so on other system's fusion and the seepage, are its vitali

34、ty formidable manifestations. </p><p>　　1.GPS application's big disappointment is lacks the positional information the transmission tool. Enables the satellite navigation with communications system's

35、 union to have bright prospects, this was the massive application example had proven the fact, the vehicles supervisory system which developed vigorously in China is most has the typical significance the model for painti

36、ng. Moreover the different application condition and the environment, each kind of wireless communication system has its </p><p>　　2.Most has the prospects for development with communications system's fu

37、sion into the industrial domain. The satellite navigation most has the application prospect the domain moves the position service, particularly with honeycomb handset's fusion, this is the significant theme which Ame

38、rican E911 and Europe's E112 raises, is the whole world most has the prospects for development correspondence and the guidance fusion technology and the integrated service, is the IT profession most potential app<

39、/p><p>　　3.Japan's QZSS (accurate zenith satellite system) is the mobile subscriber provides the new correspondence localization integration service. QZSS is GPS which Japan recently raised (L1, L2 and L5)

40、the star base strengthens the plan, the key solution localization service's reliability and the usability, particularly in the downtown area and the mountainous area, mainly serve for the automobile guidance user, al

41、so serves for other aspect's all need's user, improvement visibility, usability, conste</p><p>　　4.Satellite navigational system application seeped to many industrial domain. Satellite navigational s

42、ystem's application entered the national economy land, sea and air day each domain, particularly (in the monitoring and the guidance holds the important position in the vehicles and the artificial main body's mob

43、ile target. In recent years, it with mobile phone's union, the vehicles information system which as well as will wield great power with great arrogance and moves the position to serve (L</p><p>　　In the

44、system system design must strengthen environment Duan Zheilei fully the system software constituent.</p><p>　　1.Satellite navigational system key component the environment section is a major problem from beg

45、inning to end. The satellite navigational system proposed that then meets the environment question, GPS L1 and the L2 dual-frequency choice is to solve the ionospheric-path error problem, along with systems operation tim

46、e passage and technical unceasing progress, as well as application day by day widespread, the environment section's work becomes more and more is more important. </p><p>　　2.Galileo system composition, e

47、nvironment Duan Yukong the compartment, the ground section and the user section places on a par. The Galileo system raised officially in the recent years the environment section, included system's key component, and

48、has done the massive work, the development atmosphere model study and the effect simulation, carried on the transnational electric wave test combined action, implemented research projects and so on ionized layer model.&l

49、t;/p><p>　　3.Turning “four big sections” from “the third child section” is not only the change formally. Originally the GPS spatial compartment, the ground section and the user section, so-called “the third chi

50、ld section” on will add on the environment section especially, will promote for the system composition four big sections, because the practice will prove the environment section the importance, moreover the question will

51、 be getting more and more prominent, it will involve to the ionized layer, the tr</p><p>　　4.The environment section is satellite navigational system software in the true sense. In a sense, satellite navigat

52、ional system “third child section” solution system's hardware question, what but environment section solution is system's software question, how to display the good hardware function, realizes satisfaction applic

53、ation service, the excavation potential and develops the new application, more must depend upon the software “the environment section”.</p><p>　　System design's key to success is the duty demand, the use

54、r's needs, market demand recognizing.</p><p>　　1.The satellite navigation first should be clear about satellite navigational system's basic task and the request system should regard as the national f

55、oundation information facility and the safety equipment, stood in this knows the question highly, the matter are easy to do many. The military disburses money, military and civilian dual purpose, public-private jointly o

56、peration, long-term operation.</p><p>　　2.Market's and user's request and needs to be establishes system's primary purpose and the power. Because is the military and civilian dual purpose system,

57、 its demand breadth much, its performance requirement is much higher, must carry on the widespread investigation and study, can trace truly to user's pulse, can after the system completes achieves the good economic e

58、fficiency and the social efficiency. </p><p>　　3.The demand is a solid more than simulation investigation and study process. The demand investigation and study should by many and varied ways in the armed fo

59、rces intrinsic folk, launch in the different domain multi-level multi-simulation, certainly must have qualitative and the quota dual analyses, as well as long short and medium term application market forecast and benefit

60、 analysis. Comprehensive authentication all applications and the service, and produce economy and social efficiency.</p><p>　　4.Compareed with other systems, designs the system should have the obvious charac

61、teristic and the interoperability. The system must have own characteristic, only then possibly has the vitality, certainly must have the interoperability, can maximum limit play its role. (5) market predict that academic

62、 and laws and regulations, as well as related risk and limitation analytical study. To has the problem the analysis to enable the system to avoid the subversive risk, can the few money, the multi-man</p><p>

63、　　1.GPS得到廣泛應(yīng)用，但仍存在不足。GPS已成為全球性的高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，成為一種信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，正逐步進(jìn)入人們的日常生活。存在的不足是十分明顯的，它是個(gè)軍方控制的系統(tǒng)，不可能在任何時(shí)候任何地點(diǎn)保證民用；在鬧市、密林，或有遮擋和環(huán)境惡劣的情況下，其可用性受到限制；單系統(tǒng)本身就存在著局限性，不可能確保任何應(yīng)用。    2.GLONASS備受關(guān)注，卻令人失望。GLONASS一度給人們以很樂(lè)觀的情景，現(xiàn)實(shí)又如此

64、無(wú)情，經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)的雙重原因，使它只能殘缺不全地工作，今僅有不足十顆星工作，且很不穩(wěn)定。    3.Galileo先聲奪人，與GPS組合應(yīng)用為總體思路。Galileo計(jì)劃高舉的純民用旗幟，給人一個(gè)放心和安全感。而且它公開(kāi)宣布與GPS兼容互動(dòng)，更增強(qiáng)了其吸引力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，以及服務(wù)保證承諾。豐富多彩的服務(wù)可滿足不同檔次和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的需求。    4.多系統(tǒng)組合并非多多益善，應(yīng)用設(shè)備做

65、到適可而止。多年后，可能有多個(gè)衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在天空運(yùn)行，是不是多多益善，一是沒(méi)有必要，二是應(yīng)用接收機(jī)不能做得太復(fù)雜，不然會(huì)大幅增加成本，無(wú)法大批量推廣，三是接收到的衛(wèi)星數(shù)達(dá)到一定數(shù)目后，衛(wèi)星信號(hào)再多也不(會(huì)帶來(lái)明顯好</p><p>　　軍民兩用和公私共建是一種值得注意的發(fā)展動(dòng)向。</p><p>　　1.作為軍用的GPS與GLONASS先后宣布實(shí)施軍民兩用政策。軍方控制的GPS與GLONA

66、SS先后宣布實(shí)施軍民兩用政策，這并非偶然，衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)是一種非常好的信息資源，其建設(shè)的目的就在于用，只有廣泛應(yīng)用，才能體現(xiàn)其價(jià)值。當(dāng)然，GPS開(kāi)放民用也是美國(guó)運(yùn)輸部和國(guó)防部之間長(zhǎng)期談判的成果，一放開(kāi)，果然效果非常，反而幫了軍方的忙，也使美國(guó)國(guó)威大振，并大大促進(jìn)了系統(tǒng)技術(shù)和用戶接收機(jī)技術(shù)，才會(huì)有GPS的現(xiàn)代化。</p><p>　　2.Galileo強(qiáng)調(diào)其純民用性質(zhì)，實(shí)際上也可為軍用。Galileo說(shuō)的是純民用，實(shí)

67、際上照樣可以作為軍用，而且性能和精度一點(diǎn)都不含糊。因?yàn)樗姆?wù)分為幾個(gè)等級(jí)，有的單機(jī)定位精度可達(dá)1m，完全是軍用水平。</p><p>　　3.Glileo提供的多種服務(wù)中，以PRS的軍用性最明顯。Galileo提供五種服務(wù)，一是與GPS的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定位服務(wù)一樣的免費(fèi)的“公開(kāi)服務(wù)(OS)”，二是“商業(yè)服務(wù)(CS)”，三是“生命安全服務(wù)(SoL)”，四是“搜索救援服務(wù)(SAR)”，五是“公共特許服務(wù)(PRS)”。與OS、

68、CS、SoL相比，PRS可提供更為高級(jí)的保護(hù)，以對(duì)抗對(duì)空間信號(hào)(SIS)的攻擊，目的是改進(jìn)SIS可用性概率，作為應(yīng)付經(jīng)濟(jì)恐怖主義、惡意或敵對(duì)干擾的對(duì)策措施，這是明顯的軍用特色。</p><p>　　4.作為一項(xiàng)國(guó)家的信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，民用這一塊應(yīng)該是個(gè)應(yīng)用重點(diǎn)。衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)作為一項(xiàng)國(guó)家的信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，應(yīng)該充分利用并最大限度地發(fā)揮其作用，尤其是民用領(lǐng)域極其廣闊，以GPS為例，95%以上都是民用。</p>

69、<p>　　5.軍用和民用信號(hào)分開(kāi)可能是個(gè)明智之舉。為了保證軍民雙方的各自利用，最好是將軍用信號(hào)和民用信號(hào)分開(kāi)，GPS的M-code和Galileo的PRS都是單獨(dú)分離出來(lái)的。</p><p>　　要充分重視應(yīng)用設(shè)備的研發(fā)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化，這是系統(tǒng)成功的重要標(biāo)志</p><p>　　1.衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)建設(shè)最終要落實(shí)到應(yīng)用，它是其出發(fā)點(diǎn)與歸宿。應(yīng)用是系統(tǒng)建設(shè)的根本目的，所以系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)都

70、要為實(shí)際應(yīng)用著想，要為應(yīng)用設(shè)備創(chuàng)造優(yōu)良的前提條件。GPS增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)完合用同樣的信號(hào)，即類GPS信號(hào)，給使用者帶來(lái)方便，卻不添任何負(fù)擔(dān)。</p><p>　　2.GPS的成功在于其應(yīng)用很成功，GLONASS敗筆是應(yīng)用差。GPS應(yīng)用接收機(jī)開(kāi)始時(shí)僅有一種，十年后發(fā)展成100多種，2003年初最新統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，達(dá)到了500多種。GPS接收機(jī)及其延伸系統(tǒng)形成了一個(gè)全球性的高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，被非常廣泛地應(yīng)用國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的許許多多領(lǐng)域。<

71、;/p><p>　　3.日本的成功在于車輛導(dǎo)航與其它應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)很成功，勝于美國(guó)。在衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面，日本人比美國(guó)人更勝一籌，尤其是在車輛導(dǎo)航和海上導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用市場(chǎng)中，日本占有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)，年產(chǎn)值達(dá)數(shù)十億美元。</p><p>　　4.從“北斗一號(hào)”的應(yīng)用推廣中吸取的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。 “北斗一號(hào)”星座布設(shè)早己完成，用戶數(shù)量卻上不去，其中主要原因是用戶機(jī)跟不上，缺少過(guò)關(guān)的合用的設(shè)備。統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃與天地一體化上欠

72、點(diǎn)火候。</p><p>　　5.要大力加強(qiáng)應(yīng)用設(shè)備與系統(tǒng)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)制造。為了使系統(tǒng)建設(shè)目標(biāo)落到實(shí)處，一定要大力加強(qiáng)應(yīng)用設(shè)備與系統(tǒng)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)制造，這方面正是我國(guó)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，應(yīng)該把這一工作放在優(yōu)先考慮的位置上。</p><p>　　與通信等其它系統(tǒng)的融合和滲透，是其生命力強(qiáng)大的體現(xiàn)</p><p>　　1.GPS應(yīng)用的一大缺憾是缺乏位置信息的傳遞工具。與通

73、信系統(tǒng)的結(jié)合使衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航大有可為，這是大量應(yīng)用實(shí)例證明了的事實(shí)，在中國(guó)大力發(fā)展的車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)是最具典型意義的范本。而且不同應(yīng)用條件和環(huán)境，各種無(wú)線通信系統(tǒng)都有其用武之地。</p><p>　　2.與通信系統(tǒng)的融合成為一個(gè)最具發(fā)展前景的產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域。衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航最具應(yīng)用前景的領(lǐng)域是移動(dòng)位置服務(wù)，尤其是與蜂窩手機(jī)的融合，這是美國(guó)E911和歐洲的E112提出來(lái)的重大題材，是全球最有發(fā)展前景的通信與導(dǎo)航融合技術(shù)和集成服務(wù)，是IT行

74、業(yè)最有潛力的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域和批量市場(chǎng)。</p><p>　　3.日本的QZSS(準(zhǔn)天頂衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng))為移動(dòng)用戶提供新的通信定位集成服務(wù)。QZSS是日本新近提出來(lái)的一個(gè)GPS(L1,L2和L5)星基增強(qiáng)計(jì)劃，重點(diǎn)解決定位服務(wù)的可靠性和可用性，尤其是在鬧市區(qū)和山區(qū)，主要為汽車導(dǎo)航用戶服務(wù)，也為其它方面的所有需要的用戶服務(wù)，改進(jìn)可見(jiàn)性、可用性、星座的幾何圖形，以及差分修正服務(wù)。星座是由三個(gè)大橢園軌道衛(wèi)星構(gòu)成，工作壽命12年。它所

75、提供的差分修正服務(wù)，與普通的WAAS與MSAS不同，有更好的幾何圖形和更多的頻率，允許直接計(jì)算電離層誤差，而不用全球模型，利用區(qū)域修正網(wǎng)格圖，還可提供RTK修正服務(wù)。此外，QZSS有其自己的系統(tǒng)時(shí)間，因此能提供更好的服務(wù)。如果一切順利，2008年QZSS便可提供定位與通信(圖像VIDEO、聲音和數(shù)據(jù)廣播)集成服務(wù)，成為新一代GPS空間增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　4.衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用已滲透到許許多多產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域。衛(wèi)

76、星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用已進(jìn)入國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的海陸空天各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，尤其是在車輛和個(gè)人為主體的移動(dòng)目標(biāo)(監(jiān)控與導(dǎo)航中占有重要地位。近年來(lái)，它與移動(dòng)電話的結(jié)合，以及炙手可熱的車輛信息系統(tǒng)和移動(dòng)位置服務(wù)(LBS)將會(huì)對(duì)IT行業(yè)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重大影響。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)中要充分強(qiáng)化環(huán)境段這類系統(tǒng)軟件型組成部分</p><p>　　1.衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)主要組成部分中環(huán)境段自始至終是個(gè)大問(wèn)題。衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的提出

77、便遇到環(huán)境問(wèn)題，GPS L1和L2雙頻選擇就是為了解決電離層誤差問(wèn)題，隨著系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)間的推移和技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步，以及應(yīng)用的日益廣泛，環(huán)境段的工作變得越來(lái)越重要。</p><p>　　2.Galileo系統(tǒng)組成中，將環(huán)境段與空間段、地面段和用戶段相提并論。Galileo系統(tǒng)在近年來(lái)正式把環(huán)境段提出來(lái)，列入系統(tǒng)的主要組成部分，并做了大量的工作，開(kāi)展大氣的模型研究及其效應(yīng)模擬，進(jìn)行跨國(guó)電波測(cè)試聯(lián)合行動(dòng)，實(shí)施電離層模型等研

78、究計(jì)劃。</p><p>　　3.從“老三段”變成“四大段”不僅僅是形式上的變化。將原先GPS的空間段、地面段和用戶段，所謂“老三段”上特地加上環(huán)境段，提升為系統(tǒng)組成四大段，因?yàn)閷?shí)踐證明環(huán)境段的重要性，而且問(wèn)題越來(lái)越突出，它涉及到電離層、對(duì)流層、電波干擾和多徑效應(yīng)等一系列問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題可能在解決系統(tǒng)自身問(wèn)題的同時(shí)，又大大拓展了衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用，如GPS氣象學(xué)和空間天氣及其預(yù)報(bào)等。</p><

79、p>　　4.環(huán)境段是衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)真正意義上的軟件。從某種意義上講，衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的“老三段”解決系統(tǒng)的硬件問(wèn)題，而環(huán)境段解決的是系統(tǒng)的軟件問(wèn)題，如何發(fā)揮好硬件功能，實(shí)現(xiàn)滿意的應(yīng)用服務(wù)，挖掘潛力并開(kāi)拓新的應(yīng)用，更多的要依靠軟件“環(huán)境段”。</p><p>　　總體設(shè)計(jì)的成敗關(guān)鍵是任務(wù)需求、用戶需求、市場(chǎng)需求的認(rèn)定</p><p>　　1.衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航首先應(yīng)該明確衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的基本任務(wù)和要求系

80、統(tǒng)應(yīng)視為國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)信息設(shè)施和安全設(shè)施，站在這一高度去認(rèn)識(shí)問(wèn)題，事情好辦多了。軍方出錢(qián)，軍民兩用，公私合營(yíng)，長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)作。</p><p>　　2.市場(chǎng)和用戶的要求和需要是建立系統(tǒng)的根本目的和動(dòng)力。由于是軍民兩用系統(tǒng)，其需求面寬得多，其性能要求高得多，必須進(jìn)行廣泛的調(diào)研，才能真正摸到用戶的脈搏，才能在系統(tǒng)建成后達(dá)到良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。</p><p>　　3.需求認(rèn)定是實(shí)實(shí)在在的一個(gè)多模化調(diào)

81、查研究過(guò)程。需求調(diào)研應(yīng)該以多種多樣的方式在軍內(nèi)在民間，在不同領(lǐng)域多層次多?；归_(kāi)，一定要有定性和定量的雙重分析，以及長(zhǎng)中短期的應(yīng)用市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè)和效益分析。全面認(rèn)證所有的應(yīng)用與服務(wù)，及其產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益。</p><p>　　4.與其它系統(tǒng)相比較，所設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)應(yīng)有明顯的特點(diǎn)及其互操作性。系統(tǒng)必須有自己的特點(diǎn)，才可能有生命力，一定要有互操作性，才能最大限度地發(fā)揮其作用。</p><p>　　5