英語畢業(yè)論文--涉外英文導(dǎo)游中的文化交際

1、<p>　　The cultural intercommunication in Chinese-English tourism</p><p>　　(涉外英文導(dǎo)游中的文化交際)</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　1.1 Purposes of studying in this thesis</p>&l

2、t;p>　　We are living in an age of the world is becoming smaller day by day and China is opening its gate to foreign visitors more and more wide. The interdependence is a trend of most countries. People from all over th

3、e world come to explore the massive changes are taking place in China. Especially after the 29th Olympic meeting was successfully held in Beijing in 2008, the developed countries have figured out that real China may not

4、be the one in their minds ever. For that, many visitors came to China</p><p>　　1.2 Why choose this topic </p><p>　　Beijing has become a cosmopolitan city and we could see foreigners everywh

5、ere on the streets, in the restaurants, on the subway. Some of us may make foreign friends. While in the process of knowing each other better, as a local people or at least a Chinese, we may lead them travel around the c

6、ity and introduce our culture to them. Therefore, not only tourist guide may come across some problems, normal people who meet a foreigner may also occur the same obstacle. For instants, most of us think to</p>&l

7、t;p>　　1.3 The problems we work out</p><p>　　As far as I am concerned the study in this particular field has been developed much. However, the knowledge foreign tourist guide have learned is quite limited.

8、 In the practice, cicerones have to learn by experience which would lead many inconveniences and how do you do situations in processes. Thus as a personal perspective, I expect to have a further study in this selected su

9、bject. When I am working on this theme, at least I solved much confusion I had before and at the same time I could avoid</p><p>　　At the mean time, the major content in this thesis would be as follows:</p

10、><p>　　1. The purpose of this paper.</p><p>　　2. The present situation of intercommunication among different cultures.</p><p>　　3. The cultural differences in these intercommunication.

11、</p><p>　　4. The problems local tourist guides met in their work.</p><p>　　5. How to deal with occurred problems.</p><p>　　1.4 The methods took in this thesis</p><p>　　

12、First, find out the present situation of the cultural intercommunication. In this part, the preparation would be done. That is to say, I would search for the articles that related to this topic and to find out the connec

13、tions between the topics people had discussed with mine. Then I would explain what I found and got while I was searching and thinking. Second, search for some examples of problems which cultural differences would lead to

14、. In this part, I would go to find some articles that relate</p><p>　　I would discuss on this topic from the perspective of a tourist guide and more emphases on the practical use. The methodology should be u

15、sed in the practical, because if one study on a particular subject for years without push it to the practical use, that would be in vain. When this thesis finished, I wish I can show it to some tourist guide. If this stu

16、dy could have a slight help to them, I would be grateful and proud of my effort was not in vain.</p><p>　　2. The present condition of studying this topic</p><p>　　2.1 Who have studied the relate

17、d topics?</p><p>　　(1) In the perspective of culture intercommunication </p><p>　　The Chinese modern civilization is composed of three major parts: 1. the traditional Chinese culture of confusi

18、ons theory. 2. Since the Ming Dynasty, some Western classic culture and capitalism culture become a part of Chinese. 3. Since the May 4th movement in 1919 the Marxism becomes more and more popular and occupies a larger p

19、art of the Chinese mainstream thoughts. From this, we could know that Chinese culture is not a closed circulation system, but a vitality opened system. “It is absorbing </p><p>　　Especially from the 19th cen

20、tury on, with the acceleration of the world integration, the culture intercommunication of foreign culture and Chinese culture is also speeding up. As a result of that, the western factors become a part of the Chinese cu

21、lture. Then let’s work on this with the modern Chinese revolution.</p><p>　　From the world range, Chinese traditional culture is a independent system with a sustained process of development. “It has the unit

22、y of time, space and the unity of heaven and people, harmony of know and do, harmony of environment and emotion. This is a intact system of people’s spirits and everything can exist harmoniously.” ②</p><p>　

23、　Mr. Ding Zhou he said that:” The recent western culture went in China accompanied with the blood. It with a intensive of aggression. The ancient China was one of the strongest countries in the world. However, China then

24、 became the one was invaded. And China became the one receive foreign culture passively. That made it rather toughly for the transformation of the Chinese culture. ”③</p><p>　　(2). from the perspective of di

25、ning intercommunication</p><p>　　There are several aspects of the differences between the Chinese and Western manners on dining table.</p><p>　　No.1. the tools we use are different from them. As

26、 we all know that Chinese people get used to chopsticks while western people use forks and scoops. We would like to nip things up and chaw them in our mouths. And western people like to cut food into small pieces with kn

27、ifes. ④</p><p>　　No.2. the food we eat has great differences. We like to eat wheat, vegetables and meat with hot cooked. We think the cold food could lose much flavor and it is very unhealthy and not fresh.

28、The people from western countries mostly succeed the traditional of nomad and sailing to eat cold food. They like to eat sea food, meat, salad. And they like to eat tomatoes, cucumbers, onions uncooked. </p><p

29、>　　No.3 the purpose of dining. Chinese people are not only cook food to eat. They think the ingredients, preparation and cooking methods, and more appealing presentation. While the western people pay more attention on

30、 nutrition. No matter what they eat and how they eat, the fixed standards nutrition elements they take in have to be guaranteed. </p><p>　　No.4 Way of dining. In China, no matter what kind of banquet for wha

31、t people eat together, people would sit around in one table and enjoy the food together. That makes a atmosphere of unity and happy. People talk and drink freely and eat the same dishes.</p><p>　　However, on

32、 the western banquet food and wine seems not as important as Chinese one. In fact, that may be just a kind of leaves for flower. They think to talk to people and get to know each other is much more important. ⑤</p>

33、;<p>　　(3) From the perspective of translation intercommunication</p><p>　　Jerry Thomas（1983）defined the “Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure” as “the ability to understand what is meant by what is said”

34、. The reason we use the language incorrect can be summed up as: No.1 Disobey the native ways of speaking English. </p><p>　　No.2 Speak English in the structure of saying mother language.</p><p>

35、　　No.3 Equal the different languages.</p><p>　　No.4 Only understand the literal meaning.</p><p>　　No.5 Ignore the special meanings in certain circumstances. ⑥</p><p>　　For example,

36、</p><p>　　Student: I’m afraid I can’t finish my paper on time， I was ill last week. May I hand it in next Thursday?</p><p>　　Teacher: What do you mean you can’t finish it on time? The deadline i

37、s next Friday.</p><p>　　Foreigners think next Friday is the nearest one while we think next Friday is the Friday on next week. That would lead to serious consequence. If we make a appointment with a tourist,

38、 we may misunderstand the time and lead some unnecessary troubles.</p><p>　　And there is another example,</p><p>　　Englishman:“Would you like some coffee?”</p><p>　　Chinese:“No，plea

39、se don’t go to any trouble.” Then the British man would get confused because in their language to accept should say:” Yes, please” while to refuse should say:” No, thank you”.</p><p>　　That is only a very sh

40、ort conversation, but if we cannot get it directly understood that would waste some extra time to explain it. ⑦</p><p>　　Many people have discussed related topics, such as the culture intercommunication, the

41、 dinning intercommunication, the translation intercommunication .etc. However, they did not use their theories into a particular field. In my thesis, I would combine many of their theories into the tourism practice. That

42、 would make my topic more useful in reality.</p><p>　　3. The intercommunication of tourist in several sections</p><p>　　The tourist was defined as the one who stopped in another place which is n

43、ot the place he lives for over a day and not enough for a year.⑧</p><p>　　There was no virtually tour in the ancient times. Because people were fasten on the farmland and had no time to travel. However, the

44、strong of ancient China attracted many foreigners came here to learn the advanced technology and knowledge. Most of them were dispatched by their governments. Therefore the cultural intercommunication had never stopped.&

45、lt;/p><p>　　Then after the Industrial Revolution, people were freed. The two essential factors of travel were possessed, the money and time. The speed of transportation was accelerated day after day and after t

46、he Second World War, a sharp increasing number of people travel around all over the world. The cultural intercommunication is also speeding up.⑨</p><p>　　3.1 Culture</p><p>　　When the intercommu

47、nication happened, we should introduce our culture to foreigners. For that, we should have a deeper understanding of our own culture.</p><p>　　The developments of civilization among regions are imbalance. Si

48、nce the communication was difficult in the ancient times, every tribe developed independently which made distinguish among cultures. The dissimilitude represents in several sections as follows: The national system, cultu

49、ral initiate, working and life style, literature and art and every aspect in the society. </p><p>　　The intercommunication is an essential process in the social development. However, it is always limited by

50、two seasons: The native culture prevents foreign ones from interrupting in and the transportation was not as convenient as today.</p><p>　　Actually, Chinese traditional culture is including many different el

51、ements. In the far ancient times, Chinese culture absorbed many factors from the minorities. In the Han dynasty, the western culture of Xinjiang province became a part of it. Then the Indian culture, European culture gra

52、dually made an influence on Chinese people.⑩</p><p>　　With the intercommunication of different cultures, the cultural mainstream of Cathay came into being. And at the same time, the four main religious becam

53、e popular in China. They are Buddhism, Muslim, Christianity and Daoism. The Daoism is a Chinese native religion and the other three were also transformed and affected by the Chinese traditional Confucians culture. </p

54、><p>　　The Chinese food tradition has lasted for thousands of years. Chinese dish is one of the largest three factions in the world. And it has its own style which is mainly composed of local dishes, royal dish

55、es, official dishes, Buddhist dishes, ethnic dishes and snack and dim sums. </p><p>　　The tea is one of the symbols of China. It is the national drink and has a history over 4,000 years. When foreigners come

56、, a must thing to talk is the Chinese tea.</p><p>　　3.2 Architecture and Horticulture</p><p>　　Architecture is a main part of the tourism. Chinese architecture contains the traditional philosoph

57、y of China and it formed a unique style. The structures of ancient Chinese buildings are mainly made of wood and the levels of the social statues reflected on the buildings. Take Beijing for example, it was the capital o

58、f several dynasties in the ancient China and in the Yuan dynasty it was built into the largest city in the world at that time. In the Ming dynasty, after the emperor Yong le decided</p><p>　　The history of C

59、hinese Horticulture is almost 3,000 years. Chinese poet and painters added their artistic factors on the construction of gardens. Chinese horticulture can be mainly divided into the royal garden and the private garden. B

60、oth of them are to represent that people and the nature can exist harmoniously. However, the western horticultures are mostly square shaped and every detail is perfected by people. That expresses a kind of beauty of geom

61、etry while Chinese one conveys the beauty of</p><p>　　3.3 Traditional Chinese Arts and Crafts</p><p>　　Foreign visitors always want to buy some of the Chinese traditional arts, so have a good kn

62、owledge of them is very essential for tourist guides. </p><p>　　The traditional Chinese hand making artworks have various kinds and they are all very beautiful and exquisite, for example, The Fuzhou Bodiless

63、 Lacquer work, mud statue and Cloisonné. The Cloisonné was originally made in Tang dynasty and was developed perfectly in Ming dynasty. It looks like made of china, but it is actually made of bronze. Since the

64、Qing dynasty it has been sold all over the world. </p><p>　　China is most famous for china, since the Tang dynasty the Chinese bottles, vase and bowls were sold all over the world. And many other Chinese tra

65、ditional arts also attract foreign visitors. ⑨</p><p>　　Chinese traditional acrobatics and vaudeville are popular among foreigners. However, many of them are vanished in the past 50 years. The development of

66、 tourism gave a new life to those traditional arts. Many foreigners interested in the traditional Chinese stuff and they think they are fantastic and amazing. Therefore, in the process of leading a tourist group, tourist

67、 guide should put more emphasis on introducing these ones. </p><p>　　3.4 English words for tourism</p><p>　　The development of Chinese and Western cultural intercommunication and cooperation for

68、ces the foreign tourism grew rapidly. At the meanwhile here appear the new challenges to translation between different languages. The Olympics, EXPO and Asian sport games not only brought many opportunities, but also cam

69、e with a lot of challenges to the native tourism. What we should do is to grasp this once in a blue moon moment in the new situation. We should learn how to combine the translation theory with r</p><p>　　Eng

70、lish tourist lecture is a vital part of translation in English-Chinese intercommunication. For the tourism choosing the words used in the intercommunication is very important and it is not enough that only translate the

71、literal meaning. That would do no help to the understanding of foreigners to Chinese culture. Therefore, before translating tourist guides should do much preparation. This chapter will show some of word origins, depth an

72、d extended meanings to indicate the incorrect use of word</p><p>　　Tourist English lecture is a quick way to introduce the local natural scenes, costumes, specialties, historical spots and heritages. Tourist

73、 guides should have distinguished lectures for different kind of groups. For example, if the guests are a business group, the guide should emphasis more on the local costumes and specialties. If the visitors’ occupation

74、is teacher, the guide should introduce more about the history of the place and the origins of what they have visited. There are many kinds o</p><p>　　One cannot become a true English speaker or translator, i

75、f he does not know the deep social meaning of the language. Language is a part of culture and the translation of tourist lecture is a typical cultural intercommunication. A good tourist lecture can make the static scene

76、to dynamic panorama and make a historical image in the mind of tourists. Some of the present translation in order to add the words in the articles ignored the different levels of education of the visitors, some of them i

77、mpr</p><p>　　Apparently, every nationality has its unique custom, culture which is all reflected on the language words they speak. Therefore, these words may not exist in another language that makes this kin

78、d of interpreting more important. Some of the traditional Chinese words cannot find in English language, if this kind of situation cannot be properly solved, that would lead to twisted expressions which not only makes vi

79、sitors confused, but even make them have a false understanding toward Chinese culture.</p><p>　　In order to translate those correctly tourist guide should become Jake of all trades and a local expertise. For

80、 example, our ancestors invented how to make wine and at the same time they contrived many wine games. And there are also the ways of tea serving, tea ceremony and finger guess game worthy to introduce. To introduce the

81、traditional things to foreigners can add some points on the leisure time activities. While we are drinking during the dining time, Chinese people get used to drink until</p><p>　　However, we can play some wi

82、ne games with drinking water instead of wine to entertain visitors and to close the relationship between guide and guests. Then, how to translate them? </p><p>　　Fish and wine dialogue: originated from a kin

83、d of manners among friends and then transformed into a kind of wine game. When people eat fish, they always make to head of the fish toward the host or the elders. Then people move the plate the one had the head would dr

84、ink. Sometimes it has the fish-tail toast. Here, we should translation with a further explanation: Cheers! For a fish-head toast! Or Double toast! If it is to make someone to drink, we can say: May good fortune comes in

85、pairs! Or doubl</p><p>　　Finger guessing game is a familiar Chinese wine game. Every number has an auspicious saying, but when we translate them we can simply use the number. The rule is to say a number from

86、 1 to 10, if this number is the same number as the 4 hands number summed up, another person should drink. But some foreigners think it is too complicated and then we could just say some auspicious words for toast. The pu

87、rpose is to active the atmosphere and make friends with them.（12）</p><p>　　Meanwhile, we the communication is very important. The means of communication are far more than words. For instance, eye contact, fa

88、cial expression, gesture, body language, intimate manner and talking distance. In the process of intercommunication, tourist guides should use many ways of expression to make foreign visitors understand the real meaning.

89、</p><p>　　3.5 Special manners of other countries.</p><p>　　As I wrote above, people from other countries may come here with their own special manners. Tourist guide should show respect of their

90、manners and learn some of them. Here, I would like to list some examples. </p><p>　　The Indian people living in the Amazon area, their women work and man act as couvades.</p><p>　　Muslin people

91、don’t eat pork or dead animal and some of them do not drink wine. They pray for 5 times a day and on Fridays they should go to the temple. So tourist guide should arrange the schedule properly. </p><p>　　In

92、dian and some Hinduism countries never eat beef. ⑧</p><p>　　Japanese do not like the number 4 and 9, so never have 4 or 9 dishes on the table and mind the hotel number as well.</p><p>　　Thailand

93、 people do not shake hands between male and female and do not talk about politics, royal family and never say a bad word about Buddhism and the king. They think left hand is not clean, so don’t shake the left hand. Thais

94、 think head is the most holy part on body, so never touch a Thailand child’s head.</p><p>　　British people do not like people asking about their personal private things and do not mention the number 13 and F

95、riday. And they do not like elephant. ⑨</p><p>　　There are too many special manners in different countries, I cannot list them all. What a tourist guide should do is before the group arrives, he should check

96、 the special manners in advance.</p><p>　　4. Conclusion</p><p>　　4.1 Finding</p><p>　　The different cultures have the Cultural relativity, however, among them tourist guide act as a

97、 communicator. In Chinese-English intercommunication, tourism is action a more and more important role. With more foreign visitors come to China, tourist guides should study more about the traditional culture to meet the

98、 interests of them. To translate the traditional things properly, they should have a deep understanding to the own culture and the communication is in both sides, so they should also kn</p><p>　　4.2 Inspirat