新科學(xué)和技術(shù)以及創(chuàng)新在印度的發(fā)展【外文翻譯】

1、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯外文題目：NewScienceTechnologyInnovationDevelopmentsInIndia出處：SupptingScience&TechnologyPolices作者：PIKAYRIDSON原文:AbstractThispaperreviewsthesciencetechnologypoliciesofIndiahowthesehavefashionedIndia’stechnologycapa

2、bilityovertheyears.ItshowsthatwhileIndiahasachievedenmousstridesintheareaofsciencetechnologyinnovationinappropriatepoliciesinthepasthavehamperedthedevelopmentofaneffectivenationalinnovationsystem.Thepaperconcludesbydrawi

3、nglessonsfthedevelopmentofanEUwidesciencetechnologypolicy2.TrendsinSTIDevelopmentsinIndia2.2TrendsinIndia’sScienceTechnologyPolicyIthaslongbeenrecognizedthatinvestmentinsciencetechnologymakessubstantialcontributiontoecon

4、omicgrowthintermsofhighergrowthratesofaneconomy’stotalfactproductivity(Abramovitz1956Denison1962Solow1957amongothers).Inadditiontodirectreturnshuge(positive)externalitieshavealsobeenfoundtobeassociatedwithit(Abramovitz19

5、89).Takingcognisanceoftheimptanceoftechnology’sroleindevelopmentadvancedcountriesnurturecontinuingdevelopmentofsciencetechnologymostdevelopingcountriesadoptR&Dpoliciesintheearlyphasesoftheirdevelopment.ScienceTechnologyp

6、olicyconstitutesanintegralpartofanation’soverallindustrialpolicy(BarberWhite1987).WhilethefmershapesthepacedirectionoftechnologycentersbyMNEswasconsciouslylacking.SinceIndiasignedtheGATTAgreementin1993subsequentlypassedt

7、heIntellectualPropertylawin1994over60MNEshavesetupR&Dcentersintechnologyintensiveindustriesmostlytotakeadvantageofthestrongpoolofhighlytrainedengineersscientists.Befe1991therewereonlytwosuchcentersinthecountry.Apartfromt

8、hesettingupofnewcentersinIndiatotakeadvantageoftheliberalizedatmospheretheraisond’tremodeofoperationofexistingcentershavealsobeenchangingbythenewmarketenvironment.SomecompanieshavecompletelyrestructuredtheirR&DcentersinI

9、ndiashiftingthefocusfromdevelopingproductsfIndianmarketstomakingthemcentersofglobalexcellence.Othershaveexpedtheir.operationshiredmanyIndianscientiststechnologists.Thisismeevidentintheareasofinfmationcomputertechnology.S

10、uchcentersconductR&Dfwldwideoperations.TheavailabilityofhighqualitylabhasbeenamotivatingfactintheestablishmentofcentersbycompaniessuchasAstraUnileverGESoftwareDevelopmentCentersofTexasInstrumentsacleMicrosoftothers.Subst

11、antialR&Dpresencehasalsobeenestablishedintheareasofpharmaceuticalsbiotechnology.3.4CommercialientationofPublicResearchganizationsIndiahasastrongindustrialresearchinfrastructurewhichwasfosteredintheearlystagesofitspostind

12、ependencegrowth.Whilethesupplysidewasgenerouslysupptedtheindustrialresearchsystempritoliberalizationwasmostlygearedtoimptsubstitution(BowonderRidson2000).ThepubliclyfundedCouncilofScientificIndustrialResearch(CSIR)otherb

13、odiestendedtobeisolatedentitieswithlittlenolinkstoindustry.Insuchaprotectedenvironmenttherewasnoneedtobenchmarktheiractivitiestothoseofglobalplayers.Alsotheiractivitieswereonlymarginallyfocusedoncommercialization.Thelast

14、decadehasseenmanyoftheselabatiesbecomemecommerciallyiented.TheyhavebeendirectingtheirefftstowardsinternationalqualityR&D.Tworecentmajpolicythrustshavebeen(a)anincreaseinthequestfpatentinginEuropetheUSAasameansofengenderi