西方文化復習資料

1、Scholasticism經(jīng)院哲學：ScholasticismisamethodofcriticalthoughtwhichdominatedteachingbytheacademicsofmedievaluniversitiesinEuropefromabout11001700.It’sthemostfamousphilosophyduringtheendofthedleage.Italwaysconsideredasareconci

2、liationbetweenreasonbeliefappliedinchurch’sbeliefscode.啟蒙運動：TheenlightenmentisgenerallyagreedtohaveiginatedinFranceinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.ItacterizestheefftsbycertainEuropeanwriterstouseprejudiceunexaminedauthit

3、yoppressionbyChurchStateit’salsocalledtheAgeofReason.Itwasaneliteculturalmovementtousethepowerofreasonindertorefmsocietyadvanceknowledge.ItpromotedintellectualinterchangeopposedintoleranceabusesinChurchstate.浪漫主義：Romanti

4、cism(alsotheRomanticeratheRomanticperiod)wasanartisticliterarymusicalintellectualmovementthatiginatedinEuropetowardtheendofthe18thcenturyinmostareaswasatitspeakintheapproximateperiodfrom1800to1850.Romanticismwasacterized

5、byitsemphasisonemotionindividualismaswellasglificationofallthepastnaturepreferringthemedievalratherthantheclassical.現(xiàn)實主義Realism:Realismreferstotheaccuratedetailednonnamenteddepictionofnatureofhumanlife.Itadvocatesacloseo

6、bservationofoutwardappearances.Itisamodeofwritingcreativeexpressiondatesbacktoancienttimeswhensomeunearthedartifactsliteraryfragmentsdisclosedsomecloselinkstoreallifeevenatthetimeitwasdisplayed.Itisbothawayofthinkingamet

7、hodofcreationinthearts.Socrates蘇格拉底:Socrates’sstatusissoimptantinphilosophythatalmostallthephilosophersofthe4thcenturyBCinvokedhisideaeitherdirectlyindirectlyevensincehisteachingshavecirculatedthroughwesternculture.Heass

8、ertedthatoneshouldpursueknowledgewhileignanceisanimptantsourceofevilwrongdoing.Onemustgainknowledgetoacquirevirtuewhilevirtueisasourceofknowledge.Heshiftedthefocusfromnaturetopeoplesocial’sessence.Hethinkeverythingisbeca

9、useofkindness.Headmiredhewasignanceobjecttoone’sowndesire.Hethinkoneshouldidentifyoneselfknowoneselfofwhatyouare.Plato柏拉圖:SocratesdeathwasaheavyblowtoPlato’spoliticalconditionledtohischangeofmindfhiscareer.Fromthenonthep

10、urposeofpoliticstohismindwastoreconstructanidealcityfoundedonknowledgeof“thegood”Helaterswitchedtoanacademiccareerpursuinghisinterestsindevelopingmodelsfanidealstate.HecamebacktoAthensestablishedtheAcademythefirstinstitu

11、tionfromthebodyitstyranies.OnemeetsanewmythaboutthedestinyofsoulsafterRomanshascalledsavage.TheintellectualdevelopmentoftheEuropeancivilizationwasretardedevenregressed.Itasalsoaperiodofsomenegativerepressiveinfluencefrom

12、theRomanCatholicchurch.Thisperiodwasacterizedbyfrequenteconomicpoliticalcrisesgreatlyaffectedbydeepseatedsocialcontradictionsconflictswhichwerefirstdemonstratedinthedistressdisastersofthedinarypeopletheninthefrequentlyoc

13、curringrevoltsclashesarisingfromthecrueltyoftyrannicrulersadtheirunrestraineddemsfmepowerterrity.填空Chapter1CultureinAncientGreece1Thecitystates(城邦)includingThebes(底比斯)Miletus(米利都）Athens(雅典)Sparta(斯巴達).希臘的民主形式：國民大會Fmsofde

14、mocracyinGreece：Ecclesia2InGreek?Politicalsystem:Ecclesia(國民大會)Boule(法律)Supremecouncil(最高委員會).?acteristicsofthesystem:democraticbutunstable.?PeakofGreekcivilization:Pericle’sregion3GreekcivilizationcametoitspeakduringPer

15、icles’(伯利克里)region.4Theremainphilosophers:Socrates(蘇格拉底)Plato(柏拉圖??Repulic??理想國)Aristotle(亞里士多德)5PlatocamebacktoAthensestablishedtheAcademythefirstinstitutionofhigherlearning.6Epicpoetry(史詩):Homer’wk:??Ilida??伊利亞特，??Odys

16、sey??奧德賽7Lyricpoetry(抒情詩歌):Sappho(薩芙)Pindar(品達)8宙斯等都是希臘神話里的人物ZeusisafigureinGreekmythology9三大悲劇作家Aeschylus:PromrtheusBound埃斯庫羅斯:被縛的普羅米修斯Sophocles:OedipustheKing索?？死锼?俄狄浦斯王Euripides:Medea歐里皮德斯:美狄亞10Architecture:Thegrestbu

17、ildinginAthenswastheParthenonaDictemplefAthenadesigneddecatedbyPhidias.11Sculpture:TheartistsasMyron(邁倫)Polyclitus(波利克里托斯)12Painting:ThescopeofGreekpaintingislargelyillustratedbythekindredartofvasedecation.13Thebestknowm

18、athematicianwasEuclid(歐幾里得)whoestablishedthescienceofplanegeometry.HisfamouswkisEuclid’sElements.14Archimedeswasascientist.Asamathematicianhediscoveredtheratioofradiusofacircleinmathematicianasaphysicisthefoundouttherela