測(cè)繪工程英語(yǔ)翻譯試題

1、一：一：ElectronicDistanceMeasurement(EDM)（電子測(cè)距電子測(cè)距儀）TheElectronicDistanceMeasurement(EDM)wasfirstintroducedin1950sbythefoundersofGeodimeterInc.（電子測(cè)距儀的概念是由Geodimeter【“光電測(cè)距儀”――商標(biāo)名】公司的創(chuàng)始人在20世紀(jì)50年代引入的。）TheadventofEDMinstrumenth

2、ascompletelyrevolutionizedallsurveyingproceduresresultinginachangeofemphasistechniques.（EDM測(cè)量手段的出現(xiàn)【advent】是對(duì)所有測(cè)量手段的完全的革命，導(dǎo)致了側(cè)重點(diǎn)和技術(shù)的改變。）Distancecannowbemeasuredeasilyquicklywithgreataccuracyregardlessofterrainconditions.（

3、現(xiàn)在距離可以被很容易、快速和精確的測(cè)量，而又不受地形【terrain】影響。）EDMinstrumentsrefertothedistancemeasurementequipmentsusinglightradiowaves.EDM是利用光波和無(wú)線電波測(cè)距的設(shè)備Bothlightwavesradiowavesareelectromagic.（光波和無(wú)線電波都是電磁波【electromagic電磁的】）Theyhaveidenticalv

4、elocitiesinavacuum(space)to299792.4580.001kmsec.（它們?cè)谡婵罩卸加幸粯拥乃俣?99792.4580.001kmsec）Thesevelocitieswhichareaffectedbytheair’sdensityarereducedneedtoberecalculatedintheatmosphere.（由于會(huì)受到空氣密度的影響而降低，它們的速度，在大氣中需要重新計(jì)算）Thebasicp

5、rincipleofEDMinstrumentsisthatdistanceequalstimemultipliedbyvelocity.（EDM的基本原理是距離等于時(shí)間乘速度）Thusifthevelocityofaradiolightwavetimerequiredfittogofromonepointtoanotherareknownthedistancebetweenthetwopointscanbecalculated.（這樣

6、，如果無(wú)線電波或光波的速度和其從一點(diǎn)到另一點(diǎn)所需的時(shí)間已知了，兩點(diǎn)之間的距離就可以計(jì)算出來(lái)）TheEDMinstrumentsmaybeclassifiedaccdingtothetypewavelengthoftheelectromagicenergygeneratedaccdingtotheiroperationalrange.（可以依照電磁波產(chǎn)生【generate】的類(lèi)型和波長(zhǎng)或根據(jù)它們的運(yùn)作范圍給EDM分類(lèi)。）EDMinstru

7、mentsusethreedifferentwavelengthbs:(1)Microwavesystemswithrangeupto150kmwavelength3cmnotlimitedtolineofsightunaffectedbyvisibility(2)Lightwavesystemswithrangeupto5km(fsmallmachines)visiblelightlasersdistancereducedbyvisi

8、bility(3)Infraredsystemswithrangeupto3kmlimitedtolineofsightlimitedbyrainfogotherairbneparticles.（EDM使用三種不同波長(zhǎng)的波段：(1)微波系統(tǒng)【波段】，其測(cè)距范圍達(dá)150km，波長(zhǎng)3cm，不受限于視線范圍，也不受可見(jiàn)度的影響；(2)可見(jiàn)光波段，有效范圍5km（小型儀器），可見(jiàn)光、激光【laser】，其距離受可見(jiàn)度的影響會(huì)降低；(3)紅外線【

9、Infrared】波段，測(cè)程3km，受限于視線范圍，雨、霧和其他大氣塵）AlthoughthereisawidevarietyofEDMinstrumentsavailablewithdifferentwavelengthstherearebasicallyonlytwomethodsofmeasurementemployedwhichmaydividetheinstrumentsintotwoclassificationaselect

10、rooptical(lightwaves)microwaves(radiowaves)instruments.（盡管有不同波長(zhǎng)的EDM，但基本上只有兩種測(cè)量方法在使用，可以將其分為光電測(cè)距儀和微波測(cè)距儀）（理論上，從起點(diǎn)閉合到它自己，位置的閉合差應(yīng)該是0）ButtheErrsinthemeasureddistancesanglesofthetraverseshoweverwilltendtoaltertheshapeofthetrave

11、rsetherefeweshouldcomputethealgebraicsumofthelatitudesalgebraicsumofthedeparturescomparethemwiththefixedlatitudedepartureofastraightlinefromtheigintotheclosingpoint.（但是距離和角度的測(cè)量誤差，會(huì)改變導(dǎo)線的形狀，因此我們應(yīng)當(dāng)分別計(jì)算縱距【latitude縱距】與橫距【depa

12、rture】的代數(shù)【algebraic代數(shù)的】和，然后與從起點(diǎn)到終點(diǎn)的連線的確定的【fixed】縱距與橫距相比較）Bydefinitionlatitudehereisthenthsouthrectangularcomponentofalinedepartureistheeastwestrectangularcomponentofaline.（準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)【definition定義】，這里的縱距就是指一條直線的直角坐標(biāo)的【rectangula

13、r矩形的、直接坐標(biāo)的】南北分量【component分量】，橫距【departure】就是指一條直線的直角坐標(biāo)的東西分量）Todifferentiatedirectionnthisconsideredpluswhereassouthisconsideredminus.（對(duì)于不同的方向來(lái)說(shuō)，北方向?yàn)檎戏较驗(yàn)樨?fù)）Similarlyeastisconsideredpluswhereaswestisconsideredminus.（同樣的，東

14、為正，西為負(fù)）Thenthediscrepancyshouldbeadjustedbyapptioningtheclosurebothinlatitudesindeparturesonareasonablebasis.（然后將差值【discrepancy】以合理的原則【basis原則】進(jìn)行調(diào)整【平差】——【by】分配【apption分配v.】閉合差到縱距和橫距上去）Theadjustedpositionofeachtraversepoi

15、ntisdeterminedwithrespecttosomeigin.（每一個(gè)導(dǎo)線點(diǎn)的位置調(diào)整是根據(jù)來(lái)源來(lái)定的）ThispositionisdefinedbyitsYcodinatesitsXcodinateswithrespecttoaplanerectangularcodinatesysteminwhichtheYaxisisassumednthsouthwhereastheXaxiseastwest.（其位置由平面直角坐標(biāo)系的Y

16、坐標(biāo)和X坐標(biāo)來(lái)定義，Y軸代表【assume擔(dān)任】南北方向，而X軸代表東西方向）三：三：TrigonometricLeveling（三角高程測(cè)量）（三角高程測(cè)量）Trigonometriclevelingisusedwheredifficultterrainsuchasmountainousareasprecludestheuseofconventionaldifferentialleveling.（三角高程測(cè)量適用于困難地形，例如在山區(qū)

17、，不能【preclude排除v.】使用常規(guī)的【conventional】微差水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量。）Themodernapproachistomeasuretheslopedistanceverticalangletothepointinquestion.（現(xiàn)代的三角高程測(cè)量方法是測(cè)量到未知點(diǎn)的斜距和垂直角）Slopedistanceismeasuredusingelectromagicdistancemeasurersthevertical(ze

18、nith)angleusingatheodolitethetotalstationthatintegratethesetwoinstrumentsintoasingleinstrument.（斜距由電磁波測(cè)距儀【measurer測(cè)量器】測(cè)得，垂直角（或天頂距）由經(jīng)緯儀【theodolite】測(cè)得，或者利用整合了這兩種儀器為一體的全站儀來(lái)測(cè)）Totalstationscontainbuiltinmicroprocesssthatcalcu

19、latedisplaythehizontaldistancefromthemeasuredslopedistanceverticalheight.（全站儀包含了內(nèi)置的【builtin內(nèi)置的】微處理器，用來(lái)計(jì)算和顯示由測(cè)得的斜距和垂直角得到的水平距離）Thislatterfacilityhasresultedintrigonometricallevelingbeingusedfawidevarietyofheightingprocedur