《跨文化交際》ppt課件

1、跨文化交際,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,Learning objectives :,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,1.to identify the definitions of nonverbal communication 2.to know the functions of nonverbal communication3.to understan

2、d the various categories of nonverbal communication,Nonverbal Communication DefinedCulture and Nonverbal Communication Categories of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory,index,Chapter 9 Nonv

3、erbal Communication,Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication (非言語交際) refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message.,,Nonverbal Communication Defined,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication

4、,The Alliance Between Culture and Nonverbal The Functions of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Misinterpretations as a Barrier,2. Culture and Nonverbal Communication,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,The Alliance關(guān)系 B

5、etween Culture and Nonverbal,By understanding important cultural differences in this behavior, you will be able to gather clues about underlying attitudes and values, because nonverbal communication often reveals basic c

6、ultural traits.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,The Functions of Nonverbal Communication,a. Replacing There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, po

7、lice officer might use hand gestures to replace spoken messages. b. Complementingc. Substitutingd. Contradictinge. Regulating (調(diào)整) interaction f. Reinforcing（強調(diào)）and modifying,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communicat

8、ion,Nonverbal Communication is Often Ambiguous,Many nonverbal expressions vary from culture to culture, and it is just those variations that nonverbal communication can be ambiguous.,,This gesture means OK in the U.S and

9、 many cultures, while it means zero in France, and means money in Japan.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,3. Categories of Nonverbal Communication,paralanguage/metacommunication(副語言/元信息傳遞) chronemics (時間行為 ) prox

10、emics (時空行為) ocuelsics (目光語) olfactics (嗅覺) haptics (觸覺行為) kinesics (身勢語行為) chromatics (色彩學(xué)) silence clothing and physical appearance,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,A. Paralanguage / Metacom

11、munication,Paralanguage Metacommunication,Metacommunication is the intentional or unintentional implied meaning of a message.,1.       Vocal characterizers (聲音的特征)2.   

12、;    Vocal qualifiers (聲音的修飾)3.       Vocal segregates (聲音的分割)4.       Accent (口音),Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,B. Chronemics (時間行為),a.&

13、#160;      The sense of time b.    Monochronic and polychronic time （單維度時間取向-多維度時間取向）,Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.,Chapter

14、9 Nonverbal Communication,a.       The sense of time,1.   Time is cyclical (循環(huán)的)2.    Time is linear (線性的),Western cultures think time is linear — a flow

15、from the past to the present to the future.,Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,b. Monochronic and polychronic time,1. M

16、onochronic time （單維度時間取向）2. Polychronic time（多維度時間取向）,Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once.,Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.,Chapter 9 Nonverba

17、l Communication,C. proxemics （時空行為）,a. Personal space b. Seating c. Furniture arrangement,Proxemics refers to the perception and use of space, including territoriality (領(lǐng)地感) and personal space. Territoriality refers t

18、o physical space; personal space refers to perceptual or psychological space.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,a. Personal space（個人距離） In the United StatesHall reports that psychologists have identified four zones f

19、rom which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.2. In India In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste階級 may approach oth

20、er castes. 3. In Arab Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the ele

21、vator.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,b. Seating,In the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them. The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face

22、someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone.,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,c. Furniture arrangement,French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized, and spat

23、ially the entire country is laid out around centers.In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hie

24、rarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.Chinese geomancy (泥土占卜), feng shui, is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happine

25、ss, prosperity, and health.,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,feng shui,Feng Shui is a 3,000+ year oldmetaphysical practice形而上學(xué)實踐觀 , originating in China, but relevant to everyone since it deals with energy, nature, l

26、aws of physics and the environments we all create. The harmful effect of exposed beams is well-documented and a basic feng shui principle is that flat, beamless ceilings are much healthier to sleep under.,,One first and

27、very important feng shui career tip talks about your desk position. The desk or table you use for working should be placed in a position that allows you to see the main door. Your desk should never be with your back at t

28、he door, since that would be very harmful for your career. And if possible, you should also try to place it in such an angle where you can also see the window.,,The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed ocu

29、lesics. A prolonged gaze or stare in the United States is considered rude. In other cultures such as Japan, Korea, and Thailand, staring is alsoconsidered rude. In most cultures, men do not stare at women. In France

30、and Italy, however, men can stare at women in public. In the United States, staring at a person is considered a sign of interest and may even be interpreted as sexually suggestive.,D ocuelsics （目光語）,Chapter 9 Nonverb

31、al Communication,E. Olfactics (嗅覺),The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics. A person’s smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message.,Do people have the same idea about fragrance?,,Cha

32、pter 9 Nonverbal Communication,F. Haptics (觸覺行為),Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance (熟人) to touch a child on

33、the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a child’s spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted. Even placing a

34、 hand on the back of an Asian worker’s chair is considered inappropriate. White Muslims hug another person around the shoulders, Korea young people do not touch the shoulders of their elders.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communi

35、cation,G. Kinesics （身勢語）,Kinesics is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture and stance, and other mannerisms習(xí)性 that may accompany or replac

36、e oral messages.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,Gestures can be emblems or or regulators (one’s face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasisor clarity to an oral message.,,,,symbols (the

37、 “ok” gesture),,illustrators (police officer’s hand held up to stop traffic),,,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,a.       Facial expressionsb.       Gestures

38、 l         Head movement l         Arm movementc.       Posture and stance Posture, the way someone

39、 stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropriate posture is related to a person’s status in society. For example, the manager may stand

40、erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,H. chromatics （色彩學(xué)）,,Chromatics refers to the study of color use in affec

41、ting people’s mood, emotions, and impression of others.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,Black is the color of mourning to many Europeans and U.S. Americans, but white is worn to funerals in Japan and many other nati

42、ons. In the United States, white is typically worn by brides while in India, red or yellow is worn. Purple is sometimes associated with royalty, but it is the color of death in many Latin American countries.

43、 Red (especially red roses) is associated with romance in some cultures including the United States. Red is not an appropriate color for wrapping gifts in Japan. Dark red is the color of mourning along the Ivory Coast

44、科特迪瓦(舊稱象牙海岸 .,Cultural differences associated with colors include:,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,Green is not used for wrapping packages in Egypt since green is the nationalist color (as red, white and blue are the

45、 nationalist colors in the United States). Men should avoid wearing a green hat in China as this signifies that their wife or sister is a prostitute. In many countries of the world, blue is considered a masculine

46、 color, but to people of France and the United Kingdom, red is more masculine. Blue, in Iran, is an undesirable color. While people of the United States consider pink to be the most feminine color, persons in most

47、 other countries think of yellow as the most feminine color.,Cultural differences associated with colors include:,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,United Airlines美國聯(lián)合航空公司 unknowingly got off on the wrong foot 使一開頭就不順利

48、during its initial flights from Hong Kong. To commemorate the occasion, they handed out white carnations (康乃馨) to the passengers. When they learned that to many Asians white flowers represent bad luck and even death, the

49、y changed to red carnations.,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,,,American brides,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,,,Indian brides,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,,,National flag of the U.S.,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Co

50、mmunication,,,white carnations,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,,,Red carnations,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,I. Silence,Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depe

51、nding upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disa

52、greement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. Case-analysis: Silence in Japan,What is the different opinion toward silence in Western and

53、 Eastern culture?,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,J. Clothing and Physical Appearance,Although Western business dress has been widely adopted among other cultures, you may wish to learn cultural distinctions in app

54、ropriate business attire (服裝). When visiting Saudi Arabia, for example, the Saudi might wear the traditional Arabic white flowing robe and headcloth.,The use of clothing and physical appearance to communicate is more o

55、bvious. Clothing can reflect cultural heritage.,,Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication,4 Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory,People hold expectations about the appropriateness of the nonverbal behaviors of others. These

56、 expectations are learned and culturally driven. Violation of Nonverbal Expectation,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,,Home work and After-class activities,⑴ Give interpretations to the following nonverbal behaviors a

57、ssist you in discovering your own ethnocentrism? Give your personal examples. l    An adult pats a child’s head l    A customer in a restaurant waves his hand over his head l &

58、#160;   Two women walk hand in hand on the street⑵ In what situations might you need to interpret the nonverbal behavior of someone from another culture? What problems could arise from not understanding differ