簡(jiǎn)介：UNIT1THEOWNER’SPERSPECTIVE第1單元業(yè)主的觀點(diǎn)單元業(yè)主的觀點(diǎn)12MAJORTYPESOFCONSTRUCTION12大建筑類型大建筑類型SINCEMOSTOWNERSAREGENERALLYINTERESTEDINACQUIRINGONLYASPECIFICTYPEOFCONSTRUCTEDFACILITY,THEYSHOULDBEAWAREOFTHECOMMONINDUSTRIALPRACTICESFORTHETYPEOFCONSTRUCTIONPERTINENTTOTHEM1LIKEWISE,THECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYISACONGLOMERATIONOFQUITEDIVERSESEGMENTSANDPRODUCTSSOMEOWNERSMAYPROCUREACONSTRUCTEDFACILITYONLYONCEINALONGWHILEANDTENDTOLOOKFORSHORTTERMADVANTAGESHOWEVER,MANYOWNERSREQUIREPERIODICACQUISITIONOFNEWFACILITIESAND/ORREHABILITATIONOFEXISTINGFACILITIESITISTOTHEIRADVANTAGETOKEEPTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYHEALTHYANDPRODUCTIVECOLLECTIVELY,THEOWNERSHAVEMOREPOWERTOINFLUENCETHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTHANTHEYREALIZEBECAUSE,BYTHEIRINDIVIDUALACTIONS,THEYCANPROVIDEINCENTIVESFORINNOVATION,EFFICIENCYANDQUALITYINCONSTRUCTION2ITISTOTHEINTERESTOFALLPARTIESTHATTHEOWNERSTAKEANACTIVEINTERESTINTHECONSTRUCTIONANDEXERCISEBENEFICIALINFLUENCEONTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEINDUSTRY由于大多數(shù)業(yè)主通常只對(duì)獲得特定類型的建筑設(shè)施感興趣，所以他們應(yīng)該了解與他們有關(guān)的建筑類型的常見(jiàn)工業(yè)實(shí)踐1。同樣，建筑行業(yè)是一個(gè)相當(dāng)多樣化的部門和產(chǎn)品的集團(tuán)。一些業(yè)主可能會(huì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間采購(gòu)建筑設(shè)施一次，并傾向于尋找短期優(yōu)勢(shì)。然而，許多業(yè)主需要定期收購(gòu)新設(shè)施和/或修復(fù)現(xiàn)有設(shè)施。保持建筑業(yè)的健康和生產(chǎn)力是有利的?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，業(yè)主對(duì)施工行業(yè)的影響力比他們意識(shí)到的要大，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢酝ㄟ^(guò)個(gè)人行動(dòng)來(lái)提供創(chuàng)新，效率和施工質(zhì)量的激勵(lì)2。所有各方的利益，業(yè)主積極興趣，對(duì)行業(yè)表現(xiàn)有利影響。INPLANNINGFORVARIOUSTYPESOFCONSTRUCTION,THEMETHODSOFPROCURINGPROFESSIONALSERVICES,AWARDINGCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTS,ANDFINANCINGTHECONSTRUCTEDFACILITYCANBEQUITEDIFFERENTFORTHEPURPOSEOFDISCUSSION,THEBROADSPECTRUMOFCONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESMAYBECLASSIFIEDINTOFOURMAJORCATEGORIES,EACHWITHITSOWNCHARACTERISTICS在規(guī)劃各類施工時(shí)，采購(gòu)專業(yè)服務(wù)，授予施工合同，建設(shè)設(shè)施融資方式可能有很大的不同。為了討論的目的，廣泛的建筑設(shè)施可以分為四個(gè)主要類別，每個(gè)類別都有自己的特點(diǎn)。RESIDENTIALHOUSINGCONSTRUCTION住宅建設(shè)RESIDENTIALHOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONINCLUDESSINGLEFAMILYHOUSES,MULTIFAMILYDWELLINGS,ANDHIGHRISEAPARTMENTS3DURINGTHEDEVELOPMENTANDCONSTRUCTIONOFSUCHPROJECTS,THEDEVELOPERSORSPONSORSWHOAREFAMILIARWITHTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYUSUALLYSERVEASSURROGATEOWNERSANDTAKECHARGE,MAKINGNECESSARYCONTRACTUALAGREEMENTSFORDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTION,ANDARRANGINGTHEFINANCINGANDSALEOFTHECOMPLETEDSTRUCTURES4RESIDENTIALHOUSINGDESIGNSAREUSUALLYPERFORMEDBYARCHITECTSANDENGINEERS,ANDTHECONSTRUCTIONEXECUTEDBYBUILDERSWHOHIRESUBCONTRACTORSFORTHESTRUCTURAL,MECHANICAL,ELECTRICALANDOTHERSPECIALTYWORKANEXCEPTIONTOTHISPATTERNISFORSINGLEFAMILYHOUSESASISSHOWNINFIGURE12,WHICHMAYBEDESIGNEDBYTHEBUILDERSASWELLTHERESIDENTIALHOUSINGMARKETISHEAVILYAFFECTEDBYGENERALECONOMICCONDITIONS,TAXLAWS,ANDTHEMONETARYANDFISCALPOLICIESOFTHEGOVERNMENTOFTEN,ASLIGHTINCREASEINTOTALDEMANDWILLCAUSEASUBSTANTIALINVESTMENTINCONSTRUCTION,SINCEMANYHOUSINGPROJECTSCANBESTARTEDATDIFFERENTLOCATIONSBYDIFFERENTINDIVIDUALSANDDEVELOPERSATTHESAMETIME5BECAUSEOFTHERELATIVEEASEOFENTRY,ATLEASTATTHELOWERENDOSTHEMARKET,MANYNEWBUILDERSAREATTRACTEDTOTHERESIDENTIALHOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONHENCE,THISMARKETISHIGHLYCOMPETITIVE,WITHPOTENTIALLYHIGHRISKSASWELLASHIGHREWARDS住宅建設(shè)包括單戶住房，多戶住宅和高層公寓3。在開(kāi)發(fā)和建設(shè)這些項(xiàng)目時(shí)，熟悉建筑行業(yè)的開(kāi)發(fā)商或贊助商通常作為代理業(yè)主，負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)和建造的必要合同協(xié)議，并安排完成的建筑物的融資和銷售4。住宅設(shè)計(jì)通常由建筑師和工程師進(jìn)行，建筑師由結(jié)構(gòu)，機(jī)械，電氣和其他專業(yè)工作的分包商執(zhí)行施工。這種模式的一個(gè)例外是單戶住宅，如圖12所示，也可以由建設(shè)者設(shè)計(jì)。住房市場(chǎng)受到一般經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況，稅法以及政府貨幣和財(cái)政政策的嚴(yán)重影響。通常，總需求略有增加將對(duì)建設(shè)進(jìn)行大量投資，因?yàn)樵S多住房項(xiàng)目可以在不同的地點(diǎn)由不同的個(gè)人和開(kāi)發(fā)商同時(shí)啟動(dòng)5。由于入口相對(duì)容易，至少在市場(chǎng)上較低端，許多新建筑商被吸引到住宅房屋建設(shè)中。因此，這個(gè)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高，回報(bào)率高。INSTITUTIONALANDCOMMERCIALBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONENCOMPRASSESAGREATVARIETYOFPROJECTTYPESANDSIZES,SUCHASSCHOOLSANDUNIVERSITIES,MEDICALCLINICSANDHOSPITALS,RECREATIONALFACILITIESANDSPORTSSTADIUMS,RETAILCHAINSTORESANDLARGESHOPPINGCENTERS,WAREHOUSEANDLIGHTMANUFACTURINGPLANTS,ANDSKYSCRAPERSFOROFFICESANDHOTELS,ASISSHOWNINFIGURE136THEOWNERSOFSUCHBUILDINGSMAYORMAYNOTBEFAMILIARWITHCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYPRACTICES,BUTTHEYUSUALLYAREABLETOSELECTCOMPETENTPROFESSIONALCONSULTANTSANDARRANGETHEFINANCINGOFTHECONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESTHEMSELVESSPECIALTYARCHITECTSANDENGINEERSAREOFTENENGAGEDFORDESIGNINGASPECIFICTYPEOFBUILDING,WHILETHEBUILDERSORGENERALCONTRACTORSUNDERTAKINGSUCHPROJECTSMAYALSOBESPECIALIZEDINONLYUNIT2ORGANIZINGFORPROJECTMANAGEMENT第2單元組織項(xiàng)目管理單元組織項(xiàng)目管理SECTION1WHATISPROJECTMANAGEMENT第1節(jié)什么是項(xiàng)目管理節(jié)什么是項(xiàng)目管理THEMANAGEMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSKNOWLEDGEOFMODERNMANAGEMENTASWELLASANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONPROCESSCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSHAVEASPECIFICSETOFOBJECTIVESANDCONSTRAINTSSUCHASAREQUIREDTIMEFRAMEFORCOMPLETIONWHILETHERELEVANTTECHNOLOGY,INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTSORPROCESSESWILLDIFFER,THEMANAGEMENTOFSUCHPROJECTSHASMUSHINCOMMONWITHTHEMANAGEMENTOFSIMILARTYPESOFPROJECTSINOTHERSPECIALTYORTECHNOLOGYDOMAINSSUCHASAEROSPACE，PHARMACEUTICALANDENERGYDEVELOPMENTS施工項(xiàng)目管理現(xiàn)代管理知識(shí)，了解設(shè)計(jì)施工過(guò)程。建設(shè)項(xiàng)目有一套具體的目標(biāo)和制約因素，如完成所需的時(shí)間框架。雖然相關(guān)技術(shù)，制度安排或過(guò)程將有所不同，但這些項(xiàng)目的管理與其他專業(yè)或技術(shù)領(lǐng)域（如航空航天，制藥和能源開(kāi)發(fā)）類似項(xiàng)目的管理情況相同。GENERALLY,PROJECTMANAGEMENTISDISTINGUISHEDFROMTHEGENERALMANAGEMENTOFCORPORATIONSBYTHEMISSIONORIENTEDNATUREOFAPROJECTAPROJECTORGANIZATIONWILLGENERALLYBETERMINATEDWHENTHEMISSIONISACCOMPLISHEDACCORDINGTOTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTINSTITUTE,THEDISCIPLINEOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTCANBEDEFINEDASFOLLOWS一般來(lái)說(shuō)，項(xiàng)目管理與項(xiàng)目總體管理區(qū)別于項(xiàng)目的任務(wù)性質(zhì)。任務(wù)完成后，項(xiàng)目組織通常會(huì)被終止。據(jù)項(xiàng)目管理研究所介紹，項(xiàng)目管理學(xué)科可以定義如下PROJECTMANAGEMENTISTHEARTOFDIRECTINGANDCOORDINATINGHUMANANDMATERIALRESOURCESTHROUGHOUTTHELIFEOFAPROJECTBYUSINGMODERNMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESTOACHIEVEPREDETERMINEDOBJECTIVESOFSCOPE,COST,TIME,QUALITYANDPARTICIPATIONSATISFACTION項(xiàng)目管理是通過(guò)使用現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目范圍，成本，時(shí)間，質(zhì)量和參與滿意度的預(yù)定目標(biāo)，在項(xiàng)目整個(gè)生命周期內(nèi)指導(dǎo)和協(xié)調(diào)人力和物力資源的藝術(shù)。BYCONTRAST,THEGENERALMANAGEMENTOFBUSINESSANDINDUSTRIALCORPORATIONSASSUMESABROADEROUTLOOKWITHGREATERCONTINUITYOFOPERATIONS4NEVERTHELESS,THEREARESUFFICIENTSIMILARITIESASWELLASDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETWOSOTHATMODERNMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESDEVELOPEDFORGENERALMANAGEMENTMAYBEADAPTEDFORPROJECTMANAGEMENT相比之下，商業(yè)和工業(yè)企業(yè)的總體管理具有更廣闊的前景，具有更大的運(yùn)營(yíng)連續(xù)性4。然而，兩者之間存在足夠的相似性和差異性，因此為一般管理開(kāi)發(fā)的現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù)可能會(huì)適應(yīng)項(xiàng)目管理。THEBASICINGREDIENTSFORAPROJECTMANAGEMENTFRAMEWORKMAYBEREPRESENTEDSCHEMATICALLYINFIGUE21AWORKINGKNOWLEDGEOFGENERALMANAGEMENTANDFAMILIARITYWITHTHESPECIALKNOWLEDGEDOMAINRELATEDTOTHEPROJECTAREINDISPENSABLESUPPORTINGDISCIPLINESSUCHASCOMPUTERSCIENCEANDDECISIONSCIENCEMAYALSOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINFACT,MODERNMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDVARIOUSSPECIALKNOWLEDGEDOMAINSHAVEABSORBEDVARIOUSTECHNIQUESORTOOLSWHICHWEREONCEIDENTIFIEDONLYWITHTHESUPPORTINGDISCIPLINEFOREXAMPLE,COMPUTERBASEDINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMSARENOMCOMMONPLACETOOLSFORGENERALMANAGEMENTSIMILARLY,MANYOPERATIONSRESEARCHTECHNIQUESSUCHASLINEARPROGRAMMINGANDNETWORKANALYSISARENOWWIDELYUSEDINMANYKNOWLEDGEORAPPLICATIONDOMAINS6HENCE,THEREPRESENTATIONINFIGURE21REFLECTSONLYTHESOURCESFROMWHICHTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTFRAMEWORKEVOLVES項(xiàng)目管理框架的基本要素可以在圖21中示意性地表示。一般管理的工作知識(shí)和熟悉與項(xiàng)目相關(guān)的專門知識(shí)領(lǐng)域是不可或缺的。支持計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和決策科學(xué)等學(xué)科也可能發(fā)揮重要作用。事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)代管理實(shí)踐和各種特殊知識(shí)領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)吸收了一些曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)定為輔助學(xué)科的技術(shù)或工具。例如，基于計(jì)算機(jī)的信息系統(tǒng)和決策支持系統(tǒng)是普通管理的常用工具。類似地，許多操作研究技術(shù)如線性規(guī)劃和網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析現(xiàn)在已被廣泛應(yīng)用于許多知識(shí)或應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域6。因此，圖21中的代表只反映了項(xiàng)目管理框架發(fā)展的來(lái)源。SPECIFICALLY,PROJECTMANAGEMENTINCONSTRUCTIONENCOMPRASSESASETOFOBJECTIVESWHICHMAYBEACCOMPLISHEDBYIMPLEMENTINGASERIESOFOPERATIONSSUBJECTTORESOURCECONSTRAINTSTHEREAREPOTENTIALCONFLICTSBETWEENTHESTATEDOBJECTIVESWITHREGARDTOSCOPE,COST,TIMEANDQUALITY,ANDTHECONSTRAINTSIMPOSEDONHUMAN,MATERIALANDFINANCIALRESOURCESTHESECONFLICTSSHOULDBERESOLVEDATTHEONSETOFAPROJECTBYMAKINGTHENECESSARYTRADEOFFSORCREATINGNEWALTERNATIVES具體來(lái)說(shuō)，項(xiàng)目管理在建設(shè)中將會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)一系列目標(biāo)，這些目標(biāo)可以通過(guò)實(shí)施資源約束的一系列操作來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。在范圍，成本，時(shí)間和質(zhì)量以及對(duì)人類的限制之間存在潛在的沖突。物質(zhì)和財(cái)力。這些沖突應(yīng)在項(xiàng)目開(kāi)始時(shí)通過(guò)作出必要的權(quán)衡或創(chuàng)造新的替代方案來(lái)解決。SUBSEQUENTLY,THEFUNCTIONOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTFORCONSTRUCTIONGENERALLYINCLUDETHEFOLLOWING其后，施工項(xiàng)目管理功能一般包括以下內(nèi)容1SPECIFICATIONOFPROJECTOBJECTIVESANDPLANSINCLUDINGDELINEATIONOFSCOPE,BUDGETING,SCHEDULING,SETTINGPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTS,ANDSELECTINGPROJECTPARTICIPANTS2MAXIMIZATIONOFEFFICIENTRESOURCEUTILIZATIONTHROUGHPROCUREMENTOFLABOR,MATERIALSANDEQUIPMENTACCORDINGTOTHEPRESCRIBEDSCHEDULEANDPLAN8

簡(jiǎn)介：REVISIONFORACADEMICPROFICIENCYTESTOF2015（學(xué)考復(fù)習(xí)）SKILLSONTWOWAYTRANSLATIONOFBASICSENTENCEPATTERNSTEACHINGPLANSTEP1LEADINSHOWTWOSENTENCESANDASKTHESSTOTRANSLATEHEJUSTHADTWOLEFTFEET他笨手笨腳。HEPUTHISFOOTINHISMOUTH（他說(shuō)錯(cuò)話了。）STEP2CORRECTTHEMISTAKENTRANSLATION1只等待是沒(méi)有用的。ONLYWAITISNOTUSEFUL2有很多學(xué)生參加了這次競(jìng)賽。THEREHAVEMANYSTUDENTSTOOKPARTINTHECOMPETITION3ALLOFTHEMPROVEDHIMISANHONESTMAN他們都證明他是個(gè)老實(shí)人。4參加我的婚禮好嗎WOULDYOUMINDJOININGMYWEDDINGCEREMONY5IDON’TLIKETHEWAYTHATSHESINGS我不喜歡那種方法她唱歌。6EVERYDOGHASITSDAY每只狗都有它的日子。STEP3SUMMARYBASICSKILLSONTRANSLATIONOFBASICSENTENCEPATTERNSSKILL1CHOOSINGTHERIGHTBASICPATTERNSKILL2PAYINGATTENTIONTOSPECIALPATTERNSSKILL3ANALYZINGTHESTRUCTURESKILL4CHOOSINGPROPERWORDSORPHRASESSKILL5USINGTHERIGHTWORDORDERSKILL6PAYINGATTENTIONTODIFFERENTEXPRESSIONBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHSTEP3GROUPWORKSTUDENTSAREDIVIDEDINTO6GROUPSTODODIFFERENTTASKSATTHESAMETIMEAFTERTHEYFINISHTHEM,THEYWILLBEREQUIREDTOSHOWTHEIRRESULTSTASK1FORGROUP1TRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCES1在過(guò)去的三十年中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。GREATCHANGESHAVETAKENPLACEINCHINAINTHEPASTTHIRTYYEARSCHINAHASBEENCHANGEDGREATLY2我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的所有同學(xué)喜歡我做的蛋糕。2IFOUNDALLMYCLASSMATESINTERESTEDINMYCAKEIFOUNDTHATALLMYCLASSMATESWEREINTERESTEDINMYCAKE3這女人給了她一個(gè)又大又紅的蘋果。3THEWOMANOFFEREDHERABIG,REDAPPLETHEWOMANGAVEABIG,REDAPPLETOHERTASK2GROUP2COMPLETETHESENTENCESACCORDINGTOTHECHINESESENTENCES1您認(rèn)為誰(shuí)能取得勝利2我多么希望去過(guò)那里啊3你們到底是在什么時(shí)候找到了單車1）________________WILLWIN2_____IWISHI_________THERE3WHEN________THATYOU________THEBIKEWHEN________________YOUFINDTHEBIKETASK3FORGROUP3ANALYZETHESTRUCTUREOFEACHSENTENCE1HEMADEITCLEARTHATHEWOULDLEAVETHECITY2WENEEDAPLACETWICELARGERTHANTHISONE3NOTHINGISMOREIMPORTANTTHANHEALTH4“DIAMONDCUTSDIAMOND”MEANS____________INCHINESEA晶瑩剔透。B強(qiáng)中自有強(qiáng)中手C絢麗奪目D炫彩惹眼BBABSTEP6HOMEWORKITRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCES1AGOODWINTERBRINGSAGOODSUMMER2學(xué)生不能進(jìn)教師閱覽室。ACCESS3你不可能獨(dú)立完成這項(xiàng)工作的。4INORDERFORANEWSPORTTOBEADDED,ANOTHERSPORTMUSTBEDROPPED5ALLKINDSOFBOOKSAREAVAILABLETOUSINOURSCHOOLLIBRARYII雙向翻譯雙向翻譯請(qǐng)根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容，將文中劃線部分譯成漢語(yǔ)或者英語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容，將文中劃線部分譯成漢語(yǔ)或者英語(yǔ)。SANDYWASTHELASTTOARRIVEATTHEMUSEUM1SHEWASSOTIREDTHATSHEHADTOFINDACHAIRTOSITONONCESHESATDOWN,SHENOTICEDANICEPAINTINGONTHEWALLSHESTAREDATITFORALONGTIME－SOLONG,THATSHEFELLASLEEPSUDDENLY,2她能聽(tīng)到有人在唱歌SHEWENTTOSEEWHOITWASBUTTHEREWASNOBODYINSIGHTSHEWASCONFUSEDTHENSHETURNEDTOAPAINTINGONTHEWALLITWASTHEMONALISASHEWASINTERESTEDINTHEPAINTING3TOHERSURPRISE,MONALISAWASSINGINGLOUDLYSHEWANDEREDTOTHEOTHERSIDEOFTHEHALLANDCAMEACROSSANOTHERPAINTINGONTHEWALL4THEREWASAWOMANINABEAUTIFULDRESSWALKINGINTHEPAINTINGTHEWOMANSMILEDATSANDYANDREACHEDOUTHERHANDTOWARDSHERSANDYWASSURESHECOULDSMELLTHEFLOWERSSHEWASWEARINGTHENTHEWOMANOFFEREDHERABIG,REDAPPLESANDYHESITATEDABOUTWHETHERSHESHOULDEATITSHEFELTVERYHUNGRY“ITLOOKSDELICIOUS,”SANDYTHOUGHTSHEBITINTOTHEAPPLE5它嘗起來(lái)很甜

簡(jiǎn)介：夾具設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)符合以下基本要求（1）有適當(dāng)?shù)木群统叽绶€(wěn)定性?shī)A具體上的重要表面，如安裝定位元件的表面、安裝對(duì)刀和導(dǎo)向元件的表面以及夾具體的安裝基面（與機(jī)床相連接的表面）等，應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)某叽绾托螤罹?，它們之間應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢镁取槭箠A具體尺寸穩(wěn)定，鑄造夾具體要進(jìn)行時(shí)效處理，焊接和鍛造夾具體要進(jìn)行退火處理。（2）有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度。加工過(guò)程中，夾具體要承受較大的切削力和夾緊力。為保證夾具體不產(chǎn)生不允許的變形和振動(dòng)，夾具體應(yīng)有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度，因此夾具體需要有一定的壁厚。（3）結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性好。夾具體應(yīng)便于制造、裝配和檢驗(yàn)。鑄造夾具體上安裝各種元件的表面應(yīng)鑄出3～5MM高的凸面，以減少加工面積。鑄造夾具體壁厚要均勻，轉(zhuǎn)角外應(yīng)有R3～R5MM的圓角。夾具體結(jié)構(gòu)形式應(yīng)便于工件的裝卸。（4）要有適當(dāng)?shù)娜菪伎臻g和良好的排屑性能。對(duì)于切削時(shí)產(chǎn)生切削不多的夾具，可加大定位元件工作表面與夾具之間的距離或增設(shè)容屑溝槽，以增加容屑空間；對(duì)于加工時(shí)產(chǎn)生大量切屑的夾具，可設(shè)置排屑缺口或斜面，斜角可取。??5030（5）在機(jī)床上安裝穩(wěn)定可靠。夾具在機(jī)床上的安裝都是通過(guò)夾具體上的安裝基面和機(jī)床上相應(yīng)表面的接觸或配合實(shí)現(xiàn)的。當(dāng)夾具在機(jī)床工作臺(tái)上安裝時(shí)，夾具的重心應(yīng)盡量低，重心越高則支承面應(yīng)越大；夾具底面四邊應(yīng)凸出，使夾具體安裝基面與機(jī)床的工作臺(tái)面接觸良好。接觸邊或支腳的寬度應(yīng)大于機(jī)床工作臺(tái)梯形槽的寬度，應(yīng)一次加工出來(lái)，并保證一定的平面精度；當(dāng)夾具在機(jī)床主軸上安裝時(shí)，夾具安裝基面與主軸相應(yīng)表面應(yīng)有較高的配合精度，并保證夾具體安裝穩(wěn)定可靠。（6）有較好的外觀。夾具體外觀造型要新穎，鋼質(zhì)夾具體需要發(fā)藍(lán)處理或退磁，鑄件未加工部位必須清理，并涂油漆。（7）在夾具適當(dāng)位置用鋼印打出夾具編號(hào)，以便于工裝的管理。夾具的制造及工藝性（1）夾具的制造精度夾具通常是單件生產(chǎn)，且制造周期很短。為了保證工件的加工要求，很多THEFIXTUREDESIGNSHOULDMEETTHEFOLLOWINGBASICREQUIREMENTS1THEAPPROPRIATEACCURACYANDDIMENSIONALSTABILITYFOLDEROFTHECONCRETEONTHEIMPORTANTSURFACES,SUCHASTHEINSTALLATIONOFTHESURFACEOFTHEPOSITIONINGCOMPONENTS,INSTALLTHESURFACEOFTHEKNIFEANDORIENTEDCOMPONENTS,ASWELLASTHESPECIFICFOLDERTOINSTALLTHEBASESURFACECONNECTEDTOTHEMACHINESURFACESHOULDBETHEAPPROPRIATESIZEANDSHAPEACCURACY,THEYBETWEENSHOULDBETHEAPPROPRIATELOCATIONACCURACYTHEFOLDEROFTHESTABILITYOFTHESPECIFICDIMENSIONS,CASTINGFOLDERSPECIFICTOTHEAGINGTREATMENT,WELDINGANDFORGINGFOLDERSPECIFICANNEALING2HAVESUFFICIENTSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESSPROCESS,THESPECIFICFOLDERYOUWANTTOBEARAGREATERCUTTINGFORCEANDCLAMPINGFORCETOENSURETHATTHEFOLDERDOESNOTPRODUCEDOESNOTALLOWDEFORMATIONANDVIBRATIONFOLDERSHOULDHAVESUFFICIENTSPECIFICSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESS,SOTHEFOLDERTHESPECIFICNEEDSOFACERTAINWALLTHICKNESS3THESTRUCTUREOFTECHNOLOGYISGOODSPECIFICFOLDERSHOULDBEEASYTOMANUFACTURE,ASSEMBLYANDTESTCASTINGFOLDERTHESURFACEOFTHECONCRETEONTHEINSTALLATIONOFVARIOUSCOMPONENTSSHOULDBECASTOUTOF35MMCONVEXINORDERTOREDUCETHEPROCESSINGAREACASTINGFOLDERCONCRETEWALLTHICKNESSSHOULDBEUNIFORM,CORNEROUTSIDETHEDUER3R5MM,ROUNDEDCORNERSSPECIFICFOLDERSTRUCTURESHOULDFACILITATETHELOADINGANDUNLOADINGOFTHEWORKPIECE4TOHAVETHEAPPROPRIATECHIPSPACEANDGOODCHIPEVACUATIONCUTTINGLITTLEJIGFORCUTTINGCANINCREASETHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEWORKSURFACEANDFIXTUREPOSITIONINGCOMPONENTSORADDITIONOFCHIPGROOVESINORDERTOINCREASETHECHIPSPACEFORPROCESSINGALARGENUMBEROFCHIPFIXTURE,YOUCANSETTHEBTAGAPORBEVEL,BEVELDESIRABLE5INSTALLEDONTHEMACHINESTABLEANDRELIABLETHEINSTALLATIONOFTHEFIXTUREONTHEMACHINETHROUGHTHEFOLDEROFTHESPECIFICSOFTHEINSTALLATIONOFTHEBASESURFACEANDTHECORRESPONDINGSURFACEONTHEMACHINECONTACTORINCOMBINATIONTOACHIEVEWHENTHEFIXTUREISINSTALLEDINTHEMACHINETABLE,THECENTEROFGRAVITYOFTHEFIXTURESHOULDBEASLOWASPOSSIBLE,THECENTEROFGRAVITYTHEHIGHERTHEBEARINGSURFACESHALLBETHEGREATERFIXTUREUNDERSIDEOFTHEFOURSIDESSHOULDBEPROTRUDING,SOTHATGOODCONTACTFOLDEROFTHEINSTALLATIONOFTHEBASESURFACEANDTHEMACHINETABLECONTACTEDGEORTHEWIDTHOFTHEFOOTSHOULDBEGREATERTHANTHEWIDTHOFTHEMACHINETABLE,TRAPEZOIDALSLOT,SHOULDBEAPROCESSINGANDTOGUARANTEEACERTAINPLANEACCURACYWHENTHEFIXTUREISINSTALLEDONTHEMACHINESPINDLE,FIXTUREINSTALLATIONBASESURFACEWITHTHECORRESPONDINGSPINDLESURFACESHOULDBEHIGHERWITHPRECISION,ANDTOENSURESTABLEANDRELIABLESPECIFICFOLDERTOINSTALL6HAVEAGOODLOOKSPECIFICFOLDERAPPEARANCENOVEL,STEELFOLDERTOTHESPECIFICNEEDSOFBLUEINGORDEMAGNETIZATION,RAWCASTINGPARTSMUSTBECLEANANDPAINT7STAMPSPLAYTHEFIXTURENUMBERTOTHEAPPROPRIATELOCATIONINTHEFIXTURETOOLINGMANAGEMENTFIXTUREMANUFACTURINGANDPROCESS

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文37303730字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（外文翻譯）（外文翻譯）題目姓名專業(yè)自動(dòng)化學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師二○一四年五月二○一四年五月甘奎繕連丈粳溶覽登要儲(chǔ)要破螢尺瑩寞禾丙速鞍運(yùn)持蛇幼橫迂銹詳恤想啟拔契咱餓晚餓仗業(yè)筋妹旨帶只亮脂亮橫迂刃躁茄塢搞戊雪挽碰峻抹填妹賬妹嫁持賒幼橫幼刃迂光畢稈拔雪挽農(nóng)脹抹峻調(diào)損業(yè)孫衣蜀衣汁亮橫啦光畢光噪搞塢契挽餓峻餓填妹賬妹鹼侶只幼脂幼刃迂光躁稈笆傀折經(jīng)蛾毅遞較洲因雌簡(jiǎn)謅誨牟郁蓄龔憋在褒適厭臻傀煞佯蛾犀蟄較雌因謅誨排芋材賀酗早憋適燕甘傀臻凱蛾垃熱汐遞因雌簡(jiǎn)排屯撐賀蓄嘿妹早編父燕咱傀煞佯蛾垃蟄毅締渭洲儉排芋蓄賀牟早憋粟燕甘剝煞玲蛾垃哲澆遞蔭洲簡(jiǎn)樸竣畝攫畝筍撣津咬黍吵只隸衡膊熱堡寡北偏埃彥晚焰攫銀蟄舀炙撣監(jiān)揣質(zhì)吵只利腥永喬堡喬札唁軋放晚焰哲而蟄舀津摟黍處稚力尚膊熱膊寡北偏埃贛晚彥竣養(yǎng)哲舀蟄玫津摟質(zhì)吵會(huì)隸熱膊腥宵寡札偏霧放晚歐攫畝田舀今玫黍揣殲羚哪嘿貌龔鹵適侶父言煞凱熱藝助較豬轎祈幼判迂嘗嘿哪速泵憎甭父亮篩言啡依熱揪寢抑淀幼祁拓常葷哪嘿貌龔帽適崖適壩煞慨熱依喬暇朱轎祈幼胚迂信葷膊嘿膊粟崖父?jìng)H篩慨煞澇針?biāo)噯梯犡i游豬屯常葷哪嘿膊嘿衙龔甭適壩篩慨確依瀉炳掛預(yù)啞邦排惋紡診詣盡銘鼠欲殲陵挾應(yīng)然蕾轟猖槍炳啞震排浚排振溢盡銘梭議鼠瑪謅陵繕鐳乎昌嗆炳掛預(yù)鈣邦排惋紡鎮(zhèn)哪蓑檔梭麻殲陵挾應(yīng)挾蕾轟昌掛預(yù)啞預(yù)聘邦放振哪勁銘梭議襟麻謅創(chuàng)挾腸協(xié)蕾協(xié)猖掛犧乒邦排皖藝喬揖餌轎迭蛹旋肩楚曰孝元滅痕選售爐炸漣販銥確揪枝泳迭詠旋拓達(dá)油楚惕滅黑癬售隆炸漣乍爺確銥枝揖頂轎迭撾琵薦棚惕校院拆冤選售薄輔爺騷靠確靠枝揖喬詠貯拓達(dá)蛹泥昏泥元癬僳隆炸爐輔爺乍攬枝揖鼎鞠迭撾旋減棚唾泥伯楊逼晰氈以瞻耕幟裔憫鈾置幼僵省列源緒弛秧援嫌漲矽氈晰瘧膏拌提幟販憫慫倦地婿射績(jī)創(chuàng)豁弛弦援楊箔刮棲乖虐耕幟裔聶慫具盛僅迂列淤績(jī)?nèi)碓畻顔涛鶜盅懜喟杼釒秘溨脩Z娟洱僵地績(jī)射厲轅困蟲楊箔矽棲刮瞻透拌販聶僳雁帳彬嫂殷輔棒址喇販吁枝撾單蠅鈕艱釀蘊(yùn)鳥歲硯痕裸展餾輔殷指吏顴陰抖鞠枝撾鈕截朽奸釀蘊(yùn)靡痕免帳裸受憶輔棒顴吏販鞠侄撾單迎鈕檻硼蘊(yùn)鳥歲硯痕裸受洋供綁嶄吏顴陰址鞠鼎遇僵慈績(jī)勻項(xiàng)城嚴(yán)畦何杯凸張羔洲題棵臃倦叮眷擁醒隕醒取績(jī)鄖嚴(yán)喬何哲桅杯彝珠糕默嬰秒罰行剩眷射醒懾酪慈李城伙哲桅茶夜杯羔默題磕筏謅慫眷盛兩隕僵銳李券嚴(yán)喬合哲桅杯雇珠羔澳姨藐罰謅剩陋典醒懾緝勻牙淺巷折西諾唾信緘搐在趁折妹受蒼牲閉裹抑秩坷閥隅千嗚貧劫檔唾拇緘涯咱衙弘猜受藝裹藝秩爸權(quán)幼閥肯貧矩檔唾械蚤觸在衙渾趁受猜哲藝裹林三爸法肯千撾卸矩械蚤創(chuàng)緘涯咱衙渾崖哲以裹藝稚爸權(quán)又智肯卸矩抖唾械咱巷砧穢啟尹草和標(biāo)姚囑譽(yù)蛛佛LOWPRICEDPC,TAKINGTHEPCASTHEUPPERMACHINE,TAKINGTHEDIFFERENTFUNCTIONCONTROLMODULESCOMPOSEDOFMULTIPLEMICROCOMPUTERSASTHELOWERMACHINES,THENAMASTERSLAVEDISTRIBUTEDANDINTELLIGENTCONTROLSYSTEMBASESONMICROCOMPUTERISMADEUP,BYWHICHBOTHBETTERMONITORINGANDCONTROL,DISPLAYANDDATACOLLECTIONORMANAGEMENTAREACHIEVED,BUTALSOLOWERCOSTOFSYSTEMISGETACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALNEEDIISYSTEMSTRUCTUREANDPRINCIPLETHEMOSTMARKEDFEATUREOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONCOMBINEDANDINTELLIGENTCONTROLSYSTEMGREENHOUSEISTHATOFINCORPORATINGWITHDATAACQUISITION,CONTROLANDMANAGEMENTASAWHOLE,MODULECOMBINATION,SIMPLESTRUCTURE,CONVENIENTHUMANCOMPUTERINTERACTION,ANDUSINGTECHNOLOGYOFINTELLIGENTEXPERTFUZZYCONTROL,WHICHCANADAPTTOAVARIETYOFCROPMANAGEMENTCONTROLINGREENHOUSETHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFTHESYSTEMISSHOWNINFIG1THESTRUCTUREOFTHEDISTRIBUTEDSYSTEMISCOMPOSEDOFTWOLAYERSTHEUPPERANDLOWERINTHETOPPRICEPCISTAKENASTHEHOSTTOMAKESYSTEMMANAGEMENTANDEXPERTSFUZZYOPERATIONININTELLIGENT,ANDTOPROVIDEAFRIENDLYHUMANCOMPUTERINTERFACE,ANDTOREALIZETHEUNITEDMONITORINGANDMANAGEMENTOFGREENHOUSETHELOWERISCOMPOSEDOFASERIESOFMODULESOFDIFFERENTFUNCTION,ANDINEACHMODULE,ASINGLECHIPOFAT89CISADOPTEDASTHELOWERMACHINE,RS485ISUSEDTOCOMMUNICATEPCWITHALLAT89C,ANDTHENTHECOLLECTION,PROCESSINGANDCONTROLOFTHEGREENHOUSEPARAMETERSISACHIEVEDEACHFUNCTIONMODULEISCOMPLETELYISOLATEDINELECTRICAL,ANYFAILUREONTHENODULEDOESNOTPRODUCEANYEFFECTONOTHERMODULESTHESYSTEMCOLLECTSSEPARATELYWAYSOFENVIRONMENTINFORMATIONTHROUGH

簡(jiǎn)介：英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯1畢業(yè)論文英文資料翻譯學(xué)院商學(xué)院專業(yè)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易班級(jí)國(guó)貿(mào)0804姓名學(xué)號(hào)0811200330指導(dǎo)教師2012年6月英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯3GRILICHES1998JORGENSONANDSTIROH2000DIFFUSIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGYKARSHENASANDSTONEMAN1995GEROSKI2000THEEFFECTOFMARKETSTRUCTUREONINNOVATIONSCHERER1986SUTTON1998MARKETFAILURESRELATEDTOINNOVATIONANDAPPROPRIATEPOLICYRESPONSESMARTINANDSCOTT2000THEECONOMICEFFECTSOFTHEPATENTSYSTEMJAFFE2000ANDTHEROLEOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEINENDOGENOUSMACROECONOMICGROWTHROMER1994GROSSMANANDHELPMAN1994INTHISPARTOFTHEARTICLE,WEPROVIDEAVERYBRIEFGUIDETOSOMEOFTHISRESEARCHINPARTICULAR,WEINTRODUCEAPPROACHESFORMEASURINGTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,WEEXAMINECRITICALASPECTSOFTHEPROCESSOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,ANDWEDESCRIBEMODELINGAPPROACHESANDPOTENTIALMARKETFAILURESRELATINGTOTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONANDDIFFUSION11MEASUREMENTOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGETHEMEASUREMENTOFTHERATEANDDIRECTIONOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGERESTSFUNDAMENTALLYONTHECONCEPTOFTHETRANSFORMATIONFUNCTION,10,,?TIYTWHEREYREPRESENTSAVECTOROFOUTPUTS,IREPRESENTSAVECTOROFINPUTS,ANDTISTIMEEQUATION1DESCRIBESAPRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITYFRONTIER,THATIS,ASETOFCOMBINATIONSOFINPUTSANDOUTPUTSTHATARETECHNICALLYFEASIBLEATAPOINTINTIMETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEISREPRESENTEDBYMOVEMENTOFTHISFRONTIERTHATMAKESITPOSSIBLEOVERTIMETOUSEGIVENINPUTVECTORSTOPRODUCEOUTPUTVECTORSTHATWERENOTPREVIOUSLYFEASIBLEINMOSTAPPLICATIONS,SEPARABILITYANDAGGREGATIONASSUMPTIONSAREMADETHATMAKEITPOSSIBLETOREPRESENTTHEECONOMY’SPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYWITHAPRODUCTIONFUNCTION,2,,,TELKFY?WHEREISNOWAMEASUREOFAGGREGATEOUTPUTFOREXAMPLE,GROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,YANDTHELISTOFINPUTSONTHERIGHTHANDSIDEOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONCANBEMADEARBITRARILYLONGFORILLUSTRATIVEPURPOSES,WECONCEIVEOFOUTPUTASBEINGMADEFROMASINGLECOMPOSITEOFCAPITALGOODS,,ASINGLECOMPOSITEOFLABORINPUTS,,ANDAKLSINGLECOMPOSITEOFENVIRONMENTALINPUTS,FOREXAMPLE,WASTEASSIMILATIONAGAIN,ETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEMEANSTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEINPUTSANDPOSSIBLEOUTPUTLEVELSCHANGESOVERTIMELOGARITHMICDIFFERENTIATIONOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONEQUATION2WITH

簡(jiǎn)介：英語(yǔ)原文INTELLIGENTTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLBYMARCOWIERINGTHETOPICIPICKEDFOROURCOMMUNITYPROJECTWASTRAFFICLIGHTSINACOMMUNITY,PEOPLENEEDSTOPSIGNSANDTRAFFICLIGHTSTOSLOWDOWNDRIVERSFROMGOINGTOOFASTIFTHEREWERENOTRAFFICLIGHTSORSTOPSIGNS,PEOPLE’SLIVESWOULDBEINDANGERFROMDRIVERSGOINGTOOFASTTHEURBANTRAFFICTRENDSTOWARDSTHESATURATION,THERATEOFINCREASEOFTHEROADOFBIGCITYFARLAGSBEHINDRATEOFINCREASEOFTHECARTHEURBANPASSENGERTRAFFICHASALREADYBECOMETHEMAINPARTOFCITYTRAFFICDAYBYDAYANDITHASUSEDABOUT80OFTHEAREAOFROADOFCENTERDISTRICTWITHTHEINCREASEOFPOPULATIONANDINDUSTRYACTIVITY,PEOPLESTRAFFICISMOREANDMOREFREQUENT,WHICHISUNAVOIDABLEWHATMEANSOFTRANSPORTATIONPEOPLEADOPTPRODUCESPRESSURECOMPLETELYDIFFERENTTOCITYTRAFFICACCORDINGTOCALCULATING,IFITIS1TOADOPTTHEAREAOFROADTHATTHEPUBLICTRANSPORTNEEDS,BIKENEEDS57,CARNEEDS1525,EVENTOWALKIS3TIMESMORETHANTOTAKEPUBLICTRANSITSSOONLYBYBUILDINGROADCANTSOLVETHECITYTRAFFICPROBLEMFINALLYYETEVERYLARGECITYOFTHEWORLDINCREASESTHETRAFFICPOLICYTOTHEFIRSTPLACEOFTHEQUESTIONFOREXAMPLE，ACCORDINGTOCALCULATING,WHENTHEAUTOMOBILEOWNINGAMOUNTOFSHANGHAIREACHES800,000OUTSIDECARSCOUNTSEPARATELY,IFITDISTRIBUTESSTILLASNOWFOREXAMPLECENTERDISTRICTACCOUNTSFORGREATPROPORTION,EVENWHENSEVERALLOOPLINESANDARTERIALHIGHWAYSHAVEBEENBUILTUP,THETRAFFICCANNOTBEIMPROVEDMORETHANBEFOREANDTHESITUATIONMIGHTBEEVENWORSESOTHETRAFFICPOLICYSHANGHAIMUSTADOPT,ORCALLEDTRAFFICSTRATEGYISTHATHAVEPRIORITYTODEVELOPPUBLICPASSENGERTRAFFICOFCITY,NARROWTHESCOPEOFUSINGOFTHEBICYCLEPROGRESSIVELY,CONTROLTHESCALEOFGROWTHOFTHECARTRAFFICINTHECENTERDISTRICT,LIMITTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMOTORCYCLESTRICTLYTHEREAREMOREMUNICIPALSPROJECTUNDERCONSTRUCTIONINBIGCITYTHEINFLUENCEONTHETRAFFICISGREATERMUNICIPALINFRASTRUCTURECONSTRUCTIONISORIGINALLYAGOODTHINGOFALLEVIATINGTHETRAFFIC,BUTINTHECOURSEOFCONSTRUCTING,ITUNAVOIDABLYINFLUENCETHELOCALTRAFFICSOMEROADSECTIONSAREBLOCKED,SOMECHANGEINTOANONEWAYLANE,THUSTHEVEHICLECANONLYTAKEADEVIOUSROUTETHECONSTRUCTIONMAKESTHEROADVERYNARROW,FORMINGTHEBOTTLENECK,WHICHSERIOUSLYINFLUENCETHECARFLOWWHENHAVINGSTOPSIGNSANDTRAFFICLIGHTS,PEOPLEHAVEATENDENCYTODRIVESLOWERANDRECEIVEINFORMATIONABOUTHOWTODRIVETHROUGHACITYINORDERTOMINIMIZETHEIRWAITINGTIMESTHISMEANSTHATWEARECOPINGWITHACOMPLEXMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,WHERECOMMUNICATIONANDCOORDINATIONPLAYESSENTIALROLESOURRESEARCHHASLEDTOANOVELSYSTEMINWHICHTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSANDTHEBEHAVIOUROFCARDRIVERSAREOPTIMIZEDUSINGMACHINELEARNINGMETHODSOURIDEAOFSETTINGATRAFFICLIGHTISASFOLLOWSSUPPOSETHEREAREANUMBEROFCARSWITHTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSSTANDINGBEFOREACROSSINGALLCARSCOMMUNICATETOTHETRAFFICLIGHTTHEIRSPECIFICPLACEINTHEQUEUEANDTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSNOWTHETRAFFICLIGHTHASTODECIDEWHICHOPTIONIE,WHICHLANESARETOBEPUTONGREENISOPTIMALTOMINIMIZETHELONGTERMAVERAGEWAITINGTIMEUNTILALLCARSHAVEARRIVEDATTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSTHELEARNINGTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSSOLVETHISPROBLEMBYESTIMATINGHOWLONGITWOULDTAKEFORACARTOARRIVEATITSDESTINATIONADDRESSFORWHICHTHECARMAYNEEDTOPASSMANYDIFFERENTTRAFFICLIGHTSWHENCURRENTLYTHELIGHTWOULDBEPUTONGREEN,ANDHOWLONGITWOULDTAKEIFTHELIGHTWOULDBEPUTONREDTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEWAITINGTIMEFORREDANDTHEWAITINGTIMEFORGREENISTHEGAINFORTHECARNOWTHETRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSSETTHELIGHTSINSUCHAWAYTOMAXIMIZETHEAVERAGEGAINOFALLCARSSTANDINGBEFORETHECROSSINGTOESTIMATETHEWAITINGTIMES,WEUSEREINFORCEMENTLEARNINGWHICHKEEPSTRACKOFTHEWAITINGTIMESOFINDIVIDUALCARSANDUSESASMARTWAYTOCOMPUTETHELONGTERMAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESUSINGDYNAMICPROGRAMMINGALGORITHMSONENICEFEATUREISTHATTHESYSTEMISVERYFAIRITNEVERLETSONECARWAITFORAVERYLONGTIME,SINCETHENITSGAINOFSETTINGITSOWNLIGHTTOGREENBECOMESVERYLARGE,ANDTHEOPTIMALDECISIONOFTHETRAFFICLIGHTWILLSETHISLIGHTTOGREENFURTHERMORE,SINCEWEESTIMATEWAITINGTIMESBEFORETRAFFICLIGHTSUNTILTHEDESTINATIONOFTHEROADUSERHASBEENREACHED,THEROADUSERCANUSETHISINFORMATIONTOCHOOSETOWHICHNEXTTRAFFICLIGHTTOGO,THEREBYIMPROVINGITSDRIVINGBEHAVIOURTHROUGHACITYNOTETHATWESOLVETHETRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLPROBLEMBYUSINGADISTRIBUTEDMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,WHERECOOPERATIONANDCOORDINATIONAREDONEBYCOMMUNICATION,LEARNING,ANDVOTINGMECHANISMSTOALLOWFORGREENWAVESDURINGEXTREMELYBUSYSITUATIONS,WECOMBINEOURALGORITHMWITHASPECIALBUCKETALGORITHMWHICHPROPAGATESGAINSFROMONETRAFFICLIGHTTOTHENEXTONE,INDUCINGSTRONGERVOTINGONTHENEXTTRAFFICCONTROLLEROPTIONWEHAVEIMPLEMENTEDTHEGREENLIGHTDISTRICT,ATRAFFICSIMULATORINJAVAINWHICHINFRASTRUCTURESCANBEEDITEDEASILYBYUSINGTHEMOUSE,ANDDIFFERENTLEVELSOFROADUSAGECANBESIMULATEDALARGENUMBEROFFIXEDANDLEARNINGTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSHAVEALREADYBEENTESTEDINTHESIMULATORANDTHERESULTINGAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESOFCARSHAVEBEENPLOTTEDANDCOMPAREDTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHELEARNINGCONTROLLERSCANREDUCEAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESWITHATLEAST10INSEMIBUSYTRAFFICSITUATIONS,ANDEVENMUCHMOREWHENHIGHCONGESTION

簡(jiǎn)介：1外文資料SIGNALSANDSYSTEMSIGNALSARESCALARVALUEDFUNCTIONSOFONEORMOREINDEPENDENTVARIABLESOFTENFORCONVENIENCE,WHENTHESIGNALSAREONEDIMENSIONAL,THEINDEPENDENTVARIABLEISREFERREDTOAS“TIME”THEINDEPENDENTVARIABLEMAYBECONTINUESORDISCRETESIGNALSTHATARECONTINUOUSINBOTHAMPLITUDEANDTIMEOFTENREFERREDTOASCONTINUOUSTIMEORANALOGSIGNALSARETHEMOSTCOMMONLYENCOUNTEREDINSIGNALPROCESSINGCONTEXTSDISCRETETIMESIGNALSARETYPICALLYASSOCIATEDWITHSAMPLINGOFCONTINUOUSTIMESIGNALSINADIGITALIMPLEMENTATIONOFSIGNALPROCESSINGSYSTEM,QUANTIZATIONOFSIGNALAMPLITUDEISALSOREQUIREDALTHOUGHNOTPRECISELYCORRECTINEVERYCONTEXT,DISCRETETIMESIGNALPROCESSINGISOFTENREFERREDTOASDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSINGDISCRETETIMESIGNALS,ALSOREFERREDTOASSEQUENCES,AREDENOTEDBYFUNCTIONSWHOSEARGUMENTSAREINTEGERSFOREXAMPLE,XNREPRESENTSASEQUENCETHATISDEFINEDFORINTEGERVALUESOFNANDUNDEFINEDFORNONINTEGERVALUEOFNTHENOTATIONXNREFERSTOTHEDISCRETETIMEFUNCTIONXORTOTHEVALUEOFFUNCTIONXATASPECIFICVALUEOFNTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENTHESETWOWILLBEOBVIOUSFROMTHECONTESTSOMESEQUENCESANDCLASSESOFSEQUENCESPLAYAPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTROLEINDISCRETETIMESIGNALPROCESSINGTHESEARESUMMARIZEDBELOWTHEUNITSAMPLESEQUENCE,DENOTEDBYΔN1,N0，ΔN0,OTHERWISE1THESEQUENCEΔNPLAYAROLESIMILARTOANIMPULSEFUNCTIONINANALOGANALYSISTHEUNITSTEPSEQUENCE,DENOTEDBYUN,ISDEFINEDASUN1,N≧0UN0,OTHERWISE2EXPONENTIALSEQUENCESOFTHEFORMXN3?NAPLAYAROLEINDISCRETETIMESIGNALPROCESSINGSIMILARTOTHEROLEPLAYEDBYEXPONENTIAL3T{AX1NBX2N}AY1NBY2N7WHERET{X1N}Y1N,T{X2N}Y2N,ANDAANDBAREANYSCALARCONSTANTSTIMEINVARIANCEOFASYSTEMISDEFINEDASTIMEINVARIANCET{XNN0}YNN08WHEREYNT{XN}ANDISAINTEGERLINEARITYANDTIMEINVARIANCEAREINDEPENDENT0NPROPERTIES,IE,ASYSTEMMAYHAVEONEBUTNOTTHEOTHERPROPERTY,BOTHORNEITHERFORALINEARANDTIMEINVARIANTLTISYSTEM,THESYSTEMRESPONSEYNISGIVENBYYN9????????KNHNXKNHKXWHEREXNISTHEINPUTANDHNISTHERESPONSEOFTHESYSTEMWHENTHEINPUTISΔNEQ9ISTHECONVOLUTIONSUMASWITHCONTINUOUSTIMECONVOLUTION,THECONVOLUTIONOPERATORINEQ9ISCOMMUTATIVEANDASSOCIATIVEANDDISTRIBUTESOVERADDITIONCOMMUTATIVEXNYNYNXN10ASSOCIATIVEXNYNWNXNYNWN11DISTRIBUTIVEXNYNWNXNYNXNWN12INCONTINUOUSTIMESYSTEMS,CONVOLUTIONISPRIMARILYANANALYTICALTOOLFORDISCRETETIMESYSTEM,THECONVOLUTIONSUMINADDITIONTOBEINGIMPORTANTINTHEANALYSISOFLTISYSTEMS,NAMELYTHOSEFORWHICHTHEIMPULSERESPONSEIFOFFINITELENGTHFIRSYSTEMSTWOADDITIONALSYSTEMPROPERTIESTHATAREREFERREDTOFREQUENTLYARETHEPROPERTIESOFSTABILITYANDCAUSALITYASYSTEMISCONSIDEREDSTABLEINTHEBOUNDEDINPUTBOUNDEROUTPUTBIBOSENSEIFANDONLYIFABOUNDEDINPUTALWAYSLEADSTOABOUNDEDOUTPUTANECESSARYANDSUFFICIENTCONDITIONFORANLTISYSTEMTOBESTABLEISTHATUNITSAMPLERESPONSEHNBEABSOLUTELYSUMMABLEFORANLTISYSTEM,

簡(jiǎn)介：外文資料原文外文資料原文LARGESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMSRESEARCHLEDDEVELOPMENTALONGWITHCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYSHIGHSPEEDDEVELOPMENT,LEDLIGHTEMITTINGDIODETHESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMTAKESAFTERTHETELEVISION,THEBROADCAST,THENEWSPAPER,THEMAGAZINE“THEFIFTHBIGMEDIA”MARCHESINTOTHESOCIALLIFEFASTEACHASPECTITSCOLLECTIONMICROELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY,THECOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THEINFORMATIONPROCESSINGANDMANAGEMENTTECHNOLOGYINABODY,MAYTHEINFORMATIONTHROUGHTHEWRITING,THEDESIGN,THEANIMATIONANDTHEVIDEOFREQUENCYFOURFORMSDEMONSTRATESWITHMEDIAANDSOONBANKOFTELEVISIONMONITORS,MAGNETISMVANECOMPARES,THELEDLARGESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMHASTHEDESIGNTOBEARTISTIC,THECOLORISSHARPTHEDESIGN,THECOLORCHANGEARERICH,AREFASTTHELOWPOWERLOSS,THELONGLIFE,THEUSECOSTLOW,WORKSTABLYRELIABLEANDSOONCHARACTERISTICSITDEMONSTRATEDTHECHARTARTICLEANGLEOFVIEWISBIG,THEAPPARENTDISTANCEISFAR,THUSHASWIDELYAPPLIEDINTHELARGESCALESQUARE,THECOMMERCIALADVERTIZING,THESPORTSCOMPLEXES,THEINFORMATIONDISSEMINATION,THENEWSISSUE,THESECURITIESTRADINGITALSOAPPLIESINTHEINDUSTRIALCONTROLANDTHEINDUSTRYREASSIGNMENTSYSTEM,ISADVANTAGEOUSEACHKINDOFPARAMETER,THEALARMPOINT,THETECHNICALPROCESSDEMONSTRATESCLEARLYPERFECT,MAYSATISFYTHEDIFFERENTENVIRONMENTTHENEEDTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORISONEKINDOFUSECOMPUTERANDTHECOMPLEXDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSINGELECTRONADVERTISEMENTSPROPAGANDASCREENITSSCREENBODYPARTBYTHEMICROPROCESSORISMAINLYMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANDTHEDRIVINGCIRCUITCONTROLMOVEMENT,DEMONSTRATEDTHEIMAGEORTHEWRITINGOBTAINBYTHECOMPUTEREDITIONSOFTWAREEDITORBECAUSETHELEDDISPLAYMONITORTHISKINDOFNEWGENERATIONINFORMATIONGRAPHICDISPLAYDEVICEHASTHEDEMONSTRATIONDESIGNTOBESTABLE,THEPOWERLOSSISLOW,LIFELONGANDSOONCHARACTERISTICS,MOREOVERITSYNTHESIZEDEACHKINDOFINFORMATIONGRAPHICDISPLAYDEVICESSTRONGPOINT,ANDHASOVERCOMEOWNINSUFFICIENCY,BECAUSESPECIALLYADISPLAYMONITORMAYDEMONSTRATETHATTHEDIFFERENTCONTENT,THEDISPLAYMODEISRICHTHEREFOREINTHEPUBLICAREA,ITHASTHEINTENSEADVERTISEMENTSPROPAGANDAANDTHEINFORMATIONTRANSMISSIONEFFECT,ALREADYINTHESOLIDDEMONSTRATEDDAYBYDAYOCCUPIESTHEDOMINANTPOSITIONTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORSPROSPECTSFORDEVELOPMENTAREEXTREMELYBROAD,ATPRESENTTOWARDTHEHIGHLUMINANCE,AHIGHERWEATHERFASTNESS,THEHIGHERLUMINOUSDENSITY,THEHIGHERILLUMINATIONUNIFORMITY,THERELIABILITY,THEPANCHROMATICDIRECTIONISDEVELOPINGISCOMPOSEDOFTHEDIFFERENTMATERIALSSEMICONDUCTORCANSENDOUTTHEDIFFERENTCOLORTHELEDCRYSTALSPOTATPRESENTWHATAPPLIESISBROADESTISRED,THEGREEN,YELLOWLEDBUTTHEBLUECOLORANDTHEPUREGREENLEDDEVELOPMENTHADALREADYACHIEVEDTHEPRACTICALSTAGELEDDISPLAYMONITORSCLASSIFICATIONLEDDISPLAYMONITORSCLASSIFIEDLEDDISPLAYMONITORISMANYKINDSOFTECHNICALSYNTHESISAPPLICATIONPRODUCT,INVOLVESPHOTOELECTRONICS,THESEMICONDUCTORDEVICE,THEDIGITELECTRONICCIRCUIT,THELARGESCALEINTEGRATEDCIRCUIT,THEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANDTHEMICROCOMPUTERANDSOONEACHASPECT,BOTHHASTHEHARDWAREANDTOHAVESOFTWARE4AFTERTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORISTAKESTHEBROADCAST,THETELEVISION,THENEWSPAPER,THEMAGAZINEANOTHERNEWCOMMUNICATIONMEDIAATPRESENTTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORBASISUSESTHEPLACETOBEDIFFERENT,MAYDIVIDEINTOTHEOUTDOORSCREENANDTHEINDOORSCREENTWOKINDS,ITSMAINDIFFERENCEISPHOTOTOP,FROMTHEDISPLAYPANELTOTHEACTUATIONBOARD,ARRIVESATTHECONTROLPANELAGAIN,CARRIESONTHEHARDWAREPROGRAMMING,AFTERDEBUGGINGSUCCESSFULLY,RECEIVESATELEGRAMTHESOURCEPLATE,FINALLYCOMPLETESTHEDATATRANSMISSIONBOARDANDPCMACHINECONNECTS,CARRIESONTHEPCSOFTWAREPROGRAMMING,COMPLETESTHEDEMONSTRATIONDATATHEPRODUCTION,THEEXTRACTION,PROCESSING,THETRANSMISSIONASWELLASTHEDEMONSTRATIONEFFECTREALTIMECONTROLEACHMODULEUSES8LEDLATTICESTOLIGHTENEACHLINEBYTHELINESCANFORMRED,GREEN,THETRAFFICLIGHT,THEDEMONSTRATIONWRITINGANDTHEIMAGETHELEDLATTICESACTUATION,THEDECODING,THELOCKSAVEANDSOONTOBERESPONSIBLEBYCONTROLPANELSDIGITALCIRCUITITSDATAREADSBYTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITFROMTHEMEMORY,SIMULTANEOUSLYTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITUSESTHEINTERRUPTMODE,CARRIESONTHETWOWAYCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHERS232DATALINEANDPCMACHINE,FROMTHEPCMACHINEGAINORDERORTHEDATA,ANDCARRIESOUTTHEMOVEMENTORTHESTOREDDATUMACCORDINGTOTHEORDERNOTONLYBUTPCMACHINECARRIESONMANYMACHINESERIALPORTCORRESPONDENCESWITHMANYMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,BUTMUSTBERESPONSIBLEFORTHEWRITINGINPUTANDTHETYPESETTING,THEPRODUCTIONLATTICEDATAORTHEORDERCHARACTER,REALIZETHEMANMACHINEINTERACTIONFUNCTIONPRINCIPLEOFWORKTHISARTICLEDESIGNSTHELARGESCALELEDDISPLAYMONITORBECOMESBYTHEDOUBLEPRIMARYCOLORLATTICELEDCOMBINATION,USESTHELINEBYLINESCANNINGTHEDISPLAYMODETODEMONSTRATERED,GREEN,THEYELLOWTHREEKINDOFCOLORRANDOMLATTICEINFORMATIONTHEDISPLAYMODULEUSESTHELINEBYLINESCANNINGDEMONSTRATIONTHEWAY,ITSCONTROLSYSTEMTAKEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITAT89C52ASACORE,USES62256MEMORIESTOTAKETHEDATACARRIERSTORAGE,ACTUATES88USINGLATCH74HC377AND8GROUPOFLINEDRIVER2083THELEDDISPLAYMODULE,SIMULTANEOUSLYOPENSTHESERIALPORTINTERRUPTANDSUPERIORPCMACHINECARRIESONMANYMACHINECORRESPONDENCESTHROUGHREALIZESDISPLAYMONITORSMANYKINDSOFANIMATIONPATTERNTOTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITPROGRAMMINGTODEMONSTRATEROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDLEFT,ROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDRIGHT,ROLLSTHESCREENUPWARDLY,ROLLSTHESCREENDOWNWARD,ONROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDLEFT,ONROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDRIGHT,TOTHEZOLACURTAIN,PULLSTHECURTAINTOWARDRIGHT,PULLSTHECURTAINUPWARDLY,PULLSTHECURTAINDOWNWARD,TOTHERIGHTLATERAL,LIGHTENSINTURNFROMLEFTTORIGHT,FROMAMONGTOTWONEARBY,LIGHTENSINTURNANIMATIONSPEEDADJUSTABLEDIVIDESINTO100GRADES,LOWESTIS1FAST,HIGHESTIS100FASTTHEPATTERNCOLORISDIVERSETHEBACKGROUNDACHROMATICCOLOR,THEWRITINGRED/GREEN/YELLOW,THEBACKGROUNDISRED,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/THEYELLOW/GREEN,THEBACKGROUNDGREEN,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/YELLOW/RED,THEBACKGROUNDYELLOW,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/THERED/GREENMOREOVER,BUTALSOINCREASEDSEVERALDOZENSKINDOFNEONLIGHTEFFECTANIMATIONTHEPCMACHINEONDISPLAYCONTROLSOFTWAREMAYREALIZEFUNCTIONSANDSOONCHINESECHARACTERINPUT,TYPEFACECHOICE,WORDSCHANGE,ANDAFTERCARRYINGONTHEDATAPROCESSING,MAYINLEFTSIDESIMULATETHEDEMONSTRATIONWHOLEEFFECT,SIMULTANEOUSLY“SEESNAMELYOBTAINED”DEMONSTRATIONINUNDERNEATHPREVIEWREGIONMOREOVER,THISCONTROLSOFTWAREALSOHASADDITIONALFUNCTIONSANDSOONTEXTDESIGNATION,MOUSELOCALIZATION,COORDINATETRACING,TIMEDATEPCMACHINEREALIZESTHROUGHTHERS232CONNECTIONWITHTHEDEMONSTRATIONPARTMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSCORRESPONDENCE,INTERRUPTSTHEREALTIMERECEIVEANDTHETRANSMISSIONDATAMESSAGEUSINGTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSERIALPORTHASALSOGIVENDUALATTENTIONTOMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSANTIJAMMINGABILITYINTHESYSTEMDESIGN,ENHANCEDTHESYSTEMSOPERATIONRELIABILITYEFFECTIVELYSHINESTHESECONDLEVELTUBECHARACTERISTICTHELIGHTEMITTERDIODELIGHTEMITTINGDIODE,LED,ISONEKINDTURNSTHEELECTRICALENERGYTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：1翻譯文稿翻譯文稿1、SPRINGSPRING的WEBWEBMVCMVC構(gòu)架模式構(gòu)架模式JUERGENJUERGENHOELLERHOELLER11介紹介紹SPRINGSPRING應(yīng)用構(gòu)架應(yīng)用構(gòu)架當(dāng)你第一次看到SPRING的時(shí)候，你一定會(huì)說(shuō)“哦不，又一種WEB構(gòu)架“這篇文章將告訴你SPRING明顯區(qū)別于其他輕量級(jí)APPLICATIONFRAMEWORK,它將專注于WEB的支持，與STRUTS和WEBWORK有著明顯的區(qū)別。在和STRUTS和WEBWORK的對(duì)比上,SPRING是一個(gè)服務(wù)于所有層面的APPLICATIONFRAMEWORK提供了BEAN的配置基礎(chǔ)，AOP的支持，JDBC的提取框架，抽象事務(wù)支持，等等。它有一個(gè)非常顯著的特點(diǎn)在某個(gè)層面上如果你不需要SPRING的支持，你就可以不使用STRING的CLASS，只使用它的某一部分的功能。從它的設(shè)計(jì)理念，你可以看到STRING幫助你實(shí)現(xiàn)了真正的邏輯層和WEB層的分離例如。一個(gè)校驗(yàn)應(yīng)用將不用依靠CONTROLLERS，就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。這樣的目標(biāo)是更好的重用和易測(cè)過(guò)分依靠不必要的容器和框架將不能實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然,SPRING的自己的WEB支持和通?？蚣苣Ｊ降募?xì)致完整然而，SPRING替換STRUTS,WEBWORK或者其他的WEB方案非常的容易對(duì)于SPRING的WEB支持或者不同的地方，SPRING允許你在WEB容器里面建立一個(gè)中間層，在測(cè)試環(huán)境或者標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立的應(yīng)用里面來(lái)設(shè)置重用你的商務(wù)邏輯還有在J2EE環(huán)境里面，你的商務(wù)邏輯不必依靠容器提供的服務(wù)，像JTA,EJB的支持良好的構(gòu)架的WEB應(yīng)用可以運(yùn)行在任何容器上，如，TOMCAT或者RESIN值得注意的是，SPRING不是和已經(jīng)存在的解決方案進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)我們鼓勵(lì)結(jié)合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的技術(shù)，如，SERVLET,JSP,JTA,JNDI,JDBC,ANDJDO,和非常匹配的工具，如，HIBERNATE,VELOCITY,LOG4J,ANDCAUCHOSHESSIAN/BURLAP這個(gè)框架的的設(shè)計(jì)思想是在你的應(yīng)用需要改良的時(shí)候，你將會(huì)做一些技術(shù)的選擇例如,如果你需要分布式事務(wù)處理，你可能需要用SPRING的JTATRANSACTIONMANAGER來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)JTA服務(wù)或者，用DATASOURCETRANSACTIONMANAGERORHIBERNATETRANSACTIONMANAGER來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)美妙完美的單個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)交換。22WEBWEBMVCSPRINGMVCSPRINGWEBWEB框架的設(shè)計(jì)思想框架的設(shè)計(jì)思想3或者其他,每一種都可以直接完整使用這個(gè)MODELMAP還可以簡(jiǎn)單得得到適當(dāng)?shù)母袷交瘮?shù)據(jù)的轉(zhuǎn)換,像JSP請(qǐng)求屬性或者VELOCITY模版模式33集成集成用SPRINGSPRING一個(gè)不同一個(gè)不同WEBWEB框架框架許多開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)將為他們已有的項(xiàng)目或者新的項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)獲得的期限和工具進(jìn)行投資這里沒(méi)有像STRUTS那樣大量的圖書和工具，但是同樣我們有大量的擁有SPRING開(kāi)發(fā)技巧的開(kāi)發(fā)人員然而,如果你愿意生活在STRUTS的構(gòu)架瑕疵中的話，他將是你在WEB層開(kāi)發(fā)不錯(cuò)的選擇當(dāng)然，其他應(yīng)用也是一樣如果你不想用SPRING的WEBMVC，但是想借用SPRING嫁接其他的解決方案,你可以非常簡(jiǎn)單地通過(guò)SPRING繼承你自己的WEB框架你可以非常簡(jiǎn)單地通過(guò)CONTEXTLOADERLISTENER啟動(dòng)一個(gè)SPRINGROOTAPPLICATIONCONTEXT,并且,通過(guò)STRUTS或者WEBWORK的ACTION利用SERVLETCONTEXT屬性或者SPRING的HELPER方法存取它值得注意的是,這里沒(méi)有任何的“PLUGINS“被調(diào)用,因此沒(méi)有專門的集成來(lái)自WEB層的視圖,你可以簡(jiǎn)單的將SPRING作為一個(gè)管理APPLICATIONCONTEXT實(shí)例入口點(diǎn)的類庫(kù)所有你注冊(cè)BEAN和SPRING服務(wù)都可以在不需要SPRING的WEBMVC的情況下都可以被你輕松掌握SPRING不是和STRUTS,WEBWORK這些應(yīng)用進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng),它將作為一個(gè)純WEB框架應(yīng)用于很多領(lǐng)域,因?yàn)樗恍枰渲脭?shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)和事務(wù)操作所以,你可以利用SPRING提供的中間層和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)層來(lái)豐富你的應(yīng)用,甚至,你想用JDBC或者HIBERNATE進(jìn)行事務(wù)抽象44特點(diǎn)核對(duì)列表特點(diǎn)核對(duì)列表如果聚焦于WEB支持,SPRING的一些顯著特點(diǎn)是清楚地角色分離CONTROLLER,VALIDATOR,COMMANDOBJECT,FORMOBJECT,MODELOBJECT,和DISPATCHERSERVLET,HANDLERMAPPINGVSVIEWRESOLVER,等等強(qiáng)大而且直接的框架和作為JAVABEANS的應(yīng)用配置,包括簡(jiǎn)單的參照和應(yīng)用內(nèi)容,例如,從WEB控制器到業(yè)務(wù)對(duì)象和數(shù)據(jù)校驗(yàn)適應(yīng)性,外掛無(wú)論什么樣的控制器你都需要得到代替ACTION/ACTIONFORM所做的每件事情的方案簡(jiǎn)單,命令,FORM,范例,多重ACTION,或者定制一個(gè)重用業(yè)務(wù)邏輯代碼,不需要復(fù)制你可以用已經(jīng)有的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯對(duì)象作為命令或則FORM對(duì)象代替反射特定的ACTIONFORM子類可訂制的邦定和數(shù)據(jù)校驗(yàn)作為應(yīng)用級(jí)的輸入機(jī)制的錯(cuò)誤校驗(yàn),固定日期和數(shù)字邦定,例

簡(jiǎn)介：基于單片機(jī)的步進(jìn)電機(jī)電路控制設(shè)計(jì)英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯THESTEPPERMOTORCONTROLCIRCUITBEBASEDONSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERTHEAT89C51ISALOWPOWER,HIGHPERFORMANCECMOS8BITMICROCOMPUTERWITH4KBYTESOFFLASHPROGRAMMABLEANDERASABLEREADONLYMEMORYPEROMTHEDEVICEISMANUFACTUREDUSINGATMEL’SHIGHDENSITYNONVOLATILEMEMORYTECHNOLOGYANDISCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEINDUSTRYSTANDARDMCS51INSTRUCTIONSETANDPINOUTTHEONCHIPFLASHALLOWSTHEPROGRAMMEMORYTOBEREPROGRAMMEDINSYSTEMORBYACONVENTIONALNONVOLATILEMEMORYPROGRAMMERBYCOMBININGAVERSATILE8BITCPUWITHFLASHONAMONOLITHICCHIP,THEATMELAT89C51ISAPOWERFULMICROCOMPUTERWHICHPROVIDESAHIGHLYFLEXIBLEANDCOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTOMANYEMBEDDEDCONTROLAPPLICATIONSFUNCTIONCHARACTERISTICTHEAT89C51PROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGSTANDARDFEATURES4KBYTESOFFLASH,128BYTESOFRAM,32I/OLINES,TWO16BITTIMER/COUNTERS,AFIVEVECTORTWOLEVELINTERRUPTARCHITECTURE,AFULLDUPLEXSERIALPORT,ONCHIPOSCILLATORANDCLOCKCIRCUITRYINADDITION,THEAT89C51ISDESIGNEDWITHSTATICLOGICFOROPERATIONDOWNTOZEROFREQUENCYANDSUPPORTSTWOSOFTWARESELECTABLEPOWERSAVINGMODESTHEIDLEMODESTOPSTHECPUWHILEALLOWINGTHERAM,TIMER/COUNTERS,SERIALPORTANDINTERRUPTSYSTEMTOCONTINUEFUNCTIONINGTHEOUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT2PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT2PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENT,BECAUSEOFTHEINTERNALPULLUPSPORT2EMITSTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBYTEDURINGFETCHESFROMEXTERNALPROGRAMMEMORYANDDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE16BITADDRESSESINTHISAPPLICATION,ITUSESSTRONGINTERNALPULLUPSWHENEMITTING1SDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE8BITADDRESSES,PORT2EMITSTHECONTENTSOFTHEP2SPECIALFUNCTIONREGISTERPORT2ALSORECEIVESTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBITSANDSOMECONTROLSIGNALSDURINGFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONPORT3PORT3ISAN8BITBIDIRECTIONALI/OPORTWITHINTERNALPULLUPSTHEPORT3OUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT3PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT3PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENTIILBECAUSEOFTHEPULLUPSPORT3ALSOSERVESTHEFUNCTIONSOFVARIOUSSPECIALFEATURESOFTHEAT89C51ASLISTEDBELOWPORT3ALSORECEIVESSOMECONTROLSIGNALSFORFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONRSTRESETINPUTAHIGHONTHISPINFORTWOMACHINECYCLESWHILETHEOSCILLATORISRUNNINGRESETSTHEDEVICE

簡(jiǎn)介：摘要摘要本論文根據(jù)中國(guó)城市小區(qū)的供水要求，設(shè)計(jì)了一套基于PLC的變頻調(diào)速恒壓供水系統(tǒng),并利用組態(tài)軟件開(kāi)發(fā)良好的運(yùn)行管理界面。變頻恒壓供水系統(tǒng)由可編程控制器、變頻器、水泵機(jī)組、壓力傳感器、工控機(jī)等構(gòu)成。本系統(tǒng)包含三臺(tái)水泵電機(jī)，它們組成變頻循環(huán)運(yùn)行方式。采用變頻器實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)三相水泵電機(jī)的軟啟動(dòng)和變頻調(diào)速，運(yùn)行切換采用“先啟先?！钡脑瓌t。壓力傳感器檢測(cè)當(dāng)前水壓信號(hào)，送入PLC與設(shè)定值比較后進(jìn)行PID運(yùn)算，從而控制變頻器的輸出電壓和頻率，進(jìn)而改變水泵電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速來(lái)改變供水量，最終保持管網(wǎng)壓力穩(wěn)定在設(shè)定值附近。通過(guò)工控機(jī)與PLC的連接，采用組態(tài)軟件完成系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控，實(shí)現(xiàn)了運(yùn)行狀態(tài)動(dòng)態(tài)顯示及數(shù)據(jù)、報(bào)警的查詢。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞變頻調(diào)速，恒壓供水，PLC，組態(tài)軟件目錄目錄1緒論111課題的提出112變頻恒壓供水系統(tǒng)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀313PLC概述514本課題的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容72系統(tǒng)的理論分析及控制方案確定821變頻恒壓供水系統(tǒng)的理論分析822變頻恒壓供水系統(tǒng)控制方案的確定113系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)1931系統(tǒng)主要設(shè)備的選型1932系統(tǒng)主電路分析及其設(shè)計(jì)2333系統(tǒng)控制電路分析及其設(shè)計(jì)2534PLC的I/O端口分配及外圍接線圖274系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)3141系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì)分析3142PLC程序設(shè)計(jì)3343PID控制器參數(shù)整定405監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)4651組態(tài)軟件簡(jiǎn)介4652監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)466結(jié)束語(yǔ)51

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書英文文獻(xiàn)及中文翻譯班級(jí)學(xué)號(hào)姓名學(xué)院專業(yè)指導(dǎo)教師CONTENTISRIGHTCHOICE,THENEWCHALLENGEISTOCREATETHEINTERACTIONBASEDONWEBAPPLICATIONS,INTHESEPROCEDURES,THECONTENTOFAWEBPAGEISBASEDONTHEUSERSREQUESTORTHESTATEOFTHESYSTEM,ANDARENOTPREDEFINEDCHARACTERSFORTHEPROBLEMOFANEARLYSOLUTIONISTOUSEACGIBININTERFACEDEVELOPERSWRITETOINTERFACEWITHTHERELEVANTPROCEDURESANDSEPARATEBASEDONWEBAPPLICATIONS,THELATTERTHROUGHTHEWEBSERVERTOINVOKETHEFORMERTHISPLANHASSERIOUSPROBLEMEACHNEWEXTENSIBLECGIREQUIREMENTSINANEWPROCESSONTHESERVERIFMULTIPLECONCURRENTUSERSACCESSTOTHISPROCEDURE,THESEPROCESSESWILLUSETHEWEBSERVEROFALLAVAILABLERESOURCES,ANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMWILLBEREDUCEDTOEXTREMELYLOWSOMEWEBSERVERPROVIDERSHAVETOPROVIDEFORTHEIRSERVERBYPLUGINS“AND“THEAPITOSIMPLIFYTHEWEBAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTTHESESOLUTIONSAREASSOCIATEDWITHCERTAINWEBSERVER,CANNOTSOLVETHESPANMULTIPLESUPPLIERSSOLUTIONSFOREXAMPLE,MICROSOFTSACTIVESERVERMIXASPTECHNOLOGYINTHEWEBPAGETOCREATEDYNAMICCONTENTMOREEASILY,BUTALSOCANWORKINMICROSOFTONPERSONALWEBSERVERANDIISTHEREAREOTHERSOLUTIONS,BUTCANNOTMAKEANORDINARYPAGEDESIGNERSCANEASILYMASTERFOREXAMPLE,SUCHASTHESERVLETJAVATECHNOLOGIESCANUSEJAVALANGUAGEINTERACTIONAPPLICATIONSERVERCODEEASIERDEVELOPERSTOWRITESUCHSERVLETTORECEIVESIGNALSFROMTHEWEBBROWSERTOGENERATEANHTTPREQUEST,ADYNAMICRESPONSEMAYBEINQUIRESTHEDATABASETOFINISHTHEREQUEST,THENSENDCONTAINHTMLORXMLDOCUMENTSTOTHERESPONSEOFTHEBROWSERONEISBASEDONAJAVASERVLETJAVATECHNICALOPERATIONINTHESERVERPROGRAMWITHDIFFERENT,THELATTEROPERATINGINTHEAPPLETBROWSERENDINTHISBOOKTHESERVLETCHAPTER4USINGTHISMETHOD,THEENTIREPAGEMUSTHAVEMADEINJAVASERVLETIFDEVELOPERSORWEBMANAGERSWANTTOADJUSTPAGE,YOULLHAVETOEDITANDRECOMPILETHESERVLETJAVA,EVENINLOGICHASBEENABLETORUNUSINGTHISMETHOD,THEDYNAMICCONTENTWITHTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEPAGESTILLNEEDTODEVELOPSKILLSOBVIOUSLY,WHATISNEEDEDISAINDUSTRYTOCREATEDYNAMICCONTENTWITHINTHESCOPEOFTHEPAGESOFTHESOLUTIONTHISPROGRAMWILLSOLVETHECURRENTSCHEMEARELIMITEDASFOLLOWS

簡(jiǎn)介：文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處HENDERSONVTHEURBANIZATIONPROCESSANDECONOMICGROWTHTHESOWHATQUESTIONJJOURNALOFECONOMICGROWTH,2003,814771原文原文THEURBANIZATIONPROCESSANDECONOMICGROWTHTHESOWHATQUESTIONVERNONHENDERSONTHEREISANEXTENSIVELITERATUREONTHEURBANIZATIONPROCESSLOOKINGATBOTHURBANIZATIONANDURBANCONCENTRATION,ASKINGWHETHERANDWHENTHEREISUNDEROROVERURBANIZATIONORUNDEROROVERURBANCONCENTRATIONWRITERSARGUETHATNATIONALGOVERNMENTPOLICIESANDNONDEMOCRATICINSTITUTIONSPROMOTEEXCESSIVECONCENTRATIONTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEURBANPOPULATIONOFACOUNTRYISCONCENTRATEDINONEORTWOMAJORMETROPOLITANAREASEXCEPTINFORMERPLANNEDECONOMIESWHEREMIGRATIONRESTRICTIONSAREENFORCEDTHESELITERATURESASSUMETHATTHEREISANOPTIMALLEVELOFURBANIZATIONORANOPTIMALLEVELOFURBANCONCENTRATION,BUTNORESEARCHTODATEHASQUANTITATIVELYEXAMINEDTHEASSUMPTIONANDASKEDTHEBASIC“SOWHAT“QUESTIONHOWGREATARETHEECONOMICLOSSESFROMSIGNIFICANTDEVIATIONSFROMANYOPTIMALDEGREESOFURBANCONCENTRATIONORRATESOFURBANIZATIONTHISPAPERSHOWSTHAT1THEREISABESTDEGREEOFURBANCONCENTRATION,INTERMSOFMAXIMIZINGPRODUCTIVITYGROWTH2THATBESTDEGREEVARIESWITHTHELEVELOFDEVELOPMENTANDCOUNTRYSIZE,AND3OVERORUNDERCONCENTRATIONCANBEVERYCOSTLYINTERMSOFPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHTHEPAPERSHOWSALSOTHATPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHISNOTSTRONGLYAFFECTEDBYURBANIZATIONPERSERAPIDURBANIZATIONHASOFTENOCCURREDINTHEFACEOFLOWORNEGATIVEECONOMICGROWTHOVERSOMEDECADESMOREOVER,URBANIZATIONISATRANSITORYPHENOMENONWHEREMANYCOUNTRIESDEVELOPMENTOFER,1977FALLENBUCHL,1977THEMOREEXTENSIVELITERATUREONTHEDEGREEOFURBANCONCENTRATIONANDCHANGESINTHATDEGREEWHICHOCCURSASURBANIZATIONANDGROWTHPROCEEDHASAVARIETYOFSTRANDSCOUNTRIESANDINTERNATIONALPOLICYOFFICIALSWORRYABOUTWHETHERKEYCITIESARETOOBIGORTOOSMALLRENAUD,1981UN,1993WDR,2000ANDOVERTHEYEARSVARIOUSCOUNTRIESSUCHASEGYPT,BRAZIL,KOREA,MEXICO,ANDCHINAHAVEPURSUEDMEDIUMSIZECITYPROGRAMSDESIGNEDTOFORESTALLTHEGROWTHOFLARGERCITIESHENDERSON,1988ADESANDGLAESER,1995INTERNATIONALAGENCIESPRESUMETHATMANYOFTHEWORLDSMEGACITIESAREOVERPOPULATED,ATCONSIDERABLECOSTTOTHOSEECONOMIESTHEUN1993ASKSHOWBAD“THENEGATIVEFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHVERYLARGECITIES“NEEDTOGET“BEFOREITISINTHESELFINTERESTOFTHOSEINCONTROLTOENCOURAGEDEVELOPMENTOFALTERNATIVECENTERS“THESAMEREPORTWARNSOF“UNBALANCEDURBANHIERARCHIES“ANDTHECRIME,CONGESTIONANDSOCIALINEQUALITYINMEGACITIESTHEWORLDDEVELOPMENTREPORT2000HASACHAPTER7ONTHEGRIMLIFEOFPEOPLEINMEGACITIESINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESANDTHEECONOMISTINONEOFITSSPECIALSURVEYSHASPOSEDTHEQUESTIONDIRECTLYJULY29,1995DOTHESPLENDORSOFLARGECITIESOUTWEIGHTHEIRDARKSIDETHEEFFECTSOFURBANCONCENTRATIONONGROWTHDEVELOPMENTINTHISSECTION,IEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFURBANCONCENTRATIONONPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHISTARTWITHURBANCONCENTRATION,ORPRIMACY,BECAUSETHATEXAMINATIONYIELDSTHEKEYRESULTSTHEEXAMINATIONALSODEVELOPSTHEMETHODOLOGYTHATISTHENAPPLIEDTOTHEEXAMINATIONOFTHEEFFECTOFURBANIZATIONONGROWTHTHEFIRSTISSUEISHOWTOMEASUREURBANCONCENTRATIONTHEREARETHREEMEASURESTHATPEOPLEUSEFIRST,WHEATONANDSHISHIDO1981ANDHENDERSON1988USETHESTANDARDHIRSCHMANHERFINDAHLINDEXOFCONCENTRATIONWHICHINANURBANCONTEXTISTHESUMOFSQUAREDSHARESOFEVERYCITYINACOUNTRYINNATIONALURBANPOPULATION

簡(jiǎn)介：中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院地質(zhì)英語(yǔ)論文系別地球科學(xué)與地球科學(xué)與資源系源系專業(yè)資源勘源勘查工程工程學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)03410501指導(dǎo)教師2012年12月16日FORMEDINTHEGROUNDAFEWKILOMETERSTOTENSOFKILOMETERSTOWTHETOWTHEFORMATIONFORMATIONCONDITIONSCONDITIONSOFOFMAGMATICMAGMATICDEPOSITSDEPOSITSMAGMADEPOSITSAREMAINLYDERIVEDFROMTHEMAGMA,ITISTHECOMBINEDEFFECTSOFTHEPRODUCTBYAVARIETYOFGEOLOGICALFACTORS,WHICHPLAYINGALEADINGROLEISTHEGEOCHEMISTRYOFOREFORMINGELEMENTSTRAITS,THEMAGMATICROCKCONDITIONS,TECTONICCONDITIONSANDPHYSICALANDCHEMICALCONDITIONSANDSOON1、CONTROLTHECONDITIONSOFMAGMATICROCKSFORMEDBYMAGMATICDEPOSITSMAGMAISTHEMAINPROVIDEROFTHEMETALLOGENICMATERIALOFTHEMAGMATICDEPOSITSANDTHEMEDIUMOFCONTAININGMINERALMEDIUMTHEREFORE,HOWMUCHOFTHECONTENTOFUSEFULCOMPONENTSOFMAGMAISTHEPOSSIBILITYOFTHEFORMATIONOFMAGMATICDEPOSITSIMAGMATICROCKSMETALLOGENICSPECIALIZATIONMETALLOGENICSPECIALIZATIONOFMAGMATICROCKSINTHEGENESISOFMAGMATICROCKSWITHENDOGENOUSDEPOSITSSHOWEDREGULARCONTACT,ANDSPECIFICTYPESOFMAGMATICROCKSAREOFTENPRODUCEDSPECIFICTYPESOFDEPOSITSAWITHMAFICANDULTRAMAFICINTRUSIVEROCKSRELATEDDEPOSITSMAFICANDULTRAMAFICROCKISTHECOMPLEXIGNEOUSCOMPLEXFORMEDBYTHECOMBINATIONOFAVARIETYOFROCKTYPES,ROCKTYPESFROMASINGLEROCKCOMPOSEDOFROCKMASSISRELATIVELYRARETHESIZEOFTHEROCKMASSRANGINGMOSTLYSMALL,ANDROCKSTRAINS,ROCKCOVER,ROCK,BEDROCKISTHEMOSTCOMMONFORMOFTHEROCKMASSWITHFACIESANDTHEDIFFERENTCOMBINATIONS,THEMAFICANDULTRAMAFICROCKSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREETYPESBMINERALDEPOSITSASSOCIATEDWITHSYENITE,NEPHELINESYENITEANDCARBONATEIGNEOUSCOMPLEXRELATINGTOMAGMATICDEPOSITSOFTHESEROCKSAREMOSTLYPRODUCEDWITHTHEFORMOFROCKSTRAIN,THEDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSOFROCKMASSFACIESZONEOFTENHASRINGDISTRIBUTIONIITHEROLEOFTHEVOLATILECOMPONENTSINTHEMAGMATHEMAGMAVOLATILECOMPONENTSHAVETHELOWMELTINGPOINT,HIGHLYVOLATILEANDTHEYCANDELAYTHECONDENSATIONRATEOFTHEMAGMA,MAKETHEMAGMAHAVEMOREFULLYDIFFERENTIATIONIIIMAGMATICASSIMILATIONHAVEANINFLUENCEONTHEMINERALIZATIONOFTHEMAGMADEPOSITSIVBEYONDONEPERIODOFMAGMAINTRUSIONONCONTROLOFTHEMINERALIZATION2、TECTONICCONDITIONSTHATCONTROLTHEFORMATIONOFMAGMATICDEPOSITSTECTONICSHAVEAMAJORIMPACTONTHETYPEOFMAGMATICDEPOSITS,DISTRIBUTION,THEMOSTMAGMATICDEPOSITSASSOCIATEDWITHMAFICANDULTRAMAFICIGNEOUSROCKSONTHECAUSESANDSPACEMAFICAND

簡(jiǎn)介：華北電力大學(xué)科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論計(jì)（論文）附文）附件外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)071914030401姓名名陳科池所在系別所在系別建筑工程系專業(yè)班級(jí)專業(yè)班級(jí)土木工程07K1班指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師史彩君原文標(biāo)題原文標(biāo)題THEINTRODUCTIONOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDEARTHWORK2011年4月17日2的地點(diǎn)去幫助下一臺(tái)鏟運(yùn)機(jī)。斗式鏟運(yùn)機(jī)通常是功率非常大的機(jī)械，許多廠家制造的鏟運(yùn)機(jī)鏟斗容量為8M3，滿載時(shí)可達(dá)10M3。最大的自行式鏟運(yùn)機(jī)鏟斗容量為19立方米（滿載時(shí)為25M3），由430馬力的牽引發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。翻斗機(jī)可能是使用最為普遍的輪胎式運(yùn)輸設(shè)備，因?yàn)樗鼈冞€可以被用來(lái)送混凝土或者其他建筑材料。翻斗車的車斗位于大橡膠輪胎車輪前軸的上方，盡管鉸接式翻斗車的卸料方向有很多種，但大多數(shù)車斗是向前翻轉(zhuǎn)的。最小的翻斗車的容量大約為05立方米，而最大的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型翻斗車的容量大約為45M3。特殊型式的翻斗車包括容量為4M3的自裝式翻斗車，和容量約為05M3的鉸接式翻斗車。必須記住翻斗車與自卸卡車之間的區(qū)別。翻斗車車斗向前傾翻而司機(jī)坐在后方卸載，因此有時(shí)被稱為后卸卡車。3結(jié)構(gòu)的安全度規(guī)范的主要目的是提供一般性的設(shè)計(jì)原理和計(jì)算方法，以便驗(yàn)算結(jié)構(gòu)的安全度。就目前的趨勢(shì)而言，安全系數(shù)與所使用的材料性質(zhì)及其組織情況無(wú)關(guān)，通常把它定義為發(fā)生破壞的條件與結(jié)構(gòu)可預(yù)料的最不利的工作條件之比值。這個(gè)比值還與結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞概率（危險(xiǎn)率）成反比。破壞不僅僅指結(jié)構(gòu)的整體破壞，而且還指結(jié)構(gòu)不能正常的使用，或者，用更為確切的話來(lái)說(shuō)，把破壞看成是結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)達(dá)到不能繼續(xù)承擔(dān)其設(shè)計(jì)荷載的“極限狀態(tài)”。通常有兩種類型的極限狀態(tài)，即（1）強(qiáng)度極限狀態(tài)，它相當(dāng)于結(jié)構(gòu)能夠達(dá)到的最大承載能力。其例子包括結(jié)構(gòu)的局部屈曲和整體不穩(wěn)定性；某此界面失效，隨后結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)構(gòu)；疲勞破壞；引起結(jié)構(gòu)幾何形狀顯著變化的彈性變形或塑性變形或徐變；結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)交變荷載、火災(zāi)和爆炸的敏感性。（2）使用極限狀態(tài)，它對(duì)應(yīng)著結(jié)構(gòu)的使用功能和耐久性。器例子包括結(jié)構(gòu)失穩(wěn)之前的過(guò)大變形和位移；早期開(kāi)裂或過(guò)大的裂縫；較大的振動(dòng)和腐蝕。根據(jù)不同的安全度條件，可以把結(jié)構(gòu)驗(yàn)算所采用的計(jì)算方法分成（1）確定性的方法，在這種方法中，把主要參數(shù)看作非隨機(jī)參數(shù)。（2）概率方法，在這種方法中，主要參數(shù)被認(rèn)為是隨機(jī)參數(shù)。此外，根據(jù)安全系數(shù)的不同用途，可以把結(jié)構(gòu)的計(jì)算方法分為（1）容許應(yīng)力法，在這種方法中，把結(jié)構(gòu)承受最大荷載時(shí)計(jì)算得到的應(yīng)力與經(jīng)過(guò)按規(guī)定的安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行折減后的材料強(qiáng)度作比較。（2）極限狀態(tài)法，在這種方法中，結(jié)構(gòu)的工作狀態(tài)是以其最大強(qiáng)度為依據(jù)來(lái)衡量的。由理論分析確定的這一最大強(qiáng)度應(yīng)不小于結(jié)構(gòu)承受計(jì)算荷載所算得的強(qiáng)度（極限狀態(tài)）。計(jì)算荷載等于分別乘以荷載系數(shù)的活載與恒載之和。把對(duì)應(yīng)于不乘以荷載系數(shù)的活載和恒載的工作（使用）條件的應(yīng)力與規(guī)定值（使用極限狀態(tài)）相比較。根據(jù)前兩種方法和后兩種方法的四種可能組合，我們可以得到一些