簡介：外文原文SURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSFORISTANBULMETROTUNNELSEXCAVATEDBYEPBTBMSGERCELEBIHCOPURIOCAKABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,SHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREPREDICTEDFORTWINTUNNELS,WHICHARETOBEEXCAVATEDINTHECHAINAGEOF0850TO0900MBETWEENTHEESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFTHEISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEEXCAVATIONLINEIS212KMBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDBYEMPLOYINGTWOEARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMSTHATHAVETWINTUBESOF65MDIAMETERANDWITH14MDISTANCEFROMCENTERTOCENTERTHETBMINTHERIGHTTUBEFOLLOWSABOUT100MBEHINDTHEOTHERTUBESEGMENTALLININGOF14MLENGTHISCURRENTLYEMPLOYEDASTHEFINALSUPPORTSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDWITHFINITEELEMENTMETHODBYUSINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTPROGRAMEXCAVATION,GROUNDSUPPORTANDFACESUPPORTSTEPSINFEMANALYSESARESIMULATEDASAPPLIEDINTHEFIELDPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDFORATYPICALGEOLOGICALZONE,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCRITICALINTERMSOFSURFACESETTLEMENTGEOLOGYINTHESTUDYAREAISCOMPOSEDOFFILL,VERYSTIFFCLAY,DENSESAND,VERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAY,RESPECTIVELY,STARTINGFROMTHESURFACEINADDITIONTOFINITEELEMENTMODELING,THESURFACESETTLEMENTSAREALSOPREDICTEDBYUSINGSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODELTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSARECOMPAREDANDVERIFIEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATGROUTINGOFTHEEXCAVATIONVOIDSHOULDBEPERFORMEDASFASTASPOSSIBLEAFTEREXCAVATIONOFASECTIONASAPRECAUTIONAGAINSTSURFACESETTLEMENTSDURINGEXCAVATIONFACEPRESSUREOFTHETBMSSHOULDBECLOSELYMONITOREDANDADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENTZONESKEYWORDSSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTION_FINITEELEMENTMETHOD_ANALYTICALMETHOD_SEMITHEORETICALMETHOD_EPBTBMTUNNELING_ISTANBULMETROINTRODUCTIONINCREASINGDEMANDONINFRASTRUCTURESINCREASESATTENTIONTOSHALLOWSOFTGROUNDTUNNELINGMETHODSINURBANIZEDAREASMANYSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESTRUCTURESMAKEUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONWORKSVERYDELICATEDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFGROUNDDEFORMATION,WHICHSHOULDBEDEFINITELYLIMITED/CONTROLLEDTOACCEPTABLELEVELSINDEPENDENTOFTHEEXCAVATIONS1NUMERICALANALYSISSUCHASFINITEELEMENTMETHOD,2ANALYTICALMETHODAND3SEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALMETHODAMONGTHEM,THENUMERICALAPPROACHESARETHEMOSTRELIABLEONESHOWEVER,THERESULTSOFALLMETHODSSHOULDBEUSEDCAREFULLYBYANEXPERIENCEDFIELDENGINEERINDESIGNINGTHESTAGEOFANEXCAVATIONPROJECTINTHISSTUDY,ALLTHREEPREDICTIONMETHODSAREEMPLOYEDFORACRITICALZONETOPREDICTTHESHORTTERMMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSABOVETHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900MBETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHPLAXISFINITEELEMENTMODELINGPROGRAMISUSEDFORNUMERICALMODELINGTHEMETHODSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ISUSEDFORTHEANALYTICALSOLUTIONAFEWDIFFERENTSEMITHEORETICALMODELSAREALSOUSEDFORPREDICTIONSTHERESULTSARECOMPAREDANDVALIDATEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT,SITEANDCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTHEFIRSTCONSTRUCTIONPHASEOFISTANBULMETROLINEWASSTARTEDIN1992ANDOPENEDTOPUBLICIN2000THISLINEISBEINGEXTENDEDGRADUALLY,ASWELLASNEWLINESAREBEINGCONSTRUCTEDINOTHERLOCATIONSONEOFTHESEMETROLINESISTHETWINLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIR,WHICHIS212KMTHEEXCAVATIONOFTHISSECTIONHASBEENSTARTEDINMAY2006CURRENTLY,AROUND1,400MOFEXCAVATIONHASALREADYBEENCOMPLETEDTHEREGIONISHIGHLYPOPULATEDINCLUDINGSEVERALSTORYBUILDINGS,INDUSTRIALZONESANDHEAVYTRAFFICALIGNMENTANDSTATIONSOFTHEMETROLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRISPRESENTEDINFIG1

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文翻譯譯文譯文俄羅斯經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型期的銀行體系和貨幣政策（節(jié)選）作者保羅繆林MOCTMOST553701992年1月，俄羅斯開始實(shí)施所謂“大爆炸”（休克療法）模式的激進(jìn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型。該模式的理論基礎(chǔ)主要建立在三個力量的快速和同時活化作用上，即自由化、穩(wěn)定化和私有化。這個合并策略的預(yù)期效果是在一個合理的價格體系、工業(yè)調(diào)整和國外競爭的刺激下，積極地反映總供給。主要會從三個方面控制緩解過度的直接的通貨膨脹壓力從供給與需求的關(guān)系作用來影響市場價格；通過開放的匯率制度的經(jīng)常性往來帳戶的名義錨效應(yīng)影響；而最重要的方式是通過財政政策來對貨幣供應(yīng)量和預(yù)算支出額進(jìn)行制約。在俄羅斯，由于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的直接后果，在轉(zhuǎn)型的初期階段，產(chǎn)量下降和通貨膨脹的情況并沒有排除。同時，這個階段預(yù)期又是健康的，因?yàn)樗鼤P(guān)注那些生產(chǎn)不需要產(chǎn)品的過時的商品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，而短期內(nèi)，市場力量又會快速地促使解放的資源用于新私有化和高效率的部門。“大爆炸”模式的政治理論基礎(chǔ)是1991年底的一個事實(shí)，即蘇聯(lián)的解體為俄羅斯的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型創(chuàng)造了必要和獨(dú)特的條件，時間對于改革者來說是一種缺乏而珍貴的資源。這個機(jī)會的窗口有可能隨時關(guān)閉，為了保證經(jīng)濟(jì)變革過程的不可逆性，俄羅斯認(rèn)為只有“大爆炸”模式能夠引進(jìn)一開始所需要的變化。表面上，政治理論基礎(chǔ)強(qiáng)于經(jīng)濟(jì)理論基礎(chǔ)，但是后來的事實(shí)證明，那些走施加了政治考慮的路線和步調(diào)的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革，很少產(chǎn)生預(yù)定的效果。事實(shí)上，對于俄羅斯經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型三年多過程的觀察，我們無法避免地感到深深的不安。從1992年到1994年，國民生產(chǎn)總值以年均12的速度下降，物價水平幾乎上漲到了1992年水平的40倍，預(yù)算赤字從國民生產(chǎn)總值的4飆升到了15。家庭和企業(yè)的金融性資產(chǎn)實(shí)質(zhì)上都被粉碎了，盧布的匯率貶值超過了10倍，并且境外帳戶和外債大大惡化到了危險的程度。在這樣的一個戲劇性的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)情況下，公開失業(yè)率的增加少于本來的預(yù)期，然而，這完全不是一個好消息，這確實(shí)地翻印了繼續(xù)生存體系中直接援助的某個組成部分，通過保持高的隱蔽性失業(yè)率來變相地體現(xiàn)自己。這種情況的存在主要?dú)w結(jié)于俄羅斯當(dāng)局沒有能力及時地建立一個社會安全網(wǎng)，來解放零邊際生產(chǎn)率的工人，和允許工人建立的工業(yè)體系，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)更有效率的勞動力比率。實(shí)際上，這意味著，俄羅斯還沒有進(jìn)行真正的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。而且私有化迄今為止尚未對資源的有效率的重新分配作出重大的貢獻(xiàn)。一些分析師給了這些消極負(fù)面的事態(tài)發(fā)展一個直截了當(dāng)?shù)慕忉?，他們認(rèn)為，自由化、私有化正確的提出和發(fā)揮了他們的作用，但是穩(wěn)定化的部分應(yīng)該阻止或減弱前兩股力量運(yùn)作時的不平穩(wěn)，而不是一貫的被追求。貨幣政策仍然保持寬松。這反過來又使通貨膨脹偏差在經(jīng)長期的的借貸業(yè)務(wù)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)從制度上來說是正確的，有著許多功能性的特點(diǎn)。由于缺乏這方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，主體規(guī)則和條例還都不完善，尤其是缺少關(guān)于這方面的最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的銀行會計，這使得俄羅斯中央銀行不能有效的實(shí)施對銀行的監(jiān)管。中央銀行對商業(yè)銀行的再融資過程，因?yàn)槿狈鹑谫Y產(chǎn)而受到阻礙，通常會構(gòu)成這些抵押品商業(yè)票據(jù)和政府證券。特別是如果沒有后者，會使融資國庫發(fā)生系統(tǒng)性的通貨膨脹。此外，也還沒有真正的支付和結(jié)算系統(tǒng)，這使得該系統(tǒng)高度分割，還會阻礙出現(xiàn)一個高效率的銀行市場。商業(yè)銀行也遭受到了一系列的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的問題。這在很大程度上是俄羅斯系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)這一原罪所引發(fā)的后果。19891991年在CBR登記的幾乎所有的銀行，公共機(jī)構(gòu)或者公共機(jī)構(gòu)式的，要建立一個自己的金融機(jī)構(gòu)，這將能夠使他們收集他們所產(chǎn)生的存款，并延伸到他們所需要的部分，這產(chǎn)生了獨(dú)特的情況，即成了數(shù)量有限的法人為主要股東、存款人和借款人的銀行。在這些領(lǐng)域有效地進(jìn)行干預(yù)并不是一件容易的任務(wù)，因?yàn)樗馕吨?zhǔn)混合行動的政策和機(jī)構(gòu)。如果俄羅斯當(dāng)局最終能夠認(rèn)識到工業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整是一個能夠成功轉(zhuǎn)型的關(guān)鍵變量，執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)任務(wù)就可能會變得更加容易，而且為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個目標(biāo)，光靠自由化和私有化，甚至是在框架內(nèi)的限制性的貨幣政策都是不夠的。而必要的條件是建立能夠執(zhí)行革命原則的體系、方法和政策，如貨幣和信貸，作為索賠的真正資源是稀缺的資產(chǎn)，它的使用比例不足時就必須支付價格。反過來，建立這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)、方法和政策，將極大地推動一個適當(dāng)?shù)暮鸵恢碌牧髁考夹g(shù)來援助西部，特別是國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)。不幸的是，目前這些機(jī)構(gòu)所追求的業(yè)務(wù)戰(zhàn)略主要是基于資本轉(zhuǎn)移，引進(jìn)外資可以可以彌補(bǔ)像俄羅斯這樣一個結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型的大國的財政缺口這件事是值得人們懷疑的。資金流量應(yīng)伴隨著有技術(shù)援助的倡議能夠產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)在力量所需要掌握的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)程。這將加強(qiáng)資金轉(zhuǎn)移的邊際生產(chǎn)率，并逐步將財政壓力的規(guī)?？刂苹匚鞣缴鐣?fù)擔(dān)得起的比例。

簡介：名詞性從句翻譯練習(xí)及答案名詞性從句翻譯練習(xí)及答案主語從句主語從句1他來幫助你是確實(shí)無疑的。2月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。3他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。4誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。5．英語晚會將在哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。6．我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。7他沒來參加這個聚會真是一個遺憾。8很顯然，學(xué)生應(yīng)該改為他們的未來做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。表語從句表語從句1這就是我想做的2這房子正是他最需要的東西。3問題在于人們怎樣才能找到一種有效的方式來儲藏太陽熱。4問題是誰能完成這項(xiàng)困難的任務(wù)。5今天討論的話題是未來的學(xué)校會是怎樣的。6他遲到的原因是交通擁堵。7事實(shí)是他對我撒謊了。8這就是HENRY怎樣解決問題的。同位語從句同位語從句1他們應(yīng)該嘗試第二次的想法值得考慮2她工作很努力的事實(shí)我們都知道KEYS主語從句1THATHEWILLCOMEANDHELPYOUISCERTAIN2WHETHERTHEREISLIFEONTHEMOONISANINTERESTINGQUESTION3WHATHEWANTSTOTELLUSISNOTCLEAR4WHOWILLWINTHEMATCHISSTILLUNKNOWN5WHERETHEENGLISHEVENINGWILLBEHELDHASNOTYETBEENANNOUNCED6ITISKNOWNTOUSHOWHEBECAMEAWRITER7ITISAPITYTHATHEDIDN’TTAKEPARTINTHISPARTY8ITISOBVIOUSTOSTUDENTSTHATTHEYSHOULDGETWELLPREPAREDFORTHEIRFUTURE表語從句1THISISWHATIWANTTODO2THEHOUSEISWHATHENEEDS3THEQUESTIONISHOWTHEPEOPLECANFINDANEFFECTIVEWAYTOSTORETHESUN’SHEAT4THEQUESTIONISWHOCANCOMPLETETHEDIFFICULTTASK5THEDISCUSSIONTOPICFORTODAYISWHATSCHOOLWILLBELIKEINTHEFUTURE6THEREASONWHYHEWASLATEISTHATTHETRAFFICWASBUSY7THEFACTISTHATHETOLDALIETOME8THISISHOWHENRYSOLVEDTHEPROBLEM同位語從句1THEIDEATHATTHEYSHOULDTRYASECONDTIMEISWORTHCONSIDERING2THEFACTTHATSHEWORKSHARDISWELLKNOWNTOUSALL3THEYEXPRESSEDTHEHOPETHATTHEYWOULDCOMETOVISITCHINAAGAIN4THENEWSTHATOURTEAMHASWONTHEFINALMATCHISEXCITING5THESUGGESTIONTHATSTUDENTSSHOULDLEARNSOMETHINGPRACTICALISWORTHCONSIDERING6DADMADEAPROMISETHATHEWOULDBUYMECDPLAYERIFIPASSEDTHEENGLISHTEST7WHEREDIDYOUGETTHEIDEATHATICOULDNOTCOME8WEHAVEN’TSETTLEDTHEQUESTIONWHEREWEAREGOINGTOSPENDOURSUMMERVACATION賓語從句1IBELIEVETHATHEISHONEST2IWONDERWHETHERHEWILLCOMEORNOT3EVERYTHINGDEPENDSONWHETHERWEHAVEENOUGHMONEY4IDON’TKNOWIFWHETHERITISINTERESTING5HEDOESN’TCAREIFITISN’TAFINEDAY6WEMUSTNEVERTHINKTHATWEAREGOODINEVERYTHINGWHILEOTHERSAREGOODINNOTHING7WEDON’TTHINKYOUAREHERE8IDON’TBELIEVEHEWILLDOSO9WEMUSTMAKEITCLEARTHATANYONEWHOBREAKSTHELAWWILLBEPUNISHED10PLEASETELLMEWHATYOUWANT11SHEALWAYSTHINKSOFHOWSHECANWORKWELL

簡介：單片機(jī)片機(jī)籃球計分器外文翻分器外文翻譯一英文原文英文原文DESCRIPTIONTHEAT89C51ISALOWPOWER,HIGHPERFORMANCECMOS8BITMICROCOMPUTERWITH4KBYTESOFFLASHPROGRAMMABLEANDERASABLEREADONLYMEMORYPEROMAND128BYTESRAMTHEDEVICEISMANUFACTUREDUSINGATMEL’SHIGHDENSITYNONVOLATILEMEMORYTECHNOLOGYANDISCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEINDUSTRYSTANDARDMCS51?INSTRUCTIONSETANDPINOUTTHECHIPCOMBINESAVERSATILE8BITCPUWITHFLASHONAMONOLITHICCHIP,THEATMELAT89C51ISAPOWERFULMICROCOMPUTERWHICHPROVIDESAHIGHLYFLEXIBLEANDCOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTOMANYEMBEDDEDCONTROLAPPLICATIONSFEATURESCOMPATIBLEWITHMCS51?PRODUCTS4KBYTESOFINSYSTEMREPROGRAMMABLEFLASHMEMORYENDURANCE1,000WRITE/ERASECYCLESFULLYSTATICOPERATION0HZTO24MHZTHREELEVELPROGRAMMEMORYLOCK128X8BITINTERNALRAM32PROGRAMMABLEI/OLINESTWO16BITTIMER/COUNTERSSIXINTERRUPTSOURCESPROGRAMMABLESERIALCHANNELLOWPOWERIDLEANDPOWERDOWNMODESTHEAT89C51PROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGSTANDARDFEATURES4KBYTESOFFLASH,128BYTESOFRAM,32I/OLINES,TWO16BITTIMER/COUNTERS,AFIVEVECTORTWOLEVELINTERRUPTARCHITECTURE,AFULLDUPLEXSERIALPORT,ONCHIPOSCILLATORANDCLOCKCIRCUITRYINADDITION,THEAT89C51ISDESIGNEDWITHSTATICLOGICFOROPERATIONDOWNTOZEROFREQUENCYANDSUPPORTSTWOSOFTWARESELECTABLEPOWERSAVINGMODESTHEIDLEMODESTOPSTHECPUWHILEALLOWINGTHERAM,TIMER/COUNTERS,SERIALPORTANDINTERRUPTSYSTEMTOCONTINUEFUNCTIONINGTHEPOWERDOWNMODESAVESTHERAMCONTENTSBUTFREEZESTHEOSCILLATORDISABLINGALLOTHERCHIPFUNCTIONSUNTILTHENEXTHARDWARERESETPINDESCRIPTIONVCCSUPPLYVOLTAGEGNDGROUNDPORT0PORT0ISAN8BITOPENDRAINBIDIRECTIONALI/OPORTASANOUTPUTPORTEACHPINCANPORT3ALSORECEIVESSOMECONTROLSIGNALSFORFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONRSTRESETINPUTAHIGHONTHISPINFORTWOMACHINECYCLESWHILETHEOSCILLATORISRUNNINGRESETSTHEDEVICEALE/PROGADDRESSLATCHENABLEOUTPUTPULSEFORLATCHINGTHELOWBYTEOFTHEADDRESSDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALMEMORYTHISPINISALSOTHEPROGRAMPULSEINPUTPROGDURINGFLASHPROGRAMMINGINNORMALOPERATIONALEISEMITTEDATACONSTANTRATEOF1/6THEOSCILLATORFREQUENCY,ANDMAYBEUSEDFOREXTERNALTIMINGORCLOCKINGPURPOSESNOTE,HOWEVER,THATONEALEPULSEISSKIPPEDDURINGEACHACCESSTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYIFDESIRED,ALEOPERATIONCANBEDISABLEDBYSETTINGBIT0OFSFRLOCATION8EHWITHTHEBITSET,ALEISACTIVEONLYDURINGAMOVXORMOVCINSTRUCTIONOTHERWISE,THEPINISWEAKLYPULLEDHIGHSETTINGTHEALEDISABLEBITHASNOEFFECTIFTHEMICROCONTROLLERISINEXTERNALEXECUTIONMODEPSENPROGRAMSTOREENABLEISTHEREADSTROBETOEXTERNALPROGRAMMEMORYWHENTHEAT89C51ISEXECUTINGCODEFROMEXTERNALPROGRAMMEMORY,PSENISACTIVATEDTWICEEACHMACHINECYCLE,EXCEPTTHATTWOPSENACTIVATIONSARESKIPPEDDURINGEACHACCESSTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYEA/VPPEXTERNALACCESSENABLEEAMUSTBESTRAPPEDTOGNDINORDERTOENABLETHEDEVICETOFETCHCODEFROMEXTERNALPROGRAMMEMORYLOCATIONSSTARTINGAT0000HUPTOFFFFHNOTE,HOWEVER,THATIFLOCKBIT1ISPROGRAMMED,EAWILLBEINTERNALLYLATCHEDONRESETEASHOULDBESTRAPPEDTOVCCFORINTERNALPROGRAMEXECUTIONSTHISPINALSORECEIVESTHE12VOLTPROGRAMMINGENABLEVOLTAGEVPPDURINGFLASHPROGRAMMING,FORPARTSTHATREQUIRE12VOLTVPPXTAL1INPUTTOTHEINVERTINGOSCILLATORAMPLIFIERANDINPUTTOTHEINTERNALCLOCKOPERATINGCIRCUITXTAL2OUTPUTFROMTHEINVERTINGOSCILLATORAMPLIFIEROSCILLATORCHARACTERISTICSXTAL1ANDXTAL2ARETHEINPUTANDOUTPUT,RESPECTIVELY,OFANINVERTINGAMPLIFIERWHICHCANBECONFIGUREDFORUSEASANONCHIPOSCILLATOR,ASSHOWNINFIGUREPORTPINALTERNATEFUNCTIONSP30RXDSERIALINPUTPORTP31TXDSERIALOUTPUTPORTP32INT0EXTERNALINTERRUPT0P33INT1EXTERNALINTERRUPT1P34T0TIMER0EXTERNALINPUTP35T1TIMER1EXTERNALINPUTP36WREXTERNALDATAMEMORYWRITESTROBEP37RDEXTERNALDATAMEMORYREADSTROBE

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簡介：關(guān)于品牌價值的外文文獻(xiàn)原文以及翻譯譯文關(guān)于品牌價值的外文文獻(xiàn)原文以及翻譯譯文INTERNATIONALFACTORINGONTHEBRANDSTRATEGYANDCOUNTERMEASURESRESEARCHBYTBETTINAWITHECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDPEOPLESLIVINGSTANDARDS,INCREASINGTHEWEALTHOFMATERIALANDPRODUCTS,BUSINESSCOMPETITIONFROMPRODUCTSANDSERVICES,COMPETITION,TOAHIGHERSTAGEOFTHECOMPETITIONBETWEENBRANDSBRANDISBOTHABUSINESSPRODUCTSANDSERVICESUNIQUETOTHEMARK,TOSOMEEXTENTALSOISASTANDARDANDCOMMITMENTITISABUSINESSPERMITTOENTERTHEMARKETANDCONSUMERSABRIDGEBETWEENTHEENTERPRISESARERELYINGONMARKETPOSITIONINGBRANDSTRATEGYANDPRACTICEOFSYSTEMATICRESEARCH,ONLYSTARTEDINTHELATE1980SIN1988,PHILIPMORRISANDNESTLESACQUISITIONOFTWOWELLKNOWN,SOTHATTHEBRANDVALUEOFTHEASSETSOFTHEMARKETTOBEOFFICIALLYCONFIRMED,MARKINGTHEMODERNERAOFTHEBRANDCHINESEENTERPRISESINTHETHEORYANDPRACTICEOFBRANDSTRATEGYINRECENTYEARSHASMADECONSIDERABLEPROGRESSANDDEVELOPMENT,BUTTHEWESTSTILLABIGGAPCOMPAREDWITHDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESPROMOTINGTHEBRANDSTRATEGYWILLHELPENTERPRISESESTABLISHANADVANCEDVIEWOFTHEMARKET,ANDSTRENGTHENTHEAWARENESSOFTHEMARKETFIRST,THECONCEPTOFBRANDSTRATEGYRELATEDANALYSISATHEDEFINITIONOFBRANDANDCONSTITUTETHEMOSTBASICBRANDISDEFINEDASONEINTENDEDTOBEUSEDTOIDENTIFYORGROUPVENDORINTERMSOFQUALITYPRODUCTSANDSERVICESNAMES,TERMS,MARK,SYMBOLORDESIGN,ORTHEIRCOMBINATION,ANDINTENDEDTOBEUSEDTODISTINGUISHONEORAGROUPANDITSVENDORCOMPETITORSBRANDSINCLUDEBRANDNAMES,TRADEMARKSANDBRANDLOGOBRAND,INESSENCE,REPRESENTSTHESELLERTOTHEBUYERONTHEDELIVERYOFTHEPRODUCTFEATURES,BENEFITSANDSERVICES,CONSISTENTCOMMITMENTTOTHEBRANDISTHEBESTGUARANTEEOFQUALITYTHEBRANDISDIVIDEDINTO6LEVELSOFMEANINGATTRIBUTES,INTERESTS,VALUES,CULTURE,PERSONALITY,THEUSERTHEREFORE,THEMOSTDURABLEBRANDISTHEMEANINGOFTHEIRVALUES,CULTURESANDPERSONALITIES,INCLUDINGVISUAL,EMOTIONAL,THEIDEATHATTHEYCONSTITUTETHEESSENCEOFTHEBRANDBTHEDEFINITIONOFBRANDSTRATEGYWITHTHEAIMOFBRANDSTRATEGY,ASITSNAMEIMPLIES,ISTHECORPORATEBRANDTOCREATE,USEANDMAINTENANCEOFTHECORE,INITSANALYSISOFCONDITIONSANDTHEEXTERNALENVIRONMENTONTHEBASISOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEOVERALLBUSINESSPLANOFACTIONFROMTHEPRACTICALPOINTOFVIEW,ISTHECHOICEOFBRANDSTRATEGY,PACKAGING,TRAINING,PROMOTIONANDPROTECTIONOFAPARTICULARBRAND,REPUTATIONMAKEITSTEPBYSTEPANDGIVEFULLPLAYTOTHEEFFECTSOFBRANDNAMEBRANDSANDCOMPANIESTOPROMOTETHEIROWNDEVELOPMENTANDGROWTHTHEMAINPURPOSEOFTHEBRANDSTRATEGYISTOCREATEHIGHVISIBILITY,HIGHCREDIBILITY,ANDALARGERMARKETSHAREENORMOUSECONOMICBENEFITSFIRST,HIGHVISIBILITYHIGHPROFILECORPORATEPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTOSMOOTHTHESALEANIMPORTANTFACTORINBUSINESSANDAGREATINTANGIBLEASSETSECONDLY,THEHIGHDEGREEOFCREDIBILITYAHIGHDEGREEOFCREDIBILITYISABUSINESSANDALLEMPLOYEESANDEVENYEARSOFHARDSTRUGGLEOFSEVERALGENERATIONS,WELLFORMEDOPERATIONOFTHENIBBLEDAWAYTHERIGHTTOCHOOSEANDIMPLEMENTTHEBRANDSTRATEGYTOIMPROVEOURPRODUCTSANDSERVICESINTHEDOMESTICMARKET,STEPBYSTEPINTOTHEWORLD,WITHTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESOFTHEWORLDFAMOUSENTERPRISESMATCH,CHINASENTREPRENEURSISINCUMBENTUPONTHESACREDMISSIONNUMBEROFNATIONALBRANDVALUEOFTHEINDUSTRY1,000,000USDOLLARSCOCACOLABEVERAGE83845US12USMICROSOFTSOFTWARE56,654US3IBMCOMPUTER437814GENERALELECTRICOFTHEUNITEDSTATESDIVERSIFIED33,5205FORDMOTOROFTHEUNITEDSTATES331976DISNEYENTERTAINMENTOFTHEUNITEDSTATES32,2757INTELUSCOMPUTER300218MCDONALDS26,231USFOOD9ATTOFTHEUNITEDSTATESTELECOM2418110MARLBORO21,048USTOBACCO11NOKIAFINLANDTELECOM20694MERCEDESBENZCAR12GERMANY1778113,SWITZERLANDNESTLEBEVERAGE17595HEWLETTPACKARDCOMPUTER17132US1415,GUILLERMOPERSONALBELONGINGSOFTHEUNITEDSTATES15,89416KODAKIMAGEOFTHEUNITEDSTATES1483017ERISSIONSWEDISHTELECOMMUNICATIONS14,76618SONYJAPANESEELECTRONICS1423119USFINANCIALSERVICES12,550AMERICANSTOCKEXCHANGE20TOKYOJAPANAUTOMOBILE12,310TABLE21WORLDBRANDVALUEOFTHETOP20LISTSOURCEHTTP//BSBWBOKEECOM/962577HTMLYOUSHANGBIAO,ITISNOTHARDTOSEETHATTHESIZEOFTHEVALUEOFTHEBRANDALSOREFLECTSTHEBRANDOWNERORGROUPOFTRANSNATIONALCORPORATIONSINTHEGLOBALENTERPRISEORINDUSTRYPOSITIONANDCOMPETITIVENESSCHINASMAJORCITIESHASBEENASTRONGCONSUMERBRANDAWARENESSOFTHECONSUMER,SMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDCITIESANDRURALMARKETSHAVEGRADUALLYENHANCEBRANDAWARENESSYOUNGPEOPLETOPURSUEWELLKNOWNCONSUMERBRANDSTOACHIEVESELFWORTH,HASBECOMEAFASHION,BUTTHEYARESMALLINTHECONSUMPTIONOFFOREIGNBRANDSSUCHASNESTLE,MCDONALDSGROWUPSOASTOPURSUETHEDEVELOPMENTOFFOREIGNBRANDSFORFASHION,WHICHCANNOTHAVESIGHTEDPEOPLEFORTHENATIONALBRANDOFDOMESTICCONCERNSINTHECHINESEMARKET,FOREIGNBRANDSTHROUGHJOINTVENTURES,WHOLLYORINAVARIETYOFWAYS,SUCHASMERGERSANDACQUISITIONS,TOCREATEASUCCESSFULLOCALBRANDSINCONTRAST,CHINASOPENINGUP,INADDITIONTOANEARLIER,COMPAREDWITHFULLCOMPETITIONINTHEINDUSTRY,SUCHASHOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCES,COSMETICS,FOODANDBEVERAGEINDUSTRIESBETTERTHANBRANDDEVELOPMENT,THEPROTECTIONOFNATIONALPOLICYANDRESTRICTIONSONTHEINDUSTRY,THEREALSTRENGTHOFTHEBRANDLITTLEIFYOUDONOTGOONTHISWAYTOSTRENGTHENTHEFOCUSONBRANDPROTECTION,BRANDPROMOTIONOFGROWTHINTHESEAREASWOULDNOTBEABLETOENTERPRISESANDFOREIGNENTERPRISESTOCOMPETE,CANNOTBEDEVELOPEDBMARKETINCHINAHASBECOMETHEBRANDCOMPETITIONWITHTHEREFORMANDOPENINGUPOFCHINASSOCIALISTMARKETECONOMYANDBUILDINGTHEPROSPEROUSDEVELOPMENTOFCHINASMARKETSITUATIONHASCHANGEDDRAMATICALLY,SHOWINGTHE

簡介：THEYSAYTHATPRIDECOMESBEFOREAFALLINTHECASEOFBOTHNAPOLEONANDHITLER,THEMANYVICTORIESTHEYENJOYEDLEDTHEMTOBELIEVETHATANYTHINGWASPOSSIBLE,THATNOTHINGCOULDSTANDINTHEIRWAYRUSSIASICYDEFENDERWASTOPROVETHEMWRONG人道是驕兵必敗。就拿拿破侖和希特勒兩人來說吧，他們所向人道是驕兵必敗。就拿拿破侖和希特勒兩人來說吧，他們所向披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士證明披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士證明他們錯了。他們錯了。THEICYDEFENDERNILABSMITH1IN1812,NAPOLEONBONAPARTE,EMPEROROFTHEFRENCH,LEDHISGRANDARMYINTORUSSIAHEWASPREPAREDFORTHEFIERCERESISTANCEOFTHERUSSIANPEOPLEDEFENDINGTHEIRHOMELANDHEWASPREPAREDFORTHELONGMARCHACROSSRUSSIANSOILTOMOSCOW,THECAPITALCITYBUTHEWASNOTPREPAREDFORTHEDEVASTATINGENEMYTHATMETHIMINMOSCOWTHERAW,BITTER,BLEAKRUSSIANWINTER冰雪衛(wèi)士冰雪衛(wèi)士奈拉奈拉B史密斯史密斯1812年，法國皇帝拿破侖年，法國皇帝拿破侖波拿巴率大軍入侵俄羅斯。他準(zhǔn)備好波拿巴率大軍入侵俄羅斯。他準(zhǔn)備好俄羅斯人民會為保衛(wèi)祖國而奮勇抵抗。他準(zhǔn)備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國俄羅斯人民會為保衛(wèi)祖國而奮勇抵抗。他準(zhǔn)備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國土上要經(jīng)過長途跋涉才能進(jìn)軍首都莫斯科。但他沒有料到在莫斯科土上要經(jīng)過長途跋涉才能進(jìn)軍首都莫斯科。但他沒有料到在莫斯科練，作戰(zhàn)力強(qiáng)，裝備精良。這支軍隊(duì)被稱為大軍。拿破侖對馬到成練，作戰(zhàn)力強(qiáng)，裝備精良。這支軍隊(duì)被稱為大軍。拿破侖對馬到成功充滿自信，預(yù)言要在功充滿自信，預(yù)言要在5個星期內(nèi)攻下俄國。個星期內(nèi)攻下俄國。4SHORTLYAFTERWARDS,NAPOLEONSARMYCROSSEDTHENEMANRIVERINTORUSSIATHEQUICK,DECISIVEVICTORYTHATNAPOLEONEXPECTEDNEVERHAPPENEDTOHISSURPRISE,THERUSSIANSREFUSEDTOSTANDANDFIGHTINSTEAD,THEYRETREATEDEASTWARD,BURNINGTHEIRCROPSANDHOMESASTHEYWENTTHEGRANDARMYFOLLOWED,BUTITSADVANCEMARCHSOONBECAMEBOGGEDDOWNBYSLOWMOVINGSUPPLYLINES不久，拿破侖的大軍渡過涅曼河進(jìn)入俄國。拿破侖期盼著的速不久，拿破侖的大軍渡過涅曼河進(jìn)入俄國。拿破侖期盼著的速決速勝遲遲沒有發(fā)生。令他吃驚的是，俄國人并不奮起抵抗。相決速勝遲遲沒有發(fā)生。令他吃驚的是，俄國人并不奮起抵抗。相反，他們一路東撤，沿途焚毀莊稼和民居。大軍緊追不舍，但它的反，他們一路東撤，沿途焚毀莊稼和民居。大軍緊追不舍，但它的長驅(qū)直入很快由于糧草運(yùn)輸緩慢而停頓下來。長驅(qū)直入很快由于糧草運(yùn)輸緩慢而停頓下來。5INAUGUST,THEFRENCHANDRUSSIANARMIESENGAGEDATSMOLENSK,INABATTLETHATLEFTOVERTENTHOUSANDDEADONEACHSIDEYET,THERUSSIANSWEREAGAINABLETORETREATFARTHERINTORUSSIANTERRITORYNAPOLEONHADWONNODECISIVEVICTORYHEWASNOWFACEDWITHACRUCIALDECISIONSHOULDHECONTINUETOPURSUETHERUSSIANARMYORSHOULDHEKEEPHISARMYINSMOLENSKFORTHEAPPROACHINGWINTER到了到了8月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上萬人陣亡。可是，俄國人仍能在自己的國土上繼續(xù)后撤。拿破侖未萬人陣亡?？墒?，俄國人仍能在自己的國土上繼續(xù)后撤。拿破侖未能取得決定性的勝利。此刻他面臨著一個重要抉擇。是繼續(xù)追擊俄能取得決定性的勝利。此刻他面臨著一個重要抉擇。是繼續(xù)追擊俄

簡介：附錄2外文文獻(xiàn)譯文資料來源人格理論作者爾杰斯；格雷戈里人格特質(zhì)理論THEORYOFPERSONALITYTRAIT起源于40年代的美國。主要代表人物是美國心理學(xué)家高爾頓威拉德奧爾波特和雷蒙德卡特爾RAYMONDBERNARDCATTELL。特質(zhì)理論認(rèn)為，特質(zhì)TRAIT是決定個體行為的基本特性，是人格的有效組成元素，也是測評人格所常用的基本單位。在現(xiàn)代人格心理學(xué)中，人格特質(zhì)理論將特質(zhì)定義為個體所具有的神經(jīng)特性，具有支配個人行為的能力，使得個人在變化的環(huán)境中給予一致的反應(yīng)。但是特質(zhì)理論最早卻源于研究人格個別差異的類型理論。類型理論往往根據(jù)一個人的某一特征或者特質(zhì)來描述人格。例如，如果某人迷戀權(quán)位則說他是權(quán)力型的人，如果某人看問題總是能夠考慮到好的一面則認(rèn)為他是樂觀的人。古羅馬醫(yī)生蓋倫GALEN提出的四種氣質(zhì)類型就屬于最早的類型理論。他根據(jù)希臘醫(yī)生希波克拉底HIPPOCRATES的“體液說”提出了四種氣質(zhì)類型，即多血質(zhì)具有過多的血液，充滿活力和動力、膽汁質(zhì)具有過多的黃膽汁，容易激怒、抑郁質(zhì)具有過多的黑膽汁，通常表現(xiàn)為憂郁和悲哀、黏液質(zhì)具有過多的黏液，使人遲緩或者懶惰。體型說也是類型理論的一種。體型說中較有影響的觀點(diǎn)有克瑞奇默EKRETSCHMER的三分法，他將人分為肥胖型、瘦長型和健壯型，并企圖分別以幾種典型的性格歸屬具有某一種體型的人如肥胖型與情緒不穩(wěn)定相聯(lián)系等。體型說的另一位代表人物謝爾頓WHSHELDON則將體型分為內(nèi)胚型、中胚型和外胚型，并分別以不同的性格進(jìn)行歸屬如快樂、喜好社交的屬于內(nèi)胚型；好動、侵犯屬于中胚型；思維退縮屬于外胚型等。體型與氣質(zhì)之間可能存在著某種相關(guān)，但是，將人的氣質(zhì)類型歸結(jié)于體型，是不科學(xué)的。與體液說和體型說不同的是建立在心理特質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)上的理論，稱為心理類型理論，是由瑞士心理學(xué)家榮格CGJUNG首創(chuàng)的。他將人格分為內(nèi)向型和外向型兩大類。前者在性格上喜沉靜，易羞怯；后者則好活動，喜社交。此理論曾一度引起人們廣泛的興趣，導(dǎo)致了許許多多的心理學(xué)研究。但是這種二分法不足以說明一般的人格問題，絕大多數(shù)人處于兩極之間，因此不能采取以少數(shù)特質(zhì)來解釋人的全部行為。有的心理學(xué)家進(jìn)一步指出，類型理論是因?yàn)樗鼘⑷朔衷诟鱾€類別中，然后用某個符號來標(biāo)記他們。這種標(biāo)記不僅過分強(qiáng)調(diào)了行為的內(nèi)在起因，而且也可能導(dǎo)致他們傾向于成為他們被標(biāo)記的那種人。一個被稱為“內(nèi)向”的人可能會被他的朋友所冷落，使他變得更加孤立；同樣，一個“外向”的殊情境下才表現(xiàn)出來。如有些人雖然喜歡高談闊論，但在陌生人面前則沉默寡言?？ㄌ貭柕娜烁裉刭|(zhì)論卡特爾的人格特質(zhì)論雷蒙德卡特爾對人格特質(zhì)理論的主要貢獻(xiàn)在于提出了根源特質(zhì)。1949年，卡特爾用因素分析法提出了16種相互獨(dú)立的根源特質(zhì)，并編制了卡特爾16種人格因素測驗(yàn)（16PF）。這16種人格特質(zhì)是樂群性、聰慧性、情緒穩(wěn)定性、恃強(qiáng)性、興奮性、有恒性、敢為性、敏感性、懷疑性、幻想性、世故性、憂慮性、激進(jìn)性、獨(dú)立性、自律性、緊張性?？ㄌ貭栒J(rèn)為在每個人身上都具備這16種特質(zhì)，只是在不同人身上的表現(xiàn)有程度上的差異。艾森克的三個維度人格艾森克的三個維度人格英國心理學(xué)家漢斯艾森克進(jìn)一步提出了以三個普遍維度為基礎(chǔ)的人格模型1內(nèi)向/外向性內(nèi)向涉及指揮注意內(nèi)在的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而外向性涉及注重外在的其他人與環(huán)境。所以，一個人很內(nèi)向，可能是安靜和含蓄；而個別很外向的人，可能是社交和開朗。2神經(jīng)質(zhì)/情緒穩(wěn)定性這一維度有關(guān)喜怒無常與適中性。神經(jīng)質(zhì)是指個人的傾向而引起生氣或情緒，而情緒穩(wěn)定性是指仍然情緒不斷的趨勢。3精神質(zhì)后來，他在個人研究中患有精神質(zhì)，艾森克人格維度理論以他的特質(zhì)增加了所謂的精神質(zhì)。個人高度精神質(zhì)狀態(tài)往往處理現(xiàn)實(shí)，可能是反社會的，敵對的，非同情和操縱性的。五因素特質(zhì)理論五因素特質(zhì)理論20世紀(jì)80年代以來，人格研究者們在人格描述模式上達(dá)成了比較一致的共識，提出了人格五因素模式，被稱為“大五人格”。這五種人格特質(zhì)是情緒穩(wěn)定性焦慮、敵對、壓抑、自我意識、沖動、脆弱外向性熱情、社交、果斷、活躍、冒險、樂觀開放性想象、審美、情感豐富、求異、智能隨和性信任、直率、利他、依從、謙虛、移情謹(jǐn)慎性勝任、條理、盡職、成就、自律、謹(jǐn)慎

簡介：UNIT1HOWCANWEBECOMEGOODLEARNERSSECTIONA2D安妮，我有點(diǎn)緊張，我必須讀完一本書，以便下周一作報告。聽起來不太糟糕。但我是一個讀書很慢的人。一開始只管快速閱讀獲取文章大意就好了，不要逐字逐句的讀，按詞組閱讀。但我很多單詞都不懂，我不得不用字典。盡量通過閱讀上下文來猜測單詞的意思，可能你知道的比你預(yù)象的要多。那聽起來很難哦，耐心點(diǎn)，這得花時間。你可以每天通過閱讀你喜歡的東西得到提高。你讀得越多，你閱讀的速度就越快。SECTIONA3A我是如何學(xué)會學(xué)習(xí)英語的我是如何學(xué)會學(xué)習(xí)英語的去年，我不喜歡我的英語課。每節(jié)課像是一個噩夢。老師說的太快以至于我大多數(shù)時候都聽不太懂。因?yàn)槲以愀獾陌l(fā)音，我害怕問問題。我只是躲在我的課本后面，從來不說一句話。后來有一天我看了一部叫做玩具總動員的英語電影。我愛上了這部既激動人心又滑稽有趣的電影就這樣我也開始看其他的英文電影。雖然我無法聽懂那些角色所說的全部內(nèi)容，但他們的肢體語言和面部表情幫助我理解了意思。我也意識到我可以通過只聽關(guān)鍵詞來理解意思。通過聽英文電影中的對話，我的發(fā)音也變的更好了。我發(fā)現(xiàn)聽一些有趣的內(nèi)容是學(xué)習(xí)語言的秘訣。我還學(xué)到了一些有用的句子比如“這簡直是小菜一碟”或者“你活該”。我起初不理解這些句子，但是因?yàn)槲蚁肜斫膺@個故事，所以我查了字典?，F(xiàn)在我真的喜歡我的英語課。我想學(xué)習(xí)生詞和更多的語法，那樣我對英語電影就能有更好的理解了。SECTIONB2B怎么成為一個成功的學(xué)習(xí)者呢怎么成為一個成功的學(xué)習(xí)者呢每個人天生就擁有學(xué)習(xí)的能力。但是你能否學(xué)習(xí)的好取決于你的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。研究顯示成功的學(xué)習(xí)者有一些共同的好習(xí)慣。1培養(yǎng)他們對所學(xué)東西的興趣培養(yǎng)他們對所學(xué)東西的興趣研究顯示，如果你對某事物感興趣，你的大腦會更活躍而且對你來說長時間地關(guān)注那個事物也容易些。善于學(xué)習(xí)的人經(jīng)常把他們需要學(xué)的事物與一些有趣的事物聯(lián)系起來。比如，如果他們需要學(xué)習(xí)英語而且他們喜歡音樂或者體育，他們就可以聽英文歌曲或者看英文版的體育節(jié)目。這樣他們就不會感到乏味了。2練習(xí)并從錯誤中學(xué)習(xí)練習(xí)并從錯誤中學(xué)習(xí)善于學(xué)習(xí)的人思考他們擅長什么以及他們需要更多的練習(xí)什么。記住“不用即失”。即使你學(xué)某事物學(xué)的很好，如果你不使用你會忘記它?！笆炷苌伞?。善于學(xué)習(xí)的人會一直練習(xí)他們所學(xué)到的東西，而且他們從不怕犯錯誤。亞歷山大格雷厄姆貝爾不是一夜之間發(fā)明了電話的。他是通過許多次的嘗試以及從他的錯誤中學(xué)習(xí)取得成功的。3發(fā)展他們的學(xué)習(xí)技能發(fā)展他們的學(xué)習(xí)技能僅僅努力學(xué)習(xí)是不夠的。善于學(xué)習(xí)的人知道他們能夠?qū)W習(xí)的最佳方習(xí)他們所學(xué)到的東西。他們可以通過每天讀他們的筆記或者向另一名學(xué)生解釋信息的方式來復(fù)習(xí)。4問問題問問題善于學(xué)習(xí)的人在課堂上或者課后經(jīng)常問問題。他們甚至互相問問題然后盡力找出答案。知識源于質(zhì)疑。學(xué)習(xí)是一段畢生的旅程，因?yàn)槊刻於紩硇碌氖挛?。你所學(xué)會的一切都會成為你的一部分并改變著你，所以要聰明地學(xué)習(xí)、好好學(xué)習(xí)。式。例如，他們可以通過寫下關(guān)鍵詞或者畫思維導(dǎo)圖來記筆記。他們還會尋找各種方式來復(fù)

簡介：亞歐翻譯同聲傳譯合同亞歐翻譯同聲傳譯合同項(xiàng)目（合同）編號項(xiàng)目（合同）編號__________________________甲方（客戶名稱）甲方（客戶名稱）________________________________________________________________客戶編號客戶編號乙方大連亞歐翻譯服務(wù)有限公司乙方大連亞歐翻譯服務(wù)有限公司甲乙雙方本著平等互利原則，就乙方提供甲方翻譯服務(wù)事宜，經(jīng)友好協(xié)商共同達(dá)成協(xié)議如下一、乙方受甲方委托，經(jīng)過甲方對乙方派遣的譯員的認(rèn)可，提供同聲傳譯服務(wù)，并以譯員派出方式向甲方提供同聲傳譯服務(wù)。具體服務(wù)款項(xiàng)見附表客戶委托單。二、若翻譯活動需在外埠進(jìn)行，甲方需負(fù)責(zé)乙方派出譯員在工作期間內(nèi)的所有交通和食宿費(fèi)用,并負(fù)責(zé)派出譯員的人身安全。三、保密義務(wù)乙方保證不泄露甲方的商業(yè)秘密及個人隱私。四、翻譯質(zhì)量乙方應(yīng)該保證派出的譯員達(dá)到行業(yè)公認(rèn)的水平，如對譯員的翻譯水平發(fā)生爭議，應(yīng)由雙方共同認(rèn)可的第三方評判，或者直接向仲裁委員會申請仲裁。五、甲方與乙方簽約后，甲方需支付翻譯總費(fèi)用的50預(yù)付款。原則上，乙方收到翻譯預(yù)付款后方才安排翻譯人員，乙方不承擔(dān)因甲方延遲支付翻譯預(yù)付款而造成的延誤同聲傳譯的責(zé)任。同聲傳譯任務(wù)結(jié)束時，甲方須結(jié)清余款；如因甲方原因?qū)е麓舜瓮瑐鞴ぷ鳠o法正常進(jìn)行，則乙方有權(quán)要求甲方支付合同總金額的30作為違約賠償。六、為維護(hù)乙方利益，甲方保證不與乙方派出的譯員個人發(fā)生直接的勞務(wù)雇傭關(guān)系（包括本項(xiàng)目結(jié)束后）。否則甲方將賠償乙方本次合同金額3倍的違約金。七、如因乙方原因造成甲方損失，甲方有權(quán)向乙方索取經(jīng)濟(jì)賠償（以本次翻譯費(fèi)用的全額為限）。八、此協(xié)議一式兩份，甲乙雙方各執(zhí)一份，具有相同的法律效力，協(xié)議自簽字之日起生效。甲方（簽章）乙方（蓋章）大連亞歐翻譯服務(wù)有限公司大連亞歐翻譯服務(wù)有限公司代表（簽字）代表（簽字）日期日期客戶委托單客戶編號客戶編號________________項(xiàng)目項(xiàng)目（合同）編號（合同）編號________________單價（不含稅）元/天/位同傳類型、同傳設(shè)備單價（含稅）元/天/位同傳天數(shù)天同傳日期、時間年月日時分至年月日時分合同總金額元同傳地點(diǎn)預(yù)付金額元同傳語種余款結(jié)清日期月日備注11同傳譯員工作時間為8小時/天。不足4小時的按半天計算半天的費(fèi)用為全天費(fèi)用的60，超過4小時不足8小時的按1天計算。加班每超過1小時，按2000元/小時/人加收費(fèi)用。22會議活動設(shè)備的現(xiàn)場服務(wù)由亞歐的專業(yè)工作人員提供現(xiàn)場服務(wù)。會議現(xiàn)場，參加會議客人憑身份證或護(hù)照來領(lǐng)取同傳接收機(jī)；如有同傳接收機(jī)丟失，客戶負(fù)責(zé)向亞歐賠償其相關(guān)費(fèi)用，按2000元/套同傳接收機(jī)的價格來計算?？蛻粜畔⒈碜鹁吹目蛻魹榱四転槟峁└玫姆?wù)，請您完整的填寫以下內(nèi)容謝謝您的支持尊敬的客戶為了能為您提供更好的服務(wù)，請您完整的填寫以下內(nèi)容謝謝您的支持公司名稱（與開發(fā)票抬頭一致）姓名電話聯(lián)系人信息傳真手機(jī)電子郵件網(wǎng)址公司地址付費(fèi)方式甲方可以通過以下銀行帳戶匯款給乙方付費(fèi)方式甲方可以通過以下銀行帳戶匯款給乙方銀行轉(zhuǎn)帳（公司帳戶）上海浦東發(fā)展銀行大連市高新園區(qū)支行銀行轉(zhuǎn)帳（公司帳戶）上海浦東發(fā)展銀行大連市高新園區(qū)支行用戶名大連亞歐翻譯服務(wù)有限公司用戶名大連亞歐翻譯服務(wù)有限公司帳號帳號7503015474000077275030154740000772銀行卡轉(zhuǎn)帳（個人帳戶）發(fā)卡行中國建設(shè)銀行銀行卡轉(zhuǎn)帳（個人帳戶）發(fā)卡行中國建設(shè)銀行用戶名陳松巖用戶名陳松巖帳號帳號43674207821602943064367420782160294306備注尊敬的客戶，請將合同蓋章或負(fù)責(zé)人簽字后，傳真至備注尊敬的客戶，請將合同蓋章或負(fù)責(zé)人簽字后，傳真至041182734939041182734939，請將翻譯預(yù)付款匯至乙方，請將翻譯預(yù)付款匯至乙方銀行賬戶，并將銀行回執(zhí)傳真至銀行賬戶，并將銀行回執(zhí)傳真至041182734939041182734939，合作愉快，合作愉快

簡介：ORIGINALABSTRACTHYDRAULICLIFTINGPLATFORMISAVERSATILECRANELIFTINGEQUIPMENT,WIDELYUSEDINFACTORIES,DOCKS,CONSTRUCTION,TRANSPORTATION,SPORTS,EQUIPMENTMAINTENANCEANDOTHERHIGHALTITUDEOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCEEXISTINGHYDRAULICLIFTINGPLATFORMTHEREAREMANY,CANBEROUGHLYDIVIDEDINTOFOURWHEELMOBILELIFTINGPLATFORM,PUSHTYPELIFTPLATFORM,CARLOADLIFTINGPLATFORM,FIXEDPLATFORMLIFT,SCISSORLIFTPLATFORM,FOURPOSTLIFTTHETWOCOLUMNLIFTANDSOONINRECENTYEARS,WITHTHERAPIDINCREASEINTHEUSEOFCARS,CHINASBOOMINGAUTOINDUSTRY,ESPECIALLYTHECARINDUSTRYTHISMAKESTHEAUTOREPAIRINDUSTRYHASGROWN,DEMANDFORAUTOMOTIVEMAINTENANCEEQUIPMENTRAPIDEXPANSION,BUTALSOTHEMAINTENANCEREQUIREMENTSINTHEAUTOMOTIVETOOLSANDEQUIPMENTREQUIREMENTSONTHEINCREASINGLYHIGHLIFTVEHICLEREPAIRWORKSHOPISESSENTIALANDMOSTIMPORTANTMAINTENANCEMACHINERYANDEQUIPMENTTHEROLEOFAUTOLIFTCARISINNEEDOFREPAIR,ASMOOTHUPGRADETOTHEAPPROPRIATEHEIGHT,SOTHATMAINTENANCEWORKERSATTHEBOTTOMOFTHECARCHASSISMAINTENANCEANDINSPECTIONGENERALLYDIVIDEDINTOHIGHCOLUMNCARLIFTANDSCISSORSEITHERWAY,AREREQUIREDTOMEETTHESYNCHRONOUSLIFTINGTHECAR,CORNERINGCANNOTHAPPEN,ANDASKEDFORTHEEMPTYCHASSISBOTTOMFOREASYMAINTENANCEWORKERSFORMAINTENANCEWORKWHICHREQUIRESLIFTINGPLATFORMSYNCHRONOUSLIFTING,RUNNINGSMOOTHLYTHEREFORE,MAINTENANCEOFTHECARLIFTINGPLATFORMEQUIPMENTISGENERALLYDRIVENBYHYDRAULICSYSTEMWITHTHEEXPANDINGSERVICESECTOR,ASWELLASTHEFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFAUTOMATION,THEMAINTENANCESTAFFTOREDUCELABORINTENSITY,MAKINGTHEEASYMAINTENANCE,ANDCANBETTERIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFVEHICLEMAINTENANCE,ANDCARMAINTENANCESERVICEQUALITY,SOTHEHYDRAULICLIFTPLATFORMAUTOMATIONREQUIREMENTSAREALSORISINGVEHICLEMAINTENANCEISCURRENTLYREQUIREDTOMEETTHESYNCHRONIZATIONCONTROL,LIFTINGTHEPLATFORMLIFTSYSTEMDEPENDSMAINLYONTHEHYDRAULICSYSTEMANDELECTRICALCONTROLANDDRIVESYSTEMS,BUTTHELIFTPLATFORMISCURRENTLYOWNEDBYTHEWIDESPREADLEAKAGE,INTERNALLEAKAGE,SHORTLIFE,THEOPERATIONNOTFLEXIBLE,SYNCHRONOUSOPERATIONANDLOWDEFECTSTOAVOIDTHESEDISADVANTAGES,REQUIREMOREPRECISESYNCHRONIZATIONTOENSURETHATTHEHYDRAULICLIFTINGPLATFORMLIFTPRECISION,ANDNOWMOSTOFTHEHYDRAULICLIFTINGPLATFORMSIMULTANEOUSLYPHASINGOUTALLTRADITIONALHYDRAULICVALVES,THEUSEOFMOREPRECISECONTROLOFTHENEWELECTROHYDRAULICSERVOVALVE,ELECTROHYDRAULICPROPORTIONALDIGITALELECTROHYDRAULICVALVEANDVALVETOCONTROLTHEHYDRAULICSYSTEM,TOACHIEVESYNCHRONIZATIONANDHIGHPRECISIONASAFORMOFELECTROHYDRAULICPROPORTIONALVALVETYPEOFDIVERSE,EASYTOUSECOMPOSITIONOFAVARIETYOFELECTRICALANDCOMPUTERCONTROLLEDHYDRAULICSYSTEM,CONTROLOFHIGHPRECISION,INSTALLATIONFLEXIBILITYANDSTRONGANTIPOLLUTIONANDMANYOTHERADVANTAGESCURRENTLYUSEDINTHEAUTOMOTIVEREPAIRHYDRAULICSYNCHRONOUSLIFTPLATFORMVEHICLEMAINTENANCEPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINSYNCHRONOUSLIFTINGPLATFORMONAVARIETYOFHYDRAULICVALVES,HYDRAULICCYLINDERS,HYDRAULICPUMPSTATIONINNOVATIONANDIMPROVEMENT,MAKINGAHYDRAULICLIFTINGPLATFORMSYNCHRONIZATIONSMOOTHMAINTENANCEOFTHECARPLAYSANIRREPLACEABLEROLEINAWIDERANGEPROSPECTSTHEREFORE,THELIFTINGPLATFORMFORFURTHERRESEARCHANDIMPROVEMENT,OPTIMIZESYSTEMPERFORMANCEANDSTRUCTURETOFURTHERIMPROVETOMAKEUPFORTHESHORTCOMINGSOFEXISTINGTECHNOLOGYHASIMPORTANTSIGNIFICANCETHESUBJECTOFTHEDESIGNOFTHEHYDRAULICLIFTINGPLATFORMMAINUSEOFTHEORETICALRESEARCHANDDESIGN,THROUGHTHEUNDERSTANDINGANDSTUDYOFTHEHYDRAULICSYSTEM,ASWELLASEXISTINGCONTROLTECHNOLOGIESANDMOREINDEPTHRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,INTHEHYDRAULICSYSTEMCOMPONENTSANDFURTHERUNDERSTANDINGANDLEARNING,COMBINEDWITHTHEMODERNIZATIONOFHYDRAULICCOMPONENTSANDAUTOMATIONANDCONTROLCOMPONENTSWITHINTHEHYDRAULICCONTROLTHROUGHTRADITIONALHIGHTECHCOMPONENTSANDCONTROLELEMENTSOFEXISTINGCOMPARATIVEANDCOMPREHENSIVEAPPLICATIONOFTHETRADITIONALHYDRAULICSYSTEM,BASEDONTHERESEARCHANDDESIGNMOREINNOVATIVESETOFMACHINES,ELECTRICITY,LIQUIDINONEOFTHEHYDRAULICCONTROLSYSTEM,MAKESTHESYSTEMMORESTABLEANDFASTERTOACHIEVETHEADVANTAGESHYDRAULICLIFTPLATFORMSYSTEM,REQUIRESTHEABILITYTOACHIEVEFOURWHEELEDVEHICLESINACONTROLLEDSYNCHRONOUSLIFTINGHEIGHTLIFTINGRANGE,TOACHIEVESAFEANDRELIABLECONTROLOFTHETWOFRONT,TWOREAR,TWOREVOLVERS,TWOROUNDSOFSYNCHRONOUSLIFTINGTHERIGHTANDTOENSURESYNCHRONOUSMOVEMENTSACCURACYTHEHYDRAULICLIFTSYSTEMALSOMUSTHAVEAFASTRESPONSESPEED,HYDRAULICPOWERUNITS,SMALLSIZE,COMPACTSTRUCTURE,LARGEPOWERWEIGHTRATIO,EASEOFMANIPULATIONANDCONTROL,LABORSAVINGCONVENIENCEANDEASYTOIMPLEMENTAUTOMATED,WITHOVERLOADPROTECTIONFORHIGHRELIABILITYREQUIREMENTSSYSTEM,EXCELLENTTECHNICALPERFORMANCE,WHILEENSURINGSYNCHRONOUSHYDRAULICLIFTINGPLATFORMCANBEANYWHEREINTHEVERTICALDIRECTIONONALONGERTIME60MINORLONGERWITHINARELIABLELOCKING,THESYSTEMCANWORKCONTINUOUSLYANDRELIABLY,THESYSTEMENERGYEFFICIENT,EASYTOMAINTAINLOWCOSTHYDRAULICLIFTPLATFORMTOMEETSYSTEMDESIGNREQUIREMENTS,SYNCHRONOUSMOVEMENTSSMOOTH,ANDTHEDESIGNTOACHIEVETHEFUNCTIONALREQUIREMENTS,DEVELOPTHESYSTEMCLOSEDLOOPCONTROLOFHYDRAULICSYSTEMS,HYDRAULICSYSTEMSUSEDTOSATISFYTHESYNCHRONIZATIONREQUIREMENTSOFPRECISIONANDCONTROLTOACHIEVETHEFOURWHEELEDVEHICLESINACONTROLLEDSYNCHRONOUSLIFTINGHEIGHTLIFTINGRANGE,TOACHIEVESAFEANDRELIABLECONTROLOFTHETWOFRONT,TWOREAR,TWOREVOLVERS,TWOROUNDSOFSYNCHRONOUSLIFTINGTHERIGHTANDTOENSURETHEACCURACYOFSYNCHRONOUSMOVEMENTSTOMEETTHESYNCHRONOUSLIFTINGHYDRAULICSYSTEM,THESYSTEMNEEDSTOHAVESYNCHRONIZATIONCONTROLDEVICETOACHIEVESYNCHRONIZATIONSYNCHRONIZATIONOFHYDRAULICSYSTEMISCURRENTLYRUNNINGMULTIPLECONTROLMETHODS,MAINLYMECHANICALSYNCHRONIZATIONMETHOD,PUMPORMOTORPARALLELMETHOD,DOUBLERODCYLINDERINSERIES,CONTROLVALVE,SYNCHRONIZER,SYNCHRONIZATIONCONTROLVALVECIRCUIT,SERVOANDSOONACCORDINGTOTHEDESIGNOFMACHINERYANDEQUIPMENTREQUIREMENTSFORTHEREALIZATIONOFABETTERTWOCARFRONTWHEEL,TWOREAR,TWOREVOLVERS,TWOSYNCHRONOUSLIFTINGTHERIGHTWHEEL,RESPECTIVELY,THEFLEXIBLECONTROL,THEDESIGNOFTHEFOURHYDRAULICCYLINDERSUSEDFORITSINTENDEDTOACHIEVETHEIRRESPECTIVEPARTSOFTHEWHEELLIFTANDFLEXIBLECONTROLSYNCHRONIZATIONTOACHIEVEHIGHERACCURACYANDMOREFLEXIBLECONTROL,THEDESIGNDOESNOTUSETHETRADITIONALCONTROLVALVESTOCONTROL,BUTINTENDSTO

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文論文文獻(xiàn)翻譯題目礦山測量三維模型制作學(xué)院測繪科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院專業(yè)測繪工程班級0802班學(xué)生史姝學(xué)號0810020205指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師湯伏全二〇一二年六月二日PLATFORMSCHINASTAR,ONECHINA’SOWNPLATFORMFOR3DGLOBALGISMANUFACTUREDBYTHEAUTHORSOFTHISPAPERTHERESULTOFCOMPARISONREVEALSTHATMODELSBUILTBYTHEPROPOSEDMETHODSAREMUCHBETTERTHANTHOSEBUILTUSINGTRADITIONALMETHODSFORTHECONSTRUCTINGOFBUILDINGOBJECTSINLARGESCALESCENES,THEPROPOSEDMETHODSCANNOTONLYREDUCETHECOMPLEXITYANDAMOUNTOFMODELDATAREMARKABLY,BUTCANALSOIMPROVINGCOMPUTERS’EFFICIENCYKEYWORDSKEYWORDSCONSTRUCTINGRULES,MODELSCHEDULING,3DBUILDINGS

簡介：UNIT1NEVERSAYGOODBYEWHENIWASTENIWASSUDDENLYCONFRONTEDWITHTHEANGUISHOFMOVINGFROMTHEONLYHOMEIHADEVERKNOWNMYWHOLELIFE,BRIEFASITWAS,HADBEENSPENTINTHATBIGOLDHOUSE,GRACEFULLYTOUCHEDWITHTHELAUGHTERANDTEARSOFFOURGENERATIONSWHENTHEFINALDAYCAME,IRANTOTHEHAVENOFTHESMALLBACKPORCHANDSATALONE,SHUDDERING,ASTEARSWELLEDUPFROMMYHEARTSUDDENLYIFELTAHANDRESTONMYSHOULDERILOOKEDUPTOSEEMYGRANDFATHER“ITISNTEASY,ISIT,BILLY“HESAIDSOFTLY,SITTINGDOWNONTHESTEPSBESIDEME“GRANDPA,“IREPLIEDTHROUGHMYTEARS,“HOWCANIEVERSAYGOODBYETOYOUANDALLMYFRIENDS“FORAMOMENTHEJUSTSTAREDOFFINTOTHEAPPLETREES“GOODBYEISSUCHASADWORD,“HESAID“ITSEEMSTOOFINAL,TOOCOLD,FORFRIENDSTOUSEWESEEMTOHAVESOMANYWAYSOFSAYINGGOODBYEANDTHEYALLHAVEONETHINGINCOMMONSADNESS“ICONTINUEDTOLOOKINTOHISFACEHEGENTLYTOOKMYHANDINHIS“COMEWITHME,MYFRIEND,“HEWHISPEREDWEWALKED,HANDINHAND,TOHISFAVORITEPLACEINTHEFRONTYARD,WHEREAHUGEREDROSEBUSHSATCONSPICUOUSLYALONE“WHATDOYOUSEEHERE,BILLY“HEASKEDILOOKEDATTHEFLOWER,NOTKNOWINGWHATTOSAY,ANDTHENANSWERED,“ISEESOMETHINGSOFTANDBEAUTIFUL,GRANDPA“KNEELING,HEPULLEDMECLOSE“ITISNTJUSTTHEROSESTHATAREBEAUTIFUL,BILLYITSTHATSPECIALPLACEINYOURHEARTTHATMAKESTHEMSO“HISEYESMETMINEAGAIN“BILLY,IPLANTEDTHESEROSESALONG,LONGTIMEAGOBEFOREYOURMOTHERWASEVENADREAMIPUTTHEMINTOTHESOILTHEDAYMYFIRSTSONWASBORNITWASMYWAYOFSAYINGTHANKYOUTOGODTHATBOYSNAMEWASBILLY,JUSTLIKEYOURSIUSEDTOWATCHHIMPICKROSESFORHISMOTHER“ISAWMYGRANDFATHERSTEARSIHADNEVERSEENHIMCRYBEFOREHISVOICEBECAMEHOARSE“ONEDAYATERRIBLEWARCAME,ANDMYSON,LIKESOMANYSONS,WENTAWAYTOFIGHTAGREATEVILHEANDIWALKEDTOTHETRAINSTATIONTOGETHERTHREEMONTHSLATERATELEGRAMCAMEMYSONHADDIEDINSOMETINYVILLAGEINITALYALLICOULDTHINKOFWASTHATTHELASTTHINGISAIDTOHIMINTHISLIFEWASGOODBYE“GRANDPASLOWLYSTOODUP“DONTEVERSAYGOODBYE,BILLYDONTEVERGIVEINTOTHESADNESSANDTHELONELINESSOFTHATWORDIWANTYOUTOREMEMBERINSTEADTHEJOYANDTHEHAPPINESSOFTHOSETIMESWHENYOUFIRSTSAIDHELLOTOAFRIENDTAKETHATSPECIALHELLOANDLOCKITAWAYWITHINYOUINTHATPLACEINYOURHEARTWHERESUMMERISANALWAYSTIMEWHENYOUANDYOURFRIENDSMUSTPART,IWANTYOUTOREACHDEEPWITHINYOUANDBRINGBACKTHATFIRSTHELLO“內(nèi)心的某個特別的地方，使得他們?nèi)绱嗣利??！彼哪抗庠俅谓佑|到我的?！氨壤液芫煤芫靡郧熬头N下了這些玫瑰那個時候甚至還沒有你媽媽呢。在我的第一個兒子出生的那天，我把它們種到了土里。這是我在用自己的方式對上帝表達(dá)我的感激。那個男孩的名字叫做比利，和你一樣。過去我常常看著他給他媽媽摘玫瑰花?！蔽铱匆娏俗娓傅难蹨I。以前我從未見過他流淚。他的聲音開始變得有些沙啞?！坝幸惶?，可怕的戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)了。我的兒子，象許多其他人的兒子們一樣，去與邪惡作戰(zhàn)。他和我一起走到火車站。。。。。。三個月后，來了一封電報說，我的兒子戰(zhàn)死在意大利的一個小村莊里。我所能想起的只有在他的生命中我跟他講的最后一句話再見。”祖父緩緩的站起來說，“永遠(yuǎn)不要說再見，比利。永遠(yuǎn)不要屈服于那個詞所帶來的悲傷和孤獨(dú)。相反，我要你記住那些你第一次跟朋友們說“你好”的時侯心里的那種歡樂。記住那個特別的問候，把他們保存在心里，這樣你的內(nèi)心就會永遠(yuǎn)充滿夏天般的快樂和幸福。當(dāng)你不得不和朋友們分離時，我想讓你在內(nèi)心深處重新找回第一次的問候?！币荒臧胍院?，祖父病得很嚴(yán)重。幾個星期以后，他從醫(yī)院回來，想把床挪到窗邊，因?yàn)樵谀莾核梢钥匆娝膼鄣拿倒鍏?。然后，整個家族被召集到一起，我回到了那個老房子。大人們決定，年紀(jì)大一些的孫子們可以向他道別。輪到我時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)他看起來相當(dāng)疲倦。他的眼睛閉著，呼吸緩慢而艱難。我輕輕的拿起他的手，就像以前他牽著我的手一樣?！澳?，爺爺，”我輕輕的說。他的眼睛緩慢的睜開了?！澳愫茫业呐笥?。”他說道，帶著短暫的微笑。他的眼睛再一次閉上，我離開了房間。那時我正站在祖父的玫瑰叢邊，叔叔過來告訴我說，祖父已經(jīng)去世了。想起祖父的話，我從內(nèi)心深處回憶起構(gòu)成我們友誼的特殊情感。突然，真真切切地，我領(lǐng)悟了他告訴我的永遠(yuǎn)不要說再見的含義不要屈服于悲傷。