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1、<p><b>  中文3827字</b></p><p>  本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))</p><p><b>  外文翻譯</b></p><p>  外文出處 Personnel Review, 2008(3):300-316 </p>&l

2、t;p>  外文作者 Kuen-Hung Tsai,Christine Chou,Ming-Yi Chen </p><p><b>  原文</b></p><p>  Does matching pay policy with innovation strategy really

3、improve firm performance?</p><p>  Introduction</p><p>  In a fast-moving and globalized world, a firm must maintain its competitive advantage to constantly improve its performance and compete w

4、ith its competitors. The competitive advantage concept includes the capabilities, resources, relationships, and decisions that permit a firm to capitalize on opportunities and avoid threats within its industry (Hofer and

5、 Schendel, 1978). Porter (1985) argued that human resourcemanagement (HRM) helps a firm obtain a competitive advantage by lowering costs, incre</p><p>  Previous authors have described SHRM as the process of

6、 linking HR practices to business strategy (Ulrich and Lake, 1991). Human resource managers have long regarded compensation as a crucial lever to move employees toward the desired goals of an organization (McLagan and Ne

7、l, 1995). Examining the effects of pay policy on an enterprise has become a very important issue in the HRM field as managers</p><p>  increasingly emphasize SHRM. Prior research has contributed, at the indi

8、vidual level, to the nexus between pay policy and several important constructs by examining issues such as satisfaction (Dyer and Theriault, 1976; Rice et al., 1990), retention (Holzer, 1990;Barber and Bretz, 2000), and

9、performance (Neal, 1993; Levine, 1993; Trevor et al., 1997).At the firm level, several studies argue that matching pay policy with business strategy may increase organizational performance (Miles and Snow, 19</p>

10、<p>  Although previous studies address the strategic perspective of pay policy, only a few empirical investigations were conducted (e.g. Balkin and Gomez-Mejia, 1990;Montemayor, 1996). These studies provide a solid

11、 foundation for subsequent research , but challenges must still be addressed in terms of their methodology and interpretation of results. For example, previous analyses were grounded in small sample sizes and scarcely co

12、ntrolled for extraneous factor effects such as firm size and industry c</p><p>  This study draws on a large data-set to support a developed conceptual framework, and examines the notion of whether matching

13、a pay policy with a business strategy conclusively supports better firm performance. This paper concentrates on Taiwan’s three technology-based service sectors – the integrated circuit (IC) design service industry, the s

14、ystem integrated service industry, and the software service industry.Several factors influenced the selection of these three industries. First, acquiring </p><p>  In view of the importance of innovation in

15、technology-based service firms, this study focuses on one specific but important aspect of business strategy: innovation strategy. This area is worthy of study because no researchers have investigated the effect which pa

16、y policy combined with innovation strategy has on firm performance.This study uses secondary data rather than the primary data derived from questionnaires in previous studies. This approach limits the effect caused by th

17、e qualitative or </p><p>  Framework and hypotheses</p><p>  Figure 1 displays the conceptual framework investigated in this study. The framework indicates that pay policy and innovation strateg

18、y combined affect the performance achieved in a technology-based service firm. The conceptual framework further proposes that the industry type moderates this relationship. Specific hypotheses concerning these relationsh

19、ips are detailed below, together with their underlying rationale.</p><p>  H1. Matching pay policy with innovation strategy is positively related to firm performance</p><p>  H2. The effect whic

20、h pay level combined with innovation strategy has on firm performance is stronger in the IC design service industry than in software and system integration service industries. </p><p>  Research methods</

21、p><p>  Variable definitions and measures</p><p>  Firm performance. Firms pursue different objectives, and there is probably no single measure that fully captures firm performance (Venkatraman and

22、 Ramanujam, 1986).The ultimate success of a firm is not solely measured by its capacity to increase its sales, produce profits, or generate cash from its operations, but whether the firm’s activities are creating value f

23、or its owners (Fletcher and Smith, 2004). In addition, R&D investments usually allow a firm to benefit from efficiency improvement or </p><p>  Pay policy. An organization often formally or informally es

24、tablishes a pay policy that determines whether it will be a pay leader, a pay follower, or merely hold an average position in the labor market (Klaas and McClendon, 1996). This study measures the pay policy of a firm by

25、its pay levels, comparing a firm’s pay with that of other firms in the same labor market. The firm’s pay level is operationalized by the ratio of each employee’s pay to the average pay of each employee in the same indust

26、r</p><p>  Innovation strategy. In the knowledge-creating view, innovation refers to a firm’s efforts to explore or exploit technological knowledge for new product or process developments (Cohen and Levintha

27、l, 1990). A firm’s R&D expenditures can enhance its level of knowledge application, thereby increasing its competitive advantage (Songet al., 2005). Previous studies have deemed R&D efforts as the most important

28、aspect of innovation (Griliches, 1979, 1986; Cohen and Levinthal, 1990; Henderson and Cockbu</p><p>  Discussions and implications</p><p>  Using secondary data, this study uses empirical eviden

29、ce to determine whether or not matching pay policy and business strategy really improves firm performance. The examination focuses on business strategy and innovation strategy; and the analyses are based on a large sampl

30、e of three technology-based service sectors. The results indicate that IC design services firms exhibit the positive effect of innovation strategy combined with high pay, but software services firms and information syste

31、m inte</p><p>  The industry characteristics of the three sectors considered in this study are quite similar. These industries are predominantly composed of SMEs (see the labor statistics in Table I) and are

32、 labor but knowledge-intensive (see the labor estimates in Tables III-V). In addition, the advantage of competition for a firm within these industries is based mainly on technologies, which are primarily embedded in qual

33、ified employees (Wang et al., 2007). Furthermore, innovation is an important method of ga</p><p>  These findings have several implications for academic research and commercial practice. First, previous rese

34、arch argues for the effect which pay policy combined with business strategy has on firm performance, and suggests this perspective could be applied in all industries (Montemayor, 1996; Balkin and Gomez-Mejia, 1990; Milko

35、vich and Newman, 2004). However, in terms of innovation strategy, the results of this study provide a less positive view. This study suggests that the hypothesized positive</p><p>  This study highlights the

36、 moderating role of industry characteristic in the relationship between the combination of pay and innovation strategy with firm performance. However, this finding is only generated from three technology-based service se

37、ctors. In the future, and the validity of this result should be further examined in other contexts. Nevertheless, this study contributes to the field of human resources management in service sectors.</p><p>

38、  Kuen-Hung Tsai,Christine Chou,Ming-Yi Chen. Does matching pay policy with innovation strategy really improve firm performance? An examination of technology-based service firms [J] Personnel Review, 2008(3):300-316</

39、p><p><b>  譯文</b></p><p>  與薪酬策略相匹配的創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略能提高企業(yè)績(jī)效嗎?</p><p><b>  簡(jiǎn)介 </b></p><p>  在一個(gè)快速發(fā)展和全球化的世界中,公司必須保持其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),不斷提高其績(jī)效與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的觀念包括能力,資源,關(guān)系和決定,允許

40、一家公司利用機(jī)遇,避免在其行業(yè)的威脅(霍夫和斯科特,1978)。波特(1985)認(rèn)為,人力資源管理(HRM)幫助一家公司通過(guò)降低成本,增加產(chǎn)品采購(gòu)的來(lái)源和服務(wù)差異化,或三者兼而有之來(lái)獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。然而,要想通過(guò)人力資源獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),需要戰(zhàn)略管理觀念(杰克遜和舒勒,1995)。這是基本合理的戰(zhàn)略人力資源管理(SHRM)。最近的研究探討出戰(zhàn)略人力資源管理作為一種提高組織競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的手段,能改善企業(yè)整體績(jī)效(亞瑟,1994; 豪斯里德,1995

41、;邁克杜菲,1995)。</p><p>  前人所描述的戰(zhàn)略人力資源管理是把人力資源實(shí)踐活動(dòng)與企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)系起來(lái)的方法(烏利齊和雷克,1991年)。人力資源管理者一直視薪酬為一個(gè)使員工朝著組織期望的目標(biāo)前行的重要杠桿(麥克拉根和內(nèi)爾,1995年)。檢查薪酬策略對(duì)企業(yè)的效果已經(jīng)成為人力資源管理領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)非常重要的問(wèn)題,因?yàn)榻?jīng)理越來(lái)越重視戰(zhàn)略人力資源管理。以前的研究,在個(gè)人層面上,對(duì)薪酬策略和一些正檢驗(yàn)的如滿意度(戴

42、爾和里爾,1976;賴斯等人,1990),保留機(jī)制(霍爾澤,1990;巴伯和布雷茨,2000),及績(jī)效(尼爾,1993;列文,1993;特雷弗等人,1997)這些問(wèn)題之間的聯(lián)系有所收獲。在企業(yè)層面,一些研究認(rèn)為,與經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略相匹配的薪酬策略可能會(huì)提高組織績(jī)效(米爾斯和斯諾,1984;卡羅爾,1987年)。此外,最近的一些研究探討經(jīng)營(yíng)策略上對(duì)薪酬的影響(辛加和阿加瓦爾,1999;;Yanadori和馬勒,2006年)。 </p>

43、<p>  盡管以前的研究報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào)了薪酬策略的戰(zhàn)略角度,然而只有少數(shù)進(jìn)行了實(shí)證調(diào)查(如巴爾金和戈麥斯-希亞,1990;蒙特馬約爾,1996)。這些研究為后續(xù)研究提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),但就其方法和結(jié)果的解釋來(lái)看挑戰(zhàn)仍然存在。例如,以前的分析僅停留在小樣本量和如企業(yè)規(guī)模和行業(yè)特點(diǎn)等外在因素的影響的上。因此,與經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略相結(jié)合的薪酬策略對(duì)企業(yè)績(jī)效產(chǎn)生的效果有待充分研究。盡管薪酬策略被視為影響員工行為和提高公司績(jī)效至關(guān)重要的人力資源杠桿

44、(麥克拉根和內(nèi)爾,1995年;宋等人,2005),但一些學(xué)者爭(zhēng)辯道,薪酬策略可能會(huì)在招聘和留住員工上有一定作用,但通常與生產(chǎn)力無(wú)關(guān)(羅森布魯姆和哈爾曼,1981;希爾斯,1987)。其他作者指出,個(gè)人激勵(lì)工資可能會(huì)破壞團(tuán)隊(duì)精神,鼓勵(lì)短期團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,這往往會(huì)降低組織績(jī)效(皮拉弗,2001)。加薪也可能導(dǎo)致公司成本上升(貝克和格哈特,1996)。對(duì)戰(zhàn)略薪酬觀點(diǎn)的爭(zhēng)議促使對(duì)它的檢測(cè)成為必要。</p><p>  本研究集

45、中于利用一個(gè)大型數(shù)據(jù)集來(lái)支持開發(fā)的概念框架,并研究是否與經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略匹配的的薪酬策略更好的企業(yè)績(jī)效。本文著重對(duì)臺(tái)灣的三大技術(shù)型服務(wù)部門-集成電路(IC)設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)業(yè),系統(tǒng)集成服務(wù)業(yè),軟件服務(wù)業(yè)進(jìn)行研究. 幾個(gè)因素影響對(duì)這三個(gè)行業(yè)的選擇。首先,獲得有技能的勞動(dòng)力,是一個(gè)服務(wù)公司努力提高其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的重要組成部分。由于技術(shù)型服務(wù)公司以提供先進(jìn)技術(shù)來(lái)獲取利潤(rùn),他們應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)男匠旰图?lì)政策,以招聘高素質(zhì)人才。第二,就與戰(zhàn)略薪酬策略觀點(diǎn)觀點(diǎn)有關(guān)的

46、問(wèn)題而言,有的研究不注重服務(wù)領(lǐng)域。第三,臺(tái)灣曾經(jīng)是世界上重要的新興市場(chǎng)之一,但現(xiàn)在面臨著由于中國(guó)大陸崛起和在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。技術(shù)型服務(wù)行業(yè)扮演著知識(shí)創(chuàng)新發(fā)起者和調(diào)停者,起著重要作用,引導(dǎo)整個(gè)行業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的增長(zhǎng)。通過(guò)人力資源管理實(shí)踐活動(dòng)建立起這個(gè)行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)有關(guān)臺(tái)灣經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的切身利益,因此這也是臺(tái)灣的人力資源專業(yè)人士和研究人員的重要課題。最后,本研究利用由臺(tái)灣內(nèi)閣級(jí)辦公室-預(yù)算會(huì)計(jì)統(tǒng)計(jì)理事會(huì)建設(shè)的以技術(shù)型服務(wù)公司為依據(jù)的數(shù)

47、據(jù)庫(kù)。這個(gè)大樣本數(shù)據(jù)集為本研究分析提供了一個(gè)更完整和適當(dāng)?shù)淖兞棵枋?。因此,這項(xiàng)結(jié)果是這一領(lǐng)域令人感興趣的調(diào)查。</p><p>  鑒于在技術(shù)型服務(wù)企業(yè)中技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的重要性,本研究針對(duì)一個(gè)具體但又重要的經(jīng)營(yíng)策略:創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略。這一領(lǐng)域是值得研究,因?yàn)檠芯咳藛T沒(méi)有調(diào)查出薪酬策略與企業(yè)創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略相結(jié)合對(duì)企業(yè)績(jī)效的影響效果.這項(xiàng)研究使用第二手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)而沒(méi)有使用通過(guò)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查所得的原始數(shù)據(jù)。這種做法限制了受訪者的定性或態(tài)度傾向造成的影

48、響。因此,本研究探討的戰(zhàn)略薪酬觀點(diǎn)更加客觀。之前的研究并沒(méi)有在框架中把工業(yè)類型的企業(yè)看做是變化的。即使不同的行業(yè)可能因不同的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)情況和有關(guān)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件而擁有不同的勞動(dòng)條件。這項(xiàng)研究提供了結(jié)合不同行業(yè)的影響更全面的調(diào)查。這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果將讓大部分人力資源專家和臺(tái)灣人力資源研究人員,特別是人力資源經(jīng)理感興趣。</p><p><b>  框架和假設(shè)</b></p><p&g

49、t;  圖1顯示研究中調(diào)查的概念框架。該框架表明,薪酬策略和創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略相結(jié)合影響了技術(shù)型服務(wù)公司的績(jī)效。概念框架進(jìn)一步闡述道,產(chǎn)業(yè)類型調(diào)和了這種關(guān)系。關(guān)于這些關(guān)系的特定假設(shè)連同它們的基本原理在下面詳細(xì)列出。</p><p>  假設(shè)1。與創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略匹配的薪酬策略與公司業(yè)績(jī)是正相關(guān)的</p><p>  假設(shè)2。與創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略相結(jié)合薪酬水平對(duì)集成電路設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)公司業(yè)績(jī)的影響強(qiáng)于軟件和系統(tǒng)集成服務(wù)行

50、業(yè)。</p><p><b>  研究方法</b></p><p><b>  變量定義和措施</b></p><p>  企業(yè)績(jī)效。不同企業(yè)追求不同的目標(biāo),并有沒(méi)有僅用單一措施,就能贏得企業(yè)績(jī)效的可能(溫卡特曼和拉曼紐杰明,1986)。一個(gè)企業(yè)的最終成功,并不僅僅取決于增加銷售能力,獲利能力,或集資的能力,而是取決于能否

51、為公司的所有者創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的能力(弗萊徹和史密斯,2004)。此外,研發(fā)投資通常讓企業(yè)受益于效率的提高分化,進(jìn)而增加企業(yè)價(jià)值(格里奇斯,1979,1986)。此前的實(shí)證研究都使用企業(yè)價(jià)值的增值而不是銷售量來(lái)衡量因創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)生的公司業(yè)績(jī)(如藤和鈴木,1989;利希滕貝格和西格爾,1991;韋克林,2001;蔡先生和王先生,2004)。因此,為了與以前的研究在同一水平線上,此項(xiàng)研究使用企業(yè)價(jià)值增值來(lái)衡量公司業(yè)績(jī)。這里的企業(yè)價(jià)值增值是企業(yè)的收入和實(shí)際

52、投入成本之間的差異,由美元衡量(新臺(tái)幣,百萬(wàn)元)。</p><p>  薪酬策略。一個(gè)組織正式或非正式地建立了一套薪酬策略,這個(gè)策略決定了它是工資的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,追隨者,或者僅僅是在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的平均水平(克拉斯和麥克倫登,1996)。本研究通過(guò)與在同一勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上的其他企業(yè)相比的薪酬水平來(lái)判定企業(yè)薪酬策略。該公司的薪酬水平是由企業(yè)中每個(gè)員工的薪酬與相同行業(yè)中人均薪酬的比得到的。</p><p>

53、  創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略。在創(chuàng)新知識(shí)的觀點(diǎn)中,創(chuàng)新是指一個(gè)企業(yè)探索或利用技術(shù)知識(shí)開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品或工藝(科恩和列文托,1990)。一個(gè)企業(yè)的研究開發(fā)支出可以提高其知識(shí)應(yīng)用水平,從而增加其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)(宋先生等人,2005)。以前的研究已經(jīng)把研究與開發(fā)視為創(chuàng)新的最重要方面(格魯齊斯,1979,1986;科恩和列文托,1990; 亨德森和科伯恩,1996)。本研究永研究開發(fā)支出作為企業(yè)追求創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略的代理衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p><

54、b>  討論和影響</b></p><p>  本研究采用實(shí)證證據(jù),使用輔助數(shù)據(jù),以確定是否匹配的薪酬策略和經(jīng)營(yíng)策略能真正提高企業(yè)績(jī)效。檢測(cè)側(cè)重于經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略和創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略,分析是以大量的技術(shù)型服務(wù)行業(yè)的樣本為基礎(chǔ)。結(jié)果表明,集成電路設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)公司展示了高薪與創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略相結(jié)合的積極作用,但軟件服務(wù)公司和信息系統(tǒng)集成服務(wù)公司并沒(méi)有顯示這種積極作用。</p><p>  在這項(xiàng)研究中考慮

55、了三個(gè)行業(yè)的特點(diǎn)是近似的。這些企業(yè)主要是由勞動(dòng)力密集(見表三至表四數(shù)據(jù))而且是知識(shí)密集中小型企業(yè)組成(見表一的勞動(dòng)力統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù))。此外,這個(gè)行業(yè)公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)主要是技術(shù),這主要是引入了符合條件的員工(王先生等人,2007)。而且,創(chuàng)新是在這個(gè)行業(yè)獲得了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)一個(gè)重要的方法。既然三個(gè)行業(yè)是相似的,一個(gè)值得進(jìn)一步討論的問(wèn)題就產(chǎn)生了:為什么薪酬策略與創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略相結(jié)合在集成電路服務(wù)業(yè)起作用,而在其他兩個(gè)行業(yè)就不起作用了呢? 三個(gè)行業(yè)所面臨的技術(shù)動(dòng)

56、蕩可能解釋這一現(xiàn)象。技術(shù)動(dòng)蕩是指技術(shù)變革的速度。與正經(jīng)歷快速變化的新生技術(shù)知識(shí)相作用的組織創(chuàng)新被視為實(shí)現(xiàn)更高經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)的一個(gè)重要因素(凡漢弗貝克等人,2002;吉甸斯,2004)。相比之下,一個(gè)更加穩(wěn)定的技術(shù)環(huán)境可以有替代途徑,如市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向,以爭(zhēng)取競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)(賈沃斯基和科里,1993)。因此,由于創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的優(yōu)勢(shì)可能不再保證這類替代的渠道存在。換句話說(shuō),當(dāng)一個(gè)公司的技術(shù)變革不是那么迅速的時(shí)候,創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略與薪酬水平之間的匹配可能不會(huì)導(dǎo)致更高的

57、經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)。前面研究報(bào)告中提到,集成電路設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)在臺(tái)灣已被列為高科技行業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的典型代表。因此,這可</p><p>  這些發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于學(xué)術(shù)研究和商業(yè)實(shí)踐可能有影響。第一,過(guò)去的研究對(duì)薪酬策略與企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對(duì)公司業(yè)績(jī)的影響效果有爭(zhēng)論,并提出這一觀點(diǎn)可以應(yīng)用到所有的行業(yè)(蒙特馬約爾,1996;巴爾金和戈麥斯-希亞,1990年; 米科維奇和紐曼,2004)。然而,在創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略方面,本研究結(jié)果提供了一個(gè)不太積極的看法。這項(xiàng)

58、研究表明,兩者之間的匹配與企業(yè)績(jī)效假設(shè)的正面關(guān)系在一些特定行業(yè)有積極作用,但并不見得在所有行業(yè)都有這種作用。第二,當(dāng)討論人力資源系統(tǒng)作用時(shí),以往的研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了多個(gè)行業(yè)背景的優(yōu)勢(shì),但對(duì)于薪酬專家而言,一個(gè)多行業(yè)樣本產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果不論行業(yè)都具有適用性(亞瑟,1994;蒙特馬約爾,1996)。然而,他們的調(diào)查忽略了行業(yè)的調(diào)節(jié)作用。這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果表明,行業(yè)是協(xié)調(diào)者,因此,未來(lái)的研究應(yīng)該在審查戰(zhàn)略薪酬原理正確性時(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)到行業(yè)中偶然事件的重要性。第三,雖然

59、許多學(xué)者爭(zhēng)論關(guān)于薪酬策略與經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略相匹配的效果,但這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果并不能完全證實(shí)這一點(diǎn)就在創(chuàng)新策略上正確。因此,對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)管理人員而言,這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果表明,相匹配的薪酬策略和經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略不能作為一種提高績(jī)效的靈丹妙藥。</p><p>  這項(xiàng)研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了薪酬和創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略之間關(guān)系對(duì)企業(yè)績(jī)效的調(diào)節(jié)作用。然而,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)僅來(lái)自三個(gè)技術(shù)型服務(wù)行業(yè)。在未來(lái),這個(gè)結(jié)果的有效性應(yīng)有待在其他情況下作進(jìn)一步研究。不過(guò),這項(xiàng)研究對(duì)服務(wù)行業(yè)的人力資源

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