跨文化非言語交際中的中美空間觀差異【開題報告+文獻(xiàn)綜述+畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文開題報告</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　Space Differences in Nonverbal Communication between Chinese and Americans　</p><p>　　一、論文選題的背景、意義（所選課題

2、的歷史背景、國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢）</p><p><b>　?。ㄒ唬┍尘凹耙饬x</b></p><p>　　隨著全球化進(jìn)程的進(jìn)一步加劇，具有不同語言及文化背景的人們的接觸也日益增多?？缥幕浑H已經(jīng)成為人們交際活動中必不可少的重要組成部分。在跨文化交際過程中，人們往往只注重語言本身，而忽視了非言語行為，作為非言語行為的主要組成部分空間更少被提及。對不同文化背景下的

3、空間觀的忽視，在不了解這種差異的條件下會導(dǎo)致交際的失敗。因此對比中美不同文化背景下的空間觀差異來提高文化意識，減少交際過程中的誤解，對達(dá)到成功交際目的來說很有必要。</p><p><b>　?。ǘ┭芯楷F(xiàn)狀 </b></p><p>　　美國著名人類學(xué)家霍爾提出：空間的變化會對交際發(fā)生影響，可以加強交際的效果，有時還會超過言語的作用。</p><

4、p>　　1959年，霍爾出版《無聲的語言》，在“空間會說話”這一章對空間概念和近體學(xué)的理論做了精辟的論述。 1963年 在《醫(yī)學(xué)和人類學(xué)中的人類形象》中首次詳細(xì)論述了人類的空間關(guān)系及個人領(lǐng)地要求。</p><p>　　霍爾將空間分為三類：1.固定空間，即由固定的墻欄和物體構(gòu)成的空間，如房間。 2.半固定空間，即由桌椅板凳之類較大物體構(gòu)成的空間。3 非正式空間，即人們在與他人交往中每個個體所習(xí)慣維護(hù)的個人空間

5、氣泡。</p><p>　　1966年羅伯特安德烈發(fā)表了《領(lǐng)地要求》。書中討論了獸類、鳥類和魚類對領(lǐng)域的劃分和守衛(wèi)行為，指出人類與動物一樣，也有一種強烈的領(lǐng)域要求感。</p><p>　　縱觀空間觀的研究，已了解了空間觀上的一些差異，學(xué)者們也提出了自己的見解，但尚無完整的理論，以及對產(chǎn)生這些差異的原因和解決方法的完整探究。</p><p><b>　　（三

6、）發(fā)展趨勢 </b></p><p>　　中美空間觀差異是一個跨文化的學(xué)術(shù)命題，所以英語學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)該具備相應(yīng)的跨文化知識，以開明寬容的態(tài)度和相對自由的立場，來看待這種差異。中美空間觀有其相似點，但更多的是不同，這是由于不同的歷史背景、文化傳統(tǒng)所造成的。而今后的發(fā)展趨勢將進(jìn)一步明確兩者的區(qū)別。當(dāng)然，每個文化都有其存在的理由和傳統(tǒng)，不能盲目地肯定其一或一味地否定其一。英語學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)該弄清楚兩者的異同點，從而明

7、白正確對待雙方的態(tài)度，以便在跨文化交際中正確交流。</p><p>　　二、研究的基本內(nèi)容與擬解決的主要問題 </p><p><b>　　（一）基本內(nèi)容</b></p><p>　　研究內(nèi)容主要包括以下幾個方面：</p><p>　　1 中美對待擁擠態(tài)度</p><p>　　主要探討中美對待擁擠

8、的不同態(tài)度</p><p><b>　　2 中美領(lǐng)地觀念</b></p><p>　　主要探討在領(lǐng)地觀念問題上中美的差異</p><p><b>　　3 空間與取向</b></p><p>　　主要探討中美空間與取向上的差異</p><p>　　4 差異原因分析及解決辦法&l

9、t;/p><p>　　從人口密度、文化傳統(tǒng)中的個人主義與集體主義分析。</p><p>　　培養(yǎng)學(xué)生跨文化交際的能力 加強他們跨文化交際的意識</p><p><b>　　5 總結(jié)</b></p><p>　　文化是無形的，但文化是可學(xué)習(xí)的，特別在跨文化交際中。只有了解這些文化差異，我們才能去關(guān)注，去避免，減少跨文化交際中的

10、誤解，達(dá)到成功交流的目的。</p><p>　?。ǘM解決的主要問題 </p><p>　　跨文化交際已經(jīng)成為人們交際活動中必不可少的重要組成部分。在跨文化交際過程中，人們往往只注重語言本身，而忽視了非言語行為，作為非言語行為的主要組成部分空間更少被提及。對不同文化背景下的空間觀的忽視，在某種條件下會導(dǎo)致交際的失敗。因此對比中美不同文化背景下的空間觀差異來提高文化意識，減少交際過程中的誤

11、解，對達(dá)到成功交際目的來說很有必要。本文擬解決以下主要問題：中美空間觀的主要差異；產(chǎn)生這些差異的主要原因及解決辦法。</p><p>　　三、研究的方法和技術(shù)路線</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┧鸭Y料的方法</p><p>　　1、訪問Internet。在信息技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的今天，上網(wǎng)已成為尋找資料的理想途徑。相信在日新月異的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，能找到不少有用的素材——精美的圖片

12、、詳實的資料、各種論文及書刊……一切盡在掌握之中。</p><p>　　2、到圖書館翻閱資料。 “書到用時方恨少”，要進(jìn)行研究，光憑手上的資料是不夠的。充分利用學(xué)校的圖書館，隨時都可查閱資料。</p><p><b>　　3、看影視片段。</b></p><p><b>　?。ǘ┭芯糠椒?lt;/b></p>&

13、lt;p>　　1、分類法：分類討論不僅是數(shù)學(xué)思想，把不同的信息分類，有便于研究工作的順利進(jìn)行。經(jīng)過分類，中美文化的空間差異可以清晰的突現(xiàn)出來，更具說服力。</p><p>　　2、提取法：紛繁復(fù)雜的原始資料，不經(jīng)提取，不免令人眼花繚亂。因此，需要將資料進(jìn)行整理和篩選，只有經(jīng)過擇優(yōu)錄取，才可提取到真正有用的信息。 </p><p>　　3、對比法：對比中美空間觀差異，了解其相

14、同和不同之處。</p><p><b>　?。ㄈ┘夹g(shù)路線</b></p><p>　　首先通過所掌握的資料，比較中美空間觀差異，分析其相同之處和不同之處，進(jìn)而探討兩者產(chǎn)生差異的原因，最后總結(jié)得出結(jié)論。</p><p>　　四、論文詳細(xì)工作進(jìn)度和安排</p><p><b>　　五、主要參考文獻(xiàn)</b&g

15、t;</p><p>　　(1) Hall, E.T.（1959）. The Silent Language. New York: Doubleday.</p><p>　　(2)Hall, E. T. (1989). Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books.</p><p>　　(3)Larry A.Samovar.(2000

16、). Intercultural Communication. Beijing: Foreign Language</p><p>　　Teaching and Research Press. </p><p>　　(4)Myron W. Lustig.(2007). Jolene Koester. Intercultural competence: interpersonal</p

17、><p>　　communication across cultures. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education</p><p><b>　　Press. </b></p><p>　　(5)William B. Gudykunst.(2007). Cross-cultural and inte

18、rcultural communication. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.</p><p>　　(6)畢繼萬.《跨文化非語言交際》. 北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1999</p><p>　　(7)胡文仲.《跨文化交際面面觀》. 北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1999.</p><p>　

19、　(8)胡文仲.《跨文化交際學(xué)概論》. 北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1999.</p><p>　　(9)賈玉新. 《跨文化交際學(xué)》.上海：上海外語出版社，1997.</p><p>　　(10)林大新. 《跨文化交際研究：與英美人交往指南》.福州：福建人民出版社1996</p><p>　　(11)張愛玲.《跨文化交際》. 重慶：重慶大學(xué)出版社，2003.<

20、/p><p>　　(12)張紅玲. 《跨文化外語教學(xué)》.上海：上海外語出版社，2007.</p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　Space Differences in Nonverbal Communication betw

21、een Chinese and Americans</p><p>　　一、前言部分（說明寫作的目的，介紹有關(guān)概念，扼要說明有關(guān)主題爭論焦點）</p><p>　　隨著全球化進(jìn)程的進(jìn)一步加劇，具有不同語言及文化背景的人們的接觸也日益增多?？缥幕浑H已經(jīng)成為人們交際活動中必不可少的重要組成部分。在跨文化交際過程中，人們往往只注重語言本身，而忽視了非言語行為，作為非言語行為的主要組成部分空間更

22、少被提及。對不同文化背景下的空間觀的忽視，在某種條件下會導(dǎo)致交際的失敗。因此對比中美不同文化背景下的空間觀來提高文化意識，減少交際過程中的誤解，對達(dá)到成功交際目的來說很有必要。</p><p>　　空間觀包括正式空間觀和非正式空間觀。本文主要淺析中美非正式空間觀的差異。那么什么是非正式空間觀？霍爾1959年提出非正式空間觀概念：即人們在與他人交往過程中每個個體所習(xí)慣維護(hù)的個人空間氣泡。</p>&l

23、t;p>　　文章分為五個部分。第一部分文獻(xiàn)綜述，介紹一些空間觀的理論及定義，第二部分從對待擁擠的態(tài)度、領(lǐng)地觀念、空間與取向等方面來具體比較中美空間觀差異。第三部分淺析產(chǎn)生這些差異的原因，第四部分談到中西空間觀差異巨大，我們應(yīng)如何解決或應(yīng)注意哪些方面，第五部分對全文進(jìn)行一個總結(jié)。</p><p>　　二、主題部分（闡明有關(guān)主題的歷史背景、現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向，以及對這些問題的評述）</p><p

24、><b>　?。ㄒ唬┍尘?lt;/b></p><p>　　隨著全球化進(jìn)程的進(jìn)一步加劇，具有不同語言及文化背景的人們的接觸也日益增多。跨文化交際已經(jīng)成為人們交際活動中必不可少的重要組成部分。但在與西方人尤其是美國人交往中，常常會有許多問題。如當(dāng)與美國人相處時，如何保持一個合適的體距，如何不侵犯其隱私。這些都會引起誤解而使交流達(dá)不到預(yù)期目標(biāo)。那么我們應(yīng)該如何做來避免這些問題呢？所以應(yīng)了解中美空

25、間觀上的一些差異。</p><p>　　（二）研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向</p><p><b>　　中國空間觀</b></p><p>　　中國人口眾多，尤其在中國東部的沿海地區(qū)，人口密度相當(dāng)高，城市生活擁擠，而且中國人思想中有群居和集體觀念，所以在對待擁擠這個態(tài)度上，中國人有更強的忍受力。關(guān)于中國人談話時的體距，尚無成熟的研究結(jié)果，但總體上中國人比

26、英美人近。在領(lǐng)地觀念這個問題上，中國人也沒有西方人重視。領(lǐng)地觀念最突出的心理反應(yīng)恐怕要算對待隱私的態(tài)度了。中國人對個人隱私?jīng)]有西方人看得重，所以有時往往會無意中侵犯歐美人的隱私。中國人更強調(diào)群體的隱私?？臻g的一個重要組成部分是取向。中國人很講究住房的朝向，尤其是在中國北方，都以坐北朝南為好。</p><p><b>　　美國空間觀</b></p><p>　　美國人在

27、中國卻感到旅館和住宅擁擠不堪，人們相互干擾，毫無個人寧靜和獨處可言。中美的懸殊差異也變現(xiàn)在受到?jīng)_撞、被人踩了腳或受到推擠時的反應(yīng)上。美國人總是要竭力避免與人碰撞，一旦受到了沖撞或者別人踩了自己的腳，或者受到推擠，反應(yīng)就會極為強烈。如果與人碰撞實屬難免，他們也要表示歉意，認(rèn)為別人也會道歉的；中國人遇到碰撞一樣感到不快，但常常容忍不理。美國人十分重視個人隱私的維護(hù)，他們在與中國人交往中常常感到最大的文化沖突之一就是他們的隱私受到侵犯。美國很

28、注意空間與地位間的關(guān)系，即人們注意利用空間設(shè)計區(qū)分人的地位差別，因此，空間模式與人的地位關(guān)系是西方非語言交際界學(xué)者研究的一個重要課題。如：辦公室所在樓層高度、在某一樓層的位置以及面積大小是辦公室人員權(quán)利和地位的明顯標(biāo)志，一般模式是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的辦公室在高層或樓道深處，低級辦事人員的辦公室在靠樓梯處；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人辦公室大，一般人員辦公室??；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人辦公桌寬大，一般人員辦公桌矮?。活I(lǐng)導(dǎo)人一人一間辦公室，外邊還有秘書把門，一般辦事人員多人共用一小間辦公室。

29、</p><p><b>　　發(fā)展方向</b></p><p>　　針對中西方空間觀存在的差異，一些學(xué)者提出了如何看待及解決的觀點。布羅斯納安認(rèn)為由文化所造成的環(huán)境特征最主要的內(nèi)容還在人的本身。據(jù)粗略統(tǒng)計，英語國家的人口只占中國人口的三分之一，所占領(lǐng)土卻等于中國的3倍。第一次到中國的英語國家的人都為身處人山人海的包圍之中而不知所措。中國人第一次到英語國家時所看到的盡管

30、是人口眾多的大城市，也不能不為那里地域空曠，人口稀少而震驚。他們身居其中往往有一種被隔離的孤獨感。生活在中國的英語國家的人在體距方面感到最大的問題是對人群擁擠的不適應(yīng)。布羅斯納安認(rèn)為，中國人與南歐人、阿拉伯人及日本人相似，將自身范圍僅限于本人身體。而英語國家的人則與多數(shù)北歐人一樣，將個人自身范圍擴展到身體之外。隨著時間的流逝，交流的頻繁與深入，這些問題越來越被人們關(guān)注，人們了解這些差異后，在交流中會盡量避免這些歐美人的禁忌，來達(dá)到成功交

31、流之目的。</p><p><b>　　（三）評述</b></p><p>　　綜觀學(xué)者對中國空間觀與西方空間觀的研究，西方內(nèi)涵研究得比較透徹，也從不同角度來分析中國空間觀以及西方空間觀的文化意義，并針對現(xiàn)在存在的一些有爭議的問題提出了自己的見解，但是對于兩者的比較不是很完全。 </p><p>　　三、總結(jié)部分（將全文主題進(jìn)行扼要總結(jié)，提出自

32、己的見解并對進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展方向做出預(yù)測）</p><p>　　綜上所述，中國空間觀與西方空間觀之間有其相似點，但是由于歷史背景、文化傳統(tǒng)的不同，中西方對兩者的理解是不同的，兩者還是存在巨大的差異。而今后的發(fā)展趨勢將進(jìn)一步明確兩者的區(qū)別及解決辦法。當(dāng)然，每個文化都有其存在的理由和傳統(tǒng)，不能盲目地肯定其一或一味地否定其一。英語學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)該了解這些異同點，從而明白正確對待雙方的態(tài)度，以便在跨文化交際中正確交流。</p

33、><p><b>　　四、參考文獻(xiàn) </b></p><p>　　(1)Hall, E.T.（1959）. The Silent Language. New York: Doubleday.</p><p>　　(2)Hall, E. T. (1989). Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books.</p&

34、gt;<p>　　(3)Larry A.Samovar. (2000).Intercultural Communication. Beijing: Foreign Language</p><p>　　Teaching and Research Press. </p><p>　　(4)Myron W. Lustig, Jolene Koester.(2007). Inter

35、cultural competence: interpersonal</p><p>　　communication across cultures. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education</p><p><b>　　Press. </b></p><p>　　(5)William B. G

36、udykunst. (2007). Cross-cultural and intercultural communication. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.</p><p>　　(6)畢繼萬.《跨文化非語言交際》. 北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1999</p><p>　　(7)胡文仲.《跨文化交際面面觀》.

37、北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1999.</p><p>　　(8)胡文仲.《跨文化交際學(xué)概論》. 北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1999.</p><p>　　(9)賈玉新. 《跨文化交際學(xué)》.上海：上海外語出版社，1997</p><p>　　(10)林大新.《 跨文化交際研究：與英美人交往指南》.福州：福建人民出版社1996</p><p>

38、;　　(11)張愛玲.《跨文化交際》. 重慶：重慶大學(xué)出版社，2003</p><p>　　(12).張紅玲. 《跨文化外語教學(xué)》.上海：上海外語出版社，2007</p><p><b>　?。?0_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計</b></p><p><b>

39、;　　英語</b></p><p>　　跨文化非言語交際中的中美空間觀差異</p><p>　　Spatial Differences in Nonverbal Communication between Chinese and Americans</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　

40、　隨著全球化進(jìn)程的進(jìn)一步加深，具有不同語言及文化背景的人們之間的接觸日益增多，跨文化交際已經(jīng)成為人們交際活動必不可少的重要組成部分。人們在交際過程中，除使用語言符號外，還使用非語言的符號。研究表明，人類的大部分交際活動是通過非言語交際完成的，非言語交際在很大程度上決定了交際的有效性。空間作為人類活動的主要組成部分，對人類的交際活動產(chǎn)生著潛移默化的影響?？臻g是會說話的語言，不同文化的人擁有不同的空間觀，而不同的空間觀則是導(dǎo)致跨文化交際誤解

41、和失敗的一個不容忽視的重要因素。因此，必須把文化差異放在一個重要的位置。通過中美空間文化對比，理解兩國的文化差異，提高跨文化意識，從而達(dá)到成功交際的目的。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：跨文化；非言語交際；空間觀差異；領(lǐng)域</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　With the development of g

42、lobalization, the interaction between people with different languages and cultural backgrounds increases rapidly, and cross-cultural communication has become an important part in human communicative activities. In the pr

43、ocess of communication, people use both verbal symbols and nonverbal symbols. The research shows that most communicative activities are undergoing through nonverbal communication, which to a great extent determines the e

44、fficiency of communication. Space i</p><p>　　Key words: cross-culture; nonverbal communication; spatial differences; territory</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Abstract

45、………………………………………………………………………………II</p><p>　　1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1</p><p>　　1.1 The research background………………………………………………………. 1</p><p>　　1.2 Significance of thi

46、s essay………………………………………………….. .1</p><p>　　1.3 Research questions……………………………………………………………. .2</p><p>　　1.4 Outline of this essay…………………………………………………………….2</p><p>　　2. Literature Review

47、……………………………………………………………….. ..2</p><p>　　2.1 Definitions……………………………………………………………………....2</p><p>　　2.1.1 Definition of space…………………………………………………………2</p><p>　　2.1.2 Definition of nonverb

48、al communication…………………………………...3</p><p>　　2.2 Edward Hall’s theories………………………………………………………….4</p><p>　　2.3 Altman’s theories of territories………………………………………………….4</p><p>　　2.4 Lyman a

49、nd Scott’s theories……………………………………………………..5</p><p>　　3. Differences between Chinese and Americans……………………………………6</p><p>　　3.1 Attitudes towards crowding……………………………………………………..6</p><p>

50、;　　3.1.1 Different attitudes towards crowding in public places……………………..6</p><p>　　3.1.2 Different attitudes about collisions……………………………………...7</p><p>　　3.2 Territory………………………………………………………………………

51、....7</p><p>　　3.2.1 Territory in family life……………………………………………………...7</p><p>　　3.2.2 Territory in public places…………………………………………………..8</p><p>　　3.2.3 Territory of property...........

52、...........................................................................8</p><p>　　3.2.4 Different attitudes towards privacy……………………………………..….9</p><p>　　3.3 Orientation differences……………………………

53、……………..…………….10</p><p>　　4. Reasons for these spatial differences....................................................................11</p><p>　　4.1 Population and density………………………………………………………..

54、.11</p><p>　　4.2 Values………………………………………………………………………….11</p><p>　　4.3 Collection and individualism……………………………………………….....12</p><p>　　5. Solutions for these spatial differences……………………

55、………………….….13</p><p>　　5.1 Enhancing intercultural awareness……………………………………….…13</p><p>　　5.2 Developing intercultural communication competence………………………13</p><p>　　5.3 Re-evaluation s

56、tereotype…………………………………………………….14</p><p>　　6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………15</p><p>　　Bibliography……………………………………………………………………16</p><p>　　Acknowledgements……………………………………………………

57、…………...17</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　1.1 Research background </p><p>　　As the further intensified process of globalization, people with different languages and cultures come

58、into much contact. Cross-culture communication has become an important and essential part in people’s daily life. During the process of cross-culture communication, people often just emphasize verbal communication, and i

59、gnore the non-verbal communication. But in the real life, only 35% of the information is accomplished by language, the rest 65% is accomplished by non verbal communication. Spac</p><p>　　1.2 Significance of

60、this essay</p><p>　　Space plays an important role in cross-culture communication. But people always ignore it and pay much attention to the verbal communication. Space is reflected by territory, proxemics an

61、d space orientation. The interpretations of space are totally different in different communities. Therefore, during the cross-culture communication, in order to achieve the goal of successful communication, it is quite n

62、ecessary and important to perceive different meanings of space in different cultures. China a</p><p>　　1.3 Research questions</p><p>　　This essay will focus on the following questions: What are

63、these main differences between Chinese and Americans? What are the reasons for these differences? Then how can people get a successful communication? These are the main points in this essay. </p><p>　　1.4 Ou

64、tline of this essay</p><p>　　This essay will be divided into six parts. The first part is the introduction of this essay. It includes research background, research questions, significance, and outline of thi

65、s essay. Secondly, that is the literature review, to introduce some theories and definitions. Then, from the attitudes towards crowding, territory, orientation differences to analyze the spatial differences between Chine

66、se and Americans. The next part is to analyze the reasons for these differences. Part five is solution</p><p>　　2. Literature Review</p><p>　　Definitions</p><p>　　2.1.1 Definition

67、 of space</p><p>　　Space is an important issue that both abstract and realistic. Since ancient times, philosophers and scientists were very concerned about this topic. When in the study of nature, the proces

68、s of exploring the universe, our ancient thinkers put forward many outstanding ideas about space characteristics. In ancient China, the earliest concept of space was raised in the book Guan Zi. There is a chapter, which

69、referred to space hazily. Later, Shang Yang’s teacher Shi Jiao gave a more clear definition </p><p>　　According to the dictionary, we can find the definition of space is: 1 an amount of an area or of a place

70、 that is empty or that is available for use; 2 the quality of being large and empty, allowing you to move freely; 3 a large area of land that has no buildings on it.</p><p>　　This essay explores Hall’s defin

71、ition of space. Hall divided space into three types, that are fixed –feature space, semi-fixed-feature space, and informal space. Informal space is what will stress in this essay.</p><p>　　2.1.2 Definition

72、 of nonverbal communication</p><p>　　According to Samovar and Porter, nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or

73、her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. It is usually including expressions language(eye contact, facial expressions),dress language, body language(gesture), paralangua

74、ge（tone quality, volume ,speed）, space language (proxemics, territory) and time language (the concept of time,</p><p>　　Most ways of the nonverbal communication are acquired by learning, and are inherited fr

75、om generation to generation, and shared by some social members, to form a part of the culture of this group, with the unique culture meaning and character.</p><p>　　Some ways of the nonverbal communication a

76、re common for most countries. For instance, smile means happy. In nonverbal communication, the different ways of using space to express meaning is the easiest and the most frequent to cause controversy. Dislike the other

77、 ways in nonverbal communication, space is hard to perceive, for example, it’s easy to know the frown, dress and gesture. So this essay will mainly discuss the influence of space in nonverbal communication.</p>&l

78、t;p>　　2.2 Edward Hall’s theories</p><p>　　The concept of the space was first proposed by Hall in 1959. In 1959, Hall published a profound book --The Silent Language. In this book, there was a specialize

79、d chapter---Space Speaks to show its meaning and introduce space relations of human beings, and guide human behaviors. In 1963, he published another book Medical and the Human Images in Anthropology. In this book, he fir

80、stly discussed people’s demands for space.</p><p>　　Hall thought that the relation between living beings and outside world, except the body boundaries (the attitude towards body touch), which extend out agai

81、n, there is a organisms’ territory. Hall’s theory of space mainly refers to territory. Territory means everyone has a territory range and behaviors to maintain it. Hall considered space can exchange information.</p>

82、;<p>　　Space range is divided into three types by Hall (Hall, 1966):</p><p>　　Fixed –feature space, consisting of fixed wall and objects like rooms.</p><p>　　Semi-fixed-feature space, con

83、sisting of the bigger objects like tables and chairs.</p><p>　　Informal space, it means when contacts with other people, the distance of personal space that everyone used to keeps. (This informal space is wh

84、at will discuss in this essay).</p><p>　　During his research in human communication, he created a new word—proxemics, to consider how to use distance to communicate between humans. In the book The Silent Lan

85、guage, he divided the distance for eight parts and analyzed the relationship between each distance and volume of talks (Hall, 1964: 184-185). The eight kinds of distance between human beings are very close, close, near,

86、neutral, neutral, public distance, across the room, and stretching the limits of distance.</p><p>　　Later, people synthesized this assortment to four zones. They are intimate zone, personal zone, social zone

87、 , and public zone.</p><p>　　2.3 Altman’s theories of territories</p><p>　　In fact, the core of space concept is the proprietary rights of individual territories and safeguard of this right. T

88、erritory range is the space to maintain the integrity, freedom, solitude and safety of human. It is also the necessary space of body, social contacts and psychology. The agreement of behaviorists is that territory lies i

89、n people’s behavior, and it conduces to adjust social activities, but it also can become the root of social conflict.</p><p>　　Altman divided territory into three types in 1975:</p><p>　　Primary

90、 territories means the clear personal exclusive territory and center of daily activities, are carefully preserved, like housings and bedrooms.</p><p>　　Secondary territories like temporary enjoy magazines, T

91、Vs and table wares. Due to unclear private boundaries, this type is easy to cause conflict.</p><p>　　Public territories, this type means the temporary territory that everyone can share, like parks, beaches a

92、nd streets.</p><p>　　2.4 Lyman and Scott’s theories</p><p>　　There are varieties forms to violate territory. Lyman and Scott divided them into 3 types:</p><p>　　Violation means im

93、polite use of other’s territory. One in two seats is a typical example.</p><p>　　Invasion means occupying another’s territory, it ranges from occupying the territory of another country to change husband’s wo

94、rkroom to sewing room.</p><p>　　Contamination means the pollution after temporary use. Such as when you enter a hotel, you found the dirty sheets that the former guest left.</p><p>　　The basic m

95、ethods to maintain territory are prevention and reaction. Prevention superintend others to prevent them go into their territories. If this doesn’t work, then people will have varieties of reactions to recapture their ter

96、ritories. For example, they will look at another direction, change the topics or assume a prevention gesture.</p><p>　　3. Differences between Chinese and Americans </p><p>　　Attitudes towards cr

97、owding</p><p>　　Congestion is a psychological feeling when people feel that space is restricted. The feeling of crowding comes from the infringement from others to their personal space, and their individual

98、action freedom is obstructed.</p><p>　　3.1.1 Different attitudes towards crowding in public places</p><p>　　Americans who first come to China will lost their heads, for seeing huge crowds of peo

99、ple. Among the crowds, they feel that they are squeezed flat, even breathless. In China, they think that the houses or hotels are too crowded to have tranquility. People disturb each other. When the people in the same sp

100、ace have contradictions, Americans have rights to raise the request for maintain the space environment and their habits. For example, people who need quiet have right to ask the yawpers to be qu</p><p>　　Whe

101、n Chinese first come to U.S.A, even in the big city, they will be shocked by the regional hollowness and under population. Chinese will feel lonely in such environment. Chinese like to sit close with their family, classm

102、ates, and close friends in public places to show intimacy. But Americans are quite different. There is an example. A family of nine members, most of which are children, they go to a hotel for meal, but the lounge can’t c

103、ontain so many people. For Chinese, they prefer to sit cr</p><p>　　3.1.2 Different attitudes about collisions</p><p>　　The big differences between Chinese and Americans are also showed on the

104、reactions when they get collisions, or their feet were stepped on. Americans will try their best to avoid collisions, if they got collisions or their feet were stepped on, their reaction would be very intensity. If colli

105、sions are unavoidable, they will show their apologies first, and they think others also should do this. For Americans, their body range is beyond of their own, so they feel violated even others didn’t lay a </p>&

106、lt;p>　　Chinese are not so sensitive to the body touch, Chinese will also feel uncomfortable when they have collisions, but they always tolerate. They think these are unavoidable because there are so many people. Chine