英語閱讀猜詞技巧

1、Reading Skills,,,,,英語閱讀猜詞技巧,在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，我們自然會(huì)遇到許多生詞。這時(shí)，許多人立即翻閱字典，查找詞義。 其實(shí)，這種做法是不科學(xué)的。它不但費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，而且影響閱讀速度。事實(shí)上，閱讀材 料中的每個(gè)詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落有著互相制約的關(guān)系。我們可以利用語 境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。猜測詞義時(shí)，可利用以下線索：,一、 針對性解釋,針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難

2、懂的術(shù)語或 詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對性，利用它們猜詞義比較容易通過文章或句子本身給出的定義或解釋，比如利用to be, to mean等詞后面所提供的信息來猜測詞義，或者通過一些可以重復(fù)表達(dá)詞義的信息詞或短語，如and，or， that is，that is to say，in other words，namely等所提供的解釋猜測詞義。,1、定義句eg.--（1）Giraffe is an animal w

3、ith a very long neck，four legs and orange skin with dark spots． （2）Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 句（1）中，如果giraffe是生詞，那么根據(jù)后面的解釋：長脖子、四條腿、橘紅色帶黑色斑點(diǎn)的動(dòng)物，可猜出其意思為：長頸鹿。由定義可知，anthropology就是“研究人類的科學(xué)”。,Your turn1.A

4、 mosquito is a small flying pest that thrusts the skin and then drinks blood.,In slang the term “jam” constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.根據(jù)以上解釋很容易推斷出mosquit

5、o意為“蚊子”,jam一詞在俚語中的意思是“困境”。,定義句的謂語動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to,be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。,2、根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測詞義,雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是提供的信息足以使閱讀者猜出生詞詞義。 復(fù)述部分可以是代詞、短語或是從句。

6、 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 　　此例逗號中短語意為“對詞意義進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科”。該短語與前面生詞semantics式同位關(guān)系，因此我們不難猜出semantics指“語義學(xué)”。,在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號，冒號，分 號，引號

7、，和括號等。 Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 　　由同位語我們很快猜出生詞capacitance詞義---電容量。All his belongings—a few articles of clothing and a few

8、books—are here．     很顯然，在本句中，我們能很容易地利用兩個(gè)破折號之間的解釋猜測出belongings一詞的意思是“財(cái)產(chǎn)、財(cái)物”。,Your turn1.  Psychophysiology is a science which deals with the relationship between mind and body．  2. Marine biolo

9、gy, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.根據(jù)which引導(dǎo)的定語從句的解釋就能推斷出psychophysiology一詞的意義，即“心理生理學(xué)”。 同位語“the study of…”對“Marine biology”作了解釋說明：“研究海洋

10、動(dòng)植物以及它們之間的關(guān)系”。由此可見“Marine biology”意為“海洋生物學(xué)”。,3. Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings. 　4. Numbers such as 1，2，3，54，289 and 24

11、890 are called whole numbers，or integers. 根據(jù)生詞SAD后面定語從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位語a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我們可以推斷出SAD含義，即“季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥”。 integers為“整數(shù)”。,3.根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義。恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

12、舉例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。 eg--  The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.   句中“戰(zhàn)爭”和“重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)”是生詞epochal的實(shí)例，通

13、過它們我們可以猜出該詞的大致詞義為“重要的”，這與其確切含義“劃時(shí)代的”十分接近。,二 內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系,根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。,1． 根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義,在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有對兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要是unlike，not，but，however，yet，

14、although，while, on the other hand，instead，rather than, despite，in spite of，in contrast 等。,Eg--Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.　　該例中supercilious對許多

15、人來說可能是個(gè)生詞，但是句中短語 in contrast（相對照的，相對比的）可以提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest（謙卑又謙虛）是對比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的，傲慢的”。,A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.　　

16、該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表示對比關(guān)系的詞或短語，但是通過上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對比關(guān)系，即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開。這時(shí)我們也能夠推斷出生詞adept的詞義，“熟練的”。 Some liked milk，but others abhorred it． 通過句中的轉(zhuǎn)折詞but，我們可以猜出 abhor一詞應(yīng)該是like的反義詞，這樣就很容易搞清它的詞義為“厭惡”。,Your turn-- He is usually pr

17、ompt for all his classes, but today he was late for the traffic jam.“prompt” “準(zhǔn)時(shí)的”--Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. “grubby” “臟的”。--The boy is not foolish, on the contrar

18、y, no one could be more intelligent.intelligent意為“聰明的，有才智的”。,2． 根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義,同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。,Eg--Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞sim

19、ilarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。,3． 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義,在句子或段落種，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。 例如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeki

20、ng the opinions of others. 　　根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨(dú)斷專行的”。,There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd. 　　此句為結(jié)果狀語從句，根據(jù)從句的描書“許多示威者”，我們便可推知elbow的詞意“擠，擠過”。

21、The girl began to feel homesick because she had been away from her family for years．     根據(jù)原因狀語從句的意思，再加上 homesick本身的構(gòu)詞方法，我們不難想到它的意思就是“想家”,your turn 1.Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times

22、its normal length because it is very elastic. 2.The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. 3. He is such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.

23、 通過以上三句的因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分，可以猜出elastic意為：有彈性的；turbid意為：渾濁的；shrewd意為：精明的。,4根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測詞義,在句子或段落種，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。例如：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This

24、 would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 　　作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞，用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它，由此推知其詞義為“使. . . 陷入危險(xiǎn)，危及、危害”。,Your turnDoctors believe that smoking cigarettes is d

25、etrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 　　句中detrimental是個(gè)生詞但判斷出harmful替代detrimental后，不難推斷出其詞義為“不利的，有害的”。,5. 利用主語和表語的關(guān)系猜詞。     “系表結(jié)構(gòu)”的句子有兩種表意功能，一是表語說明主語的形狀或特征，二是表語和主語是同位關(guān)系，即表語的內(nèi)容

26、等于主語的內(nèi)容。后者往往是猜詞的最好線索。,eg.--（1）To malign is to slander an innocent person．     表語的意思是“誹謗無辜的人”，那么主語malign就是“中傷”或“誹謗”的意思。     （2）Insomnia is the inability of falling asleep or sleeping restl

27、essly．     表語的意思是“不能入睡或睡不著”，那么主語insomnia無疑就是“失眠”了。,三 外部相關(guān)因素,外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知識(shí)。有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時(shí),就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。,Eg.--Husband：it‘s really cold out tonight.--Wife: Sure it is. My hands ar

28、e practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?　根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，天氣寒冷時(shí)，手肯定是“凍僵的，凍得麻木的”。--The snake slithered through the grass.　　根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為“爬行”。,（2）What could John expect？He had left his wet swimming

29、 trunks in the dark closet for over a week． Of course they had begun to mildew．     根據(jù)常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一個(gè)人把濕游泳褲忘在黑暗的盥洗間長達(dá)一個(gè)多星期，最后的結(jié)果必然是衣服“發(fā)霉”。,Your turn --She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and too

30、k out a mop. She pushed past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “ Very dirty floors.” --Water usually boils at 100 degree centigrade. 從文中可以看出，母親用mop從桌子前面推擦過去，還說了一句“地板真臟”，不言而喻，mop的詞義是“拖把” 。由生活

31、常識(shí)我們知道水的沸點(diǎn)是攝氏100度，由此不難推斷出centigrade是“攝氏”的意思。,四、利用構(gòu)詞法,1． 根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義,eg.--He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.根據(jù)詞根conscious（清醒的，有意識(shí)的），結(jié)合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的）， 我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。

32、--I'm illiterate about such things.詞根literate意為“有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的”，前綴il表示否定，因此illiterate指“一竅不通，不知道的”。,2． 根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義,Eg.--Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后綴cide表示“殺者，殺滅劑”，結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲），不難猜出insecticide意為“殺蟲劑”。

33、--Then the vapor may change into droplets.后綴let表示“小的”，詞根drop指“滴，滴狀物”。將兩個(gè)意思結(jié)合起來，便可推斷出droplet詞義“小滴，微滴”。,Your turn1. The bathing machine stopped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. 2.

34、A group of visitors lost their way in the forest, and a child took them off to an impracticable road.bather是“洗澡的人”。 impracticable “不能實(shí)行的”“行不通的”。,3．根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義,Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown

35、in oil output.Hightlight或許是一個(gè)生詞，但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它是由high（高的，強(qiáng)的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出”的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結(jié)合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)---斗牛。,ecoclimate 生態(tài)氣候 

36、0;   ecocatastrophe 生態(tài)災(zāi)難     ecocide 生態(tài)滅絕     ecodoom 生態(tài)毀滅     ecofreak 過分狂熱的生態(tài)保護(hù)主義者    從這組詞中可看出前綴eco-，表示生態(tài)，是