美國(guó)聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)(zh中英對(duì)照)

1、THEFEDERALCOMMUNICATIONSCOMMISSION美國(guó)聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)美國(guó)聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)R.H.COASE科斯科斯UniversityofVirginia弗吉尼亞大學(xué)弗吉尼亞大學(xué)I.THEDEVELOPMENTOFGOVERNMENTREGULATION政府法規(guī)的發(fā)展政府法規(guī)的發(fā)展INTHEUnitedStatesnoonemayoperateabroadcastingstationunlesshefirstobtain

2、salicensefromtheFederalCommunicationsCommission.TheselicensesarenotissuedautomaticallybutaregrantedwithheldatthediscretionoftheCommissionwhichisthusinapositiontochoosethosewhoshalloperateradiotelevisionstations.Howdidthe

3、Commissioncometoacquirethispower在美國(guó)除非他先獲得了聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)發(fā)的許可證，否則沒(méi)人可以經(jīng)營(yíng)廣播電臺(tái)。這些許可證不是隨意發(fā)放的而是要由委員會(huì)來(lái)決定許可或者扣留，因此委員會(huì)就具有了選擇誰(shuí)可以經(jīng)營(yíng)廣播和電視臺(tái)的權(quán)力。那么，委員會(huì)是怎么得到這項(xiàng)權(quán)力的呢？Abouttheturnofthecenturyradiobegantobeusedcommerciallymainlyfshiptosheshiptoshi

4、pcommunication.1Thisledtovariousproposalsflegislation.Someofthesewereconcernedwiththepromotionofsafetyatsearequiringtheinstallationofradioequipmentonshipstheemploymentofskilledoperatsthelike.Othersitistheseinwhichwearein

5、terestedweredesignedtobringaboutgovernmentcontroloftheoperationsoftheindustryasawhole.大約在是在本世紀(jì)之交，無(wú)線電開(kāi)始被用于商業(yè)，主要是船岸和船船之間的通訊。這導(dǎo)致了各種各樣的立法提案。其中一些考慮促進(jìn)海上安全，要求在床上安裝無(wú)線電設(shè)備，雇傭有技術(shù)的操作員等等。另一些呢，是我們感興趣的，整體來(lái)說(shuō)就是為了使政府能控制這一產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)。Thereasonbe

6、hindsuchproposalscanbeseenfromaletterdatedMarch301910fromtheDepartmentoftheNavytotheSenateCommitteeonCommercewhichdescribed“clearlysuccinctly“accdingtotheCommitteethepurposeofthebilltoregulateradiocommunicationwhichwasth

7、enunderdiscussion.TheDepartmentoftheNavyexplainedthateachradiostation我們可以從一封1910年3月30日海軍部門(mén)寫(xiě)給參議院商業(yè)委員會(huì)的信中看到這些提案背后的理由，信中參照了委員會(huì)的要求清晰簡(jiǎn)潔地描述了這項(xiàng)當(dāng)時(shí)正在討論中的規(guī)范無(wú)限電通信議案的目的。海軍部解釋道，considersitselfindependentclaimstherighttosendfthitselec

8、tricwavesthroughtheetheratanytimethatitmaydesirewiththeresultthatthereexistsinmanyplacesastateofchaos.PublicbusinessishinderedtothegreatembarrassmentoftheNavyDepartment.Callsofdistressfromvesselsinperilontheseagounheeded

9、aredrownedoutintheethericbedlamproducedbynumerousstationsalltryingtoCommercerequiredthestationtodesignateanmalwavelength(whichhadtobelessthan600methan1600meters)butthestationcoulduseotherwavelengthsprovidedthattheywereou

10、tsidethelimitsalreadyindicated.Amateurswerenottouseawavelengthexceeding200meters.VariousothertechnicalrequirementswereincludedintheAct.Themaindifferencebetweenthebillintroducedin1910theActaspassedwasthatspecificregulatio

11、nsweresetoutintheActwhereasiginallypowerhadbeengiventotheSecretaryofCommercetomakeregulationstopreventinterferenceto“signalsrelatingtovesselsindistressofnavalmilitarystationsbyprivatecommercialstations“powertomakeregulat

12、ionswasalsogiventothePresident.4這一許可證將包含所有者和電臺(tái)位置、波長(zhǎng)或者授予實(shí)用的波長(zhǎng)、電臺(tái)準(zhǔn)許運(yùn)作的時(shí)數(shù)等詳細(xì)信息。這些可能會(huì)被商務(wù)部長(zhǎng)廢除的規(guī)章，要求電臺(tái)指定一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)波長(zhǎng)（必須小于600或大于1600米），但是如若他們?cè)诿魇鞠拗频姆秶猓娕_(tái)可以使用其他波長(zhǎng)。業(yè)余愛(ài)好者不許實(shí)用超過(guò)200米的波長(zhǎng)。各種各樣的其他技術(shù)要求包含在這一法案里。1910年的提案和已通過(guò)的這一法案間主要的不同是法案里具體規(guī)定的

13、設(shè)置，盡管最初的權(quán)力給了商務(wù)部長(zhǎng)制定規(guī)章和預(yù)防“私人和商業(yè)電臺(tái)對(duì)涉及處于困境中的船只或者海軍和軍事電臺(tái)的信號(hào)”干涉；制定規(guī)章的權(quán)力同樣授予了總統(tǒng)。Itwasnotlongbefeattemptsweremadetochangethelaw.TheproposalthattheSecretaryofCommerceshouldhavepowertomakeregulationswasrevived.Abillwasevenintroduc

14、edtocreateaPostOfficemonopolyofelectricalcommunications.In19171918billswereintroducedwhichwouldhavegivencontroloftheradioindustrytotheDepartmentoftheNavy.Indeedthe1918billwasdescribedquiteaccuratelybyJosephusDanielstheSe

15、cretaryoftheNavyasonewhich“wouldgivetheNavyDepartmenttheownershiptheexclusiveownershipofallwirelesscommunicationfcommercialpurposes.“Mr.Danielsexplainedthatradiowas“theonlymethodofcommunicationwhichmustbedominatedbyonepo

16、wertopreventinterference....不久，人們就開(kāi)始嘗試改變這一法律。商務(wù)部長(zhǎng)應(yīng)當(dāng)有權(quán)制定規(guī)章的建議再次提出。甚至一項(xiàng)為了創(chuàng)建郵局壟斷電子通訊的議案被提出。在1917年和1918年，本來(lái)將由海軍部門(mén)管制無(wú)線電產(chǎn)業(yè)的法案被提出。實(shí)際上，在1918法案中相當(dāng)精準(zhǔn)地描述道，JosephusDaniels，“作為一個(gè)要把所有商用無(wú)線通信所有權(quán)（一種排他性所有權(quán)）給海軍部”的海軍部長(zhǎng)，Daniels先生解釋道無(wú)線電是“唯一的為

17、了防止（信號(hào)）干擾必須被一種權(quán)力支配的通信方式……Thequestionofinterferencedoesnotcomeinatallinthematterofcablestelegraphsbutonlyinwireless.“SomemembersoftheHouseCommitteetowhichMr.Danielswasgivingevidenceaskedwhetheritwouldnotbesufficienttoregu

18、latethehoursofoperationthewavelengthsusedbyradiostationswhileleavingtheminprivatehs.ButMr.Danielswasnottobemovedfromhisposition:干擾的問(wèn)題在電纜或電報(bào)業(yè)務(wù)里根本不存在而只出現(xiàn)在無(wú)線電業(yè)務(wù)里?！币恍┦盏紻aniels先生證據(jù)的眾議院議員問(wèn)道，把無(wú)線電留在私人手里，僅規(guī)范經(jīng)營(yíng)時(shí)間和用于無(wú)線電電臺(tái)的波長(zhǎng)會(huì)不會(huì)還不夠。