簡介：1中文中文3780字畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯學院生物科學與工程學院專業(yè)食品科學與工程姓名學號070301109外文出處JOURNALOFCHROMATOGRAPHYA,7641997177–182附件外文資料原文指導教師評語簽名年月日用外文寫2動注射分析的電化學檢測法（ECD法），使各種脂肪和油樣中游離脂肪酸的測定更加簡便快捷。因為脂肪酸含量可以由測量流動信號峰高和面積得出,該方法也適用于液相色譜電化學檢測法測定脂肪酸含量。高效液相色譜電化學檢測法被認定為一種不用衍生物檢測高級脂肪酸的簡便方法。2．實驗．實驗21．試劑棕櫚酸995、硬脂酸995、油酸99、亞油酸99，均購自和光試劑公司日本大阪。標準酸溶液都用乙醇乙腈1090混合溶液溶解。以下油樣都是從市場上購得山茶油資生堂牌，日本東京、玉米油和油菜籽油林時計化工，日本東京、橄欖油宮澤醫(yī)藥，日本東京，大豆油關東化學，日本東京。乙醇乙腈1090混合溶液和一個裝有6MM維生素K376MM高氯酸鋰的柱子分別作為流動相和醌溶液。電解液中的高氯酸鋰可以減少電化學電池的電阻。圖1高效液相系統(tǒng)流動相是乙醇乙腈混合溶劑，醌溶液為6MM維生素K76MM高氯酸鋰的乙醇乙腈溶液，DG是除氣裝置，P1、P2是泵，S是樣品注射器（20ΜL），分離柱（色譜柱100RP18,250MM4MM,5微米）；MC是混合柱線圈（50厘米），D是電化學檢測器、電化學電池和電位儀，R是記錄儀。22儀器高效液相色譜電化學檢測系統(tǒng)如圖1所示,包括除氣器分光公司DG98050型，日本東京、泵P1和P2分光PU980型、樣品注射器羅丹尼7125型,美國加利福尼亞、結構性柱（ODS柱色譜柱100RP18,250MM34MM5MM,CICAMERCK公司，日本東京、電化學電池分光EC840型,電位儀皇氏電化學系統(tǒng)311B型，日本川崎、記錄儀分光807IT型。電化學電池由玻碳工作電極、飽和甘汞電極

簡介：JOURNALOFCHROMATOGRAPHYA,7641997177–182DETERMINATIONOFHIGHERFATTYACIDSINOILSBYHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHYWITHELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONTFUSE,FKUSU,KTAKAMURASCHOOLOFPHARMACY,TOKYOUNIVERSITYOFPHARMACYANDLIFESCIENCE14321,HORINOUCHI,HACHIOJI,TOKYO19203,JAPANRECEIVED15APRIL1996REVISED15AUGUST1996ACCEPTED22OCTOBER1996ABSTRACTASYSTEMOFHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHYWITHELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONWASDEVELOPEDFORTHESEPARATIONANDDETERMINATIONOFHIGHERFATTYACIDSANOCTADECYLSILICAODSCOLUMNWASUSEDASTHESTATIONARYPHASEANDANETHANOL–ACETONITRILE1090MIXTUREASTHEMOBILEPHASETHEELUATEWASMIXEDWITHAQUINONESOLUTIONWHICHWASCOMPOSEDOF6MM2METHYL1,4NAPHTHOQUINONEAND76MMLICLOINETHANOL–ACETONITRILE1090THROUGHAMIXINGCOILPEAKHEIGHTFOR4HIGHERFATTYACIDSMEASUREDAT2415MVVSSATURATEDCALOMELELECTRODESCEWASLINEARAGAINSTTHEAMOUNTOFACIDBETWEEN20AND1200PMOLFREEFATTYACIDSINVARIOUSOILSAMPLESWEREDETERMINEDBYTHISMETHOD,WHICHWASFOUNDNOTONLYSENSITIVEANDREPRODUCIBLEBUTALSOASIMPLEMEANSFORSEPARATINGANDDETERMININGFREEFATTYACIDSINOILSKEYWORDSELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONFATTYACIDS1INTRODUCTIONPHOREPRIORTHECOLUMNSEPARATIONISREQUIREDFORSENSITIVEDETECTIONINHPLCMANYDERIVATIZINGMANYATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADEFORTHESEPARATIONLABELLINGREAGENTSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFORTHISANDDETERMINATIONOFFATTYACIDSBYGASCHROMATOGPURPOSE4–13ACATALYSTINSOMECASESISREQUIREDRAPHYGC1–3ANDHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROFORCOMPLETEDERIVATIZATIONOWINGTOTHEPOORREACMATOGRAPHYHPLC4–13INCURRENTGCANALYSISTIVITYOFCARBOXYLGROUPS4FORTHEDERIVATIZATIONCOMMONLYEMPLOYEDTODAY,FREEFATTYACIDSAREOFFATTYACIDSWITHSUCHREAGENTS,THEAMOUNTOFGENERALLYCONVERTEDTOTHEIRMETHYLESTERSANDTHENREAGENT,REACTIONTEMPERATUREANDTIMEARECRITICALFORINJECTEDINTOACAPILLARYGCMETHYLATIONANDGCHIGHREACTIONEFFICIENCYANDAVOIDINGANYSIDEPRODCONDITIONS,SUCHASPROGRAMMEDTEMPERATURE,SPLITUCTFORMATIONWATERISOFTENANINCOMPATIBLEENINJECTION,ASWELLASTYPEOFCAPILLARYCOLUMN,CARRIERVIRONMENTFORDERIVATIZATIONREACTIONSANDTOFINDAGAS,ANDDETECTOR,AREALLIMPORTANTDETERMINANTSOFSOLUTIONTOTHISPROBLEM,EXAMINATIONWASMADEOFHIGHACCURACYANDPRECISIONTHEMAINADVANTAGEOFTHEUSEOFAQUEOUSMICELLARSYSTEMSFORDERIVATIZAHPLCWITHFLUORESCENTDETECTIONHPLCFLOFFATTYTION5ALTHOUGHFLUORIMETRICDETECTIONISQUITEACIDSISHIGHSENSITIVITYHOWEVER,OWINGTOTHEWEAKSENSITIVE,FLUORESCENTINTENSITYISLIABLETOVARYOWINGABSORPTIONANDFLUORESCENTPROPERTIESOFFATTYACIDS,TOTHEPRESENCEOFSUBSTANCESINCOMPLICATEDSAMPLESDERIVATIZATIONWITHASTRONGCHROMOPHOREORFLUOROUNLESSTHEREISACLEANUPPROCEDUREFORTHEIRELIMINATIONITISTHUSHIGHLYDESIRABLETODEVELOPASIMPLECORRESPONDINGAUTHORANDRAPIDMETHODTHATREQUIRESNOSUCHPROCEDURE00219673/97/1700COPYRIGHT?1997ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0021967396009065TFUSEETAL/JCHROMATOGRA7641997177–1821793RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTHATAPPLIEDPOTENTIALTHATWOULDGIVETHEREDUCTIONCURRENTOFPROTONATEDQUINONETHEREDUCTIONPOTENTIALOFPROTONATEDQUINONEWAS31VOLTAMMETRICREDUCTIONOFVKINTHEPRESENCELESSNEGATIVETHANTHATOFDISSOLVEDOXYGENTHE3OFFATTYACIDSHALFPEAKPOTENTIALOFTHEFIRSTREDUCTIONWAVEOFOXYGENINETHANOLCONTAINING38MMLICLOWAS4PROTONATIONOFQUINONEATTHEELECTRODESURFACE2730MVVSSCEHOWEVER,THEREMAYHAVEBEENOCCURSPRIORTOITSELECTRONTRANSFERPROTONATEDBACKGROUNDCURRENTDUETOTHEDISSOLVEDOXYGEN,QUINONEISREDUCEDATAPOTENTIALLESSNEGATIVETHANSINCETHEOXYGENWASREDUCEDATPOTENTIALSMORETHATOFQUINONETOGIVEANEWPEAKONTHEVOLTNEGATIVETHAN2300MVVSSCEAMMOGRAMOFQUINONE17,18HIGHERFATTYACIDS,SUCHASPALMITICACID,INANETHANOLSOLUTIONCON32HPLCECDTAININGVKANDLICLOWEREPREVIOUSLYFOUNDTO34GIVERISETOAPEAKOFPROTONATEDVKONTHEINCONSIDERATIONOFTHEABOVE,HPLCECDOFFATTY3VOLTAMMOGRAMOFVKATAPOTENTIALLESSNEGATIVEACIDSWASCARRIEDOUTREVERSEDPHASESEPARATIONOF3THANTHEREDUCTIONPOTENTIALOFVKVKITSELFGAVEHIGHERFATTYACIDSWASDONEUSINGANODSCOLUMN33ACLEARREDUCTIONPEAKAT2720MVVSSCE,ANDAANDAMPOFANETHANOL–ACETONITRILEMIXTURETHEPEAKOFPROTONATEDVKWASNOTEDAT2320MVVSDISSOLVEDOXYGENINMPANDTHEQUINONESOLUTION3SCEAFTERADDINGPALMITICACIDTOTHESOLUTIONTHEWASREMOVEDBYTHEDEGASSORA20MLALIQUOTOFPEAKHEIGHTWASPROPORTIONALTOADDEDACIDCONSOLUTIONCONTAININGFATTYACIDSWASINJECTEDINTOTHECENTRATION16COLUMNTHEELUATEWASMIXEDWITHTHEQUINONETHEHALFPEAKPOTENTIALOFAPEAKOFPROTONATEDSOLUTIONANDTHEFATTYACIDSWASDETECTEDWITHECDVKWASPREVIOUSLYSHOWNTOSHIFTTOAMOREEXAMINATIONWASMADEOFHOWTHERATIOOFACETONI3NEGATIVEPOTENTIALACCOMPANIEDBYANINCREASEINPKTRILETOETHANOLINTHEMPINFLUENCEDTHESEPARATIONAOFTHEADDEDACID17HOWEVER,HALFPEAKPOTENTIALSANDSENSITIVITYFORACIDDETERMINATIONINFIG2,THEOFPREPEAKSFORDIFFERENTHIGHERFATTYACIDSWERERETENTIONTIMEAANDTHEPEAKHEIGHTSBOFSIGNALSESSENTIALLYTHESAME,SINCEACIDSTRENGTHWASNEARLYFOR200PMOLLINOLEIC,OLEIC,PALMITICANDSTEARICACIDTHESAMEEACHFATTYACIDCOULDTHUSBEDETECTEDATWEREPLOTTEDAGAINSTTHERATIOOFTHETWOSOLVENTS,INFIG2RETENTIONTIMEAANDPEAKHEIGHTBASFUNCTIONSOFSOLVENTRATIOOFTHEMOBILEPHASEALINOLEICACID,BOLEICACID,CPALMITICACID,DSTEARICACIDAMOUNTOFACID5200PMOLHPLCCONDITIONSQUINONESOLUTION,6MMVK176MMLICLOINETHANOL–ACETONITRILE34MIXTURESAMPLEVOLUME,20MLCOLUMN,LICHROSPHER100RP18250MM34MMID,5MMCOLUMNTEMPERATURE,ROOMTEMPERATUREFLOWRATE,11ML/MINAPPLIEDPOTENTIAL,2415MVVSSCE

簡介：HINDAWIPUBLISHINGCORPORATIONINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFAGRONOMYVOLUME2012,ARTICLEID543230,7PAGESDOI101155/2012/543230RESEARCHARTICLEIMPROVEMENTOFSOYBEANOILSOLVENTEXTRACTIONTHROUGHENZYMATICPRETREATMENTFVGRASSO,1PAMONTOYA,1CCCAMUSSO,1,2ANDBGMAROTO1,21FACULTADDECIENCIASEXACTAS,F′ISICASYNATURALES,UNIVERSIDADNACIONALDEC′ORDOBA,AVENUEVELEZSARSFIELD1200,5000C′ORDOBA,ARGENTINA2FACULTADDECIENCIASAGROPECUARIAS,UNIVERSIDADNACIONALDEC′ORDOBA,AVENUEVALPARA′ISOS/NO,5000C′ORDOBA,ARGENTINACORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDTOFVGRASSO,FGRASSOAGROUNCEDUARRECEIVED5NOVEMBER2011REVISED14FEBRUARY2012ACCEPTED6MARCH2012ACADEMICEDITORBERTRANDMATTH¨AUSCOPYRIGHT?2012FVGRASSOETALTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEDISTRIBUTEDUNDERTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTIONLICENSE,WHICHPERMITSUNRESTRICTEDUSE,DISTRIBUTION,ANDREPRODUCTIONINANYMEDIUM,PROVIDEDTHEORIGINALWORKISPROPERLYCITEDTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOEVALUATEMULTIENZYMEHYDROLYSISASAPRETREATMENTOPTIONTOIMPROVESOYBEANOILSOLVENTEXTRACTIONANDITSEVENTUALADAPTATIONTOCONVENTIONALPROCESSESENZYMATICACTIONCAUSESTHEDEGRADATIONOFTHECELLSTRUCTURESTHATCONTAINOILIMPROVEMENTSINTERMSOFEXTRACTION,YIELD,ANDEXTRACTIONRATEAREEXPECTEDTOBEACHIEVEDSOYBEANFLAKESANDCOLLETSWEREUSEDASMATERIALSANDHEXANEWASUSEDASASOLVENTTEMPERATURE,PH,ANDINCUBATIONTIMEWEREOPTIMIZEDANDDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTSWEREESTIMATEDFOREACHSOLIDEXTRACTIONSWERECARRIEDOUTINACOLUMN,OILCONTENTWASDETERMINEDACCORDINGTOTIME,ANDAMATHEMATICALMODELWASDEVELOPEDTODESCRIBETHESYSTEMTHEOPTIMUMCONDITIONSOBTAINEDWEREPH54,38?C,AND97H,ANDPH58,44?C,AND58HOFTREATMENTFORFLAKESANDCOLLETS,RESPECTIVELYHYDROLYZEDSOLIDSEXHIBITEDAHIGHERYIELDDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTSWEREESTIMATEDBETWEEN10?11AND10?10THEHIGHESTDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTWASOBTAINEDFORHYDROLYZEDCOLLETS073GOIL/MLAND07GOIL/MLWEREOBTAINEDAT240SINACOLUMNFORCOLLETSANDFLAKES,RESPECTIVELYHYDROLYZEDSOLIDSEXHIBITEDAHIGHERYIELDTHEENZYMATICINCUBATIONACCELERATESTHEEXTRACTIONRATEANDALLOWSFORHIGHERYIELDTHEPROPOSEDMODELPROVEDTOBEAPPROPRIATE1INTRODUCTIONSEEDOILSREPRESENT70OFGLOBALOILPRODUCTION,OFWHICH30ISSOYBEANOILOILSEEDSARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTEXPORTITEMSINARGENTINA1INOILSEEDS,THEVACUOLESWITHINCELLSCONTAINOIL,ANDBOTHCELLWALLSANDVACUOLESHAVETOBEBROKENINORDERTOIMPROVESOLVENTEXTRACTIONTHEREFORE,THEPREPARATIONOFTHESEEDBEFORESOLVENTEXTRACTIONISCRITICALTOMAXIMIZEOILRECOVERYANALTERNATIVEPRETREATMENTTOFACILITATETHERELEASEOFOILFROMTHESEEDCOULDBEENZYMATICDEGRADATIONINTHISWAY,THEPARTIALHYDROLYSISOFSOYBEANSEEDCELLSTRUCTURESWITHAPPROPRIATEENZYMESWOULDINCREASEPERMEABILITY,WHICHWOULDINTURNINCREASEMASSTRANSFER2ANENZYMATICTREATMENTSTAGECOULDBEINCORPORATEDFORINDUSTRIALPURPOSESWITHOUTSIGNIFICANTCHANGESTOCONVENTIONALPROCESSESTHEOILRELEASEOBTAINEDUSINGTHISMETHODCOULDRESULTINAHIGHEREXTRACTIONYIELDAND/ORSMALLERQUANTITIESOFTHEORGANICSOLVENTSUSED3INSOLVENTEXTRACTION,PRETREATEDOILSEEDSPOROUSSOLIDMATRIXCOMEINTOCONTACTWITHAPURESOLVENTORASOLVENTMIXTUREMISCELLATOTRANSFERTHEOILFROMTHESOLIDMATRIXTOTHELIQUIDMEDIUMWHILETHEPRINCIPLEOFEXTRACTIONISRELATIVELYSIMPLE,ITISACOMPLEXMECHANISM4INORDERTODESCRIBETHISPROCESS,THEMASSTRANSFERPHENOMENAINVOLVEDANDTHEEVENTUALRESISTANCETOMASSTRANSFERINTHESOLIDPHASESOLIDSOYBEANANDINTHELIQUIDPHASEHEXANESHOULDBEANALYZEDTHISPROCESSINVOLVESSEVERALPHENOMENAOILISDIFFUSEDTHROUGHTHEINTERNALPORESTOTHESURFACEOFTHESOLIDINTERNALMASSTRANSPORTANDISTHENPASSEDTOTHEBULKLIQUIDBYMEANSOFACONVECTIVEMECHANISMPRODUCEDBYTHECONCENTRATIONDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHESOLUTIONOCCLUDEDINTHEPORESANDTHEBULKSOLUTIONEXTERNALTRANSPORTBECAUSETHEOILTOBEEXTRACTEDISCONTAINEDWITHINANINSOLUBLESOLIDNETWORKWITHOCCLUDEDMISCELLA,THEDIFFUSIONOCCURSMAINLYBETWEENTHEOCCLUDEDSOLUTIONANDTHESOLID,GREATLYAFFECTINGTHEEXTRACTIONRATESINCETHESOLIDMATRIXRESISTSDIFFUSIVETRANSPORT5INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFAGRONOMY3PROPOSEDBYMANYAUTHORS12–14,ANDCARR′INANDCRAPISTE4?C?TDEF?2C?X21WITHTHEFOLLOWINGINITIALANDBOUNDARYCONDITIONSFORANUNLIMITEDANDPERFECTLYAGITATEDVOLUMEOFBULKLIQUIDFORT0,CCO,FORT0,C0,INX?L,XL2THESOLUTIONTO1WASOBTAINEDFORPLATEANDSPHERE,ACCORDINGTOTHESOLIDTHATWASCONSIDEREDTHEFOLLOWINGWASOBTAINEDBYINTEGRATINGEACHSOLUTIONANDTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHATTHESERIESOBTAINEDCONVERGERAPIDLYFORPLATEWITHTHICKNESS2L,QQ08Π2E?Π2DT/2L23FORSPHEREWITHRADIUSR,QQ06Π2E?Π2DEFT/R24BECAUSETHETRIGLYCERIDESPRESENTINVEGETABLEOILHAVEDIFFERENTMOLECULARWEIGHTSANDSTRUCTURES,ITISEASIERTOMEASURETHEAMOUNTOFOILINRELATIONTOSOLIDMASSTHEREFORE,THEC/COCONCENTRATIONRATIOWASTURNEDINTOAQ/Q0QUANTITYRATIOINBOTHEQUATIONS12EQUATIONS3AND4WERELINEARIZEDANDREPRESENTEDACCORDINGTOTIMETTHESLOPEOFBOTHLINESWASUSEDTOEVALUATETHEEFFECTIVEDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTSMATHEMATICALMODELFORCOLUMNEXTRACTIONTHEFIXEDBEDWASREGARDEDASASECTIONOFANEXTRACTIONCOLUMNTOWHICHASTEADYSTREAMOFHEXANE,QLO,ISSUPPLIEDANDFROMWHICHTHESAMEFLOWOFMISCELLA,QL,ISEXTRACTEDTHEMASSBALANCESFOREACHPHASEWERETHEFOLLOWINGSOLID?DCSDTKSAVS??CS?KEQCL?5LIQUIDDCLDT?QLCLVLKLAVL??CSKEQ?CL?6INTHEMASSBALANCEESTIMATION,ITWASASSUMEDTHATTHEBEDWASMADEUPOFPOROUSPARTICLESISOTROPICANDSPHERICALPARTICLESFORCOLLETSWITHANDWITHOUTENZYMATICPRETREATMENTANDFORFLAKESWITHENZYMATICTREATMENTTHEOILCONTENTINEACHOFTHESOLIDSISUNIFORMINALLPARTICLES,ANDTHEOILBEHAVESASASINGLECOMPONENT,SINCEITSTRIGLYCERIDESAREHIGHLYSOLUBLEINHEXANE12THESOLIDSCONTAINMACROPORESINWHICHTHEOILGLOBULESRESIDETHESOLVENTPENETRATESTHESEPORESANDDISSOLVESTHEOILINSTANTLY,FORMINGTHEMISCELLASTAGNANTPHASE4,15ANEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPISESTABLISHEDBETWEENTHEOILCONTENTINTHESTAGNANTPHASEINTHEPORESANDTHERESIDUALOILCONTENTINTHESOLIDTHEOILTRANSFEROCCURSFROMTHEPORESTOTHEMISCELLADUETOTHEOILCONCENTRATIONGRADIENTTHECOLUMNLENGTHPARTICLEDIAMETERRATIOISHIGHENOUGHTONEGLECTTHERADIALCONCENTRATIONGRADIENTTHEPOROSITIESOFTHEBEDANDPARTICLEAREUNIFORMANDCONSTANTTHROUGHOUTTHEEXTRACTIONPROCESSNOHEATOFMIXINGISPRODUCED,ANDTHETEMPERATUREISCONSTANTANDUNIFORMTHROUGHOUTTHEEXTRACTIONTHEEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPDETERMINEDEXPERIMENTALLYINCLUDESTHEEFFECTOFSOLIDMOISTURETHEVOLUMETRICFLOWISCONSTANTBECAUSETHEFLOWOFPUREHEXANESUPPLIEDINTOTHESYSTEMISEQUALTOTHEFLOWOFMISCELLAEXTRACTEDFROMTHESYSTEMTHEMASSTRANSFERCONSTANTSINTHELIQUIDWEREESTIMATEDUSINGTHEEMPIRICALCORRELATIONFORFIXEDBEDSPROPOSEDBYGEANKOPLIS6ANDTHEMASSTRANSFERCONSTANTSINTHESOLIDPHASEWEREESTIMATEDBYEQUALING5MASSBALANCEWITHTHEEQUATIONSTHATDESCRIBETHEDIFFUSIVEPHENOMENON,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHECORRECTIONSDUETOMATERIALPOROSITY16THESOLUTIONTO5AND6WASNUMERICALLYFOUNDUSINGMATLAB2008A3RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONOPTIMIZATIONOFENZYMATICTREATMENTTHEAMOUNTOFOILTHATCANBEEXTRACTEDFROMSOYBEANFLAKESUSINGTHESOXHLETMETHODIS16ONTHEDRYBASISDB,AND1854DBFORSOYBEANCOLLETSANINCREASEINYIELDISOBSERVEDFORALLEXPERIMENTALRUNSWITHENZYMATICPRETREATMENTSEETABLE2THERSMANALYSISENABLEDUSTOOBTAINTHEEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSFORTHEENZYMATICAQUEOUSPRETREATMENT,THROUGHWHICHTHEMAXIMUMTHEORETICALYIELDINOILDBISOBTAINEDFOREACHTYPEOFSTARTINGMATERIALTHEANOVAANALYSISSEETABLE3WASUSEDTODEFINETHEPOLYNOMIALCOEFFICIENTSOFTHERESPONSEAFLAKESBOTHLINEARANDQUADRATICEFFECTSOFTEMPERATUREWERESIGNIFICANT,EXCEEDING95OFCONFIDENCELEVELINBOTHCASES,ANDSODIDTHEQUADRATICEFFECTOFINCUBATIONTIMEFORTHEPHVARIABLE,THEVARIATIONWASNOTSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTP005ITCANALSOBEINFERREDTHATTHEREWERENOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSFORINTERACTIONTERMSBETWEENVARIABLESTHEREFORE,THERESPONSEFUNCTIONWASDEFINEDASY27055–006T–368T2–004T2ERRORBCOLLETSTHEQUADRATICEFFECTSOFTEMPERATUREANDINCUBATIONPHWERESIGNIFICANT,EXCEEDING98OFCONFIDENCELEVELINBOTHCASES,ANDSODIDTHECROSSOVEREFFECTOFPHANDINCUBATIONTIMEFORTHEOTHERLINEARTERMS,THEVARIATIONWASNOTSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTP005ITCANALSOBEINFERREDTHATTHEREWERENOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSFORINTERACTIONTERMSBETWEENTHETEMPERATUREANDINCUBATIONTIMEVARIABLESTHEREFORE,THERESPONSEFUNCTIONWASDEFINEDASY265660186PHT–310T2–07274PH2ERRORASITCANBEOBSERVED,THEPVALUEINDICATESTHATTHEMODELISSIGNIFICANTFORALLCASESWITHMORETHAN98OFCONFIDENCEONTHEOTHERHAND,THEADEQUACYOFTHEQUADRATICMODELWITH98CONFIDENCE,A1347TOTALERRORFORFLAKESAND0864FORCOLLETS,ANDANONSIGNIFICANTLACKOFFITWITHACONFIDENCELEVELGREATERTHAN96FORTHETWOSTARTINGMATERIALSWASPROVED

簡介：4500英文單詞，英文單詞，24萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文7400字文獻出處文獻出處MOGHISSIAA,JAEGERLM,SHAFEID,ETALREGULATORYSCIENCEREQUIREMENTSOFLABELINGOFGENETICALLYMODIFIEDFOODJCRITICALREVIEWSINBIOTECHNOLOGY,201718REGULATORYSCIENCEREQUIREMENTSOFLABELINGOFGENETICALLYMODIFIEDFOODAALANMOGHISSI,LISAMJAEGER,DANIASHAFEIANDLINDSEYLBLOOMABSTRACTTHISPAPERPROVIDESANOVERVIEWOFTHEEVOLUTIONOFFOODLABELINGINTHEUSAITBRIEFLYDESCRIBESTHETHREEPHASESOFAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTCONSISTINGOFNATURALLYOCCURRING,CROSSBRED,ANDGENETICALLYENGINEERED,EDITEDORMODIFIEDCROPS,OTHERWISEKNOWNASGENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISMSGMOITUSESTHEBESTAVAILABLEREGULATORYSCIENCEBARSANDMETRICSFOREVALUATIONOFREGULATORYSCIENCECLAIMSMERSCTOEVALUATETHESCIENTIFICVALIDITYOFCLAIMSAPPLICABLETOGMOANDTHEBESTAVAILABLEPUBLICINFORMATIONBAPITOEVALUATETHEPRONOUNCEMENTSBYPUBLICMEDIAANDOTHERSSUBSEQUENTLYCLAIMSONHEALTHRISK,ECOLOGICALRISK,CONSUMERCHOICE,ANDCORPORATEGREEDAREEVALUATEDBASEDONBARS/MERSCANDBAPITHEPAPERCONCLUDESBYSUGGESTINGTHATLABELINGOFFOODCONTAININGGMOSHOULDCONSIDERTHECONSUMER’SCHOICE,SUCHASTHEFOODUSEDBYTHOSEWHODESIREKOSHERANDHALALFOODFURTHERMORE,THECONSUMERCHOICEISALREADYMETBYTHEEXCLUSIONOFGMOINORGANICFOODKEYWORDSFOODLABELINGBESTAVAILABLEREGULATORYSCIENCEORGANICKOSHERHALALINTRODUCTIONTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHERESULTSOFASTUDYTHATWASPERFORMEDWITHINTHENEWLYESTABLISHEDREGULATORYSCIENCEPROGRAMATGEORGETOWNUNIVERSITYINWASHINGTONDCCURRENTLY,VIRTUALLYALLREGULATORYSCIENCEEDUCATIONALPROGRAMSCONSISTOFSCIENTIFICAREASCOVEREDBYTHEFOODANDDRUGADMINISTRATION1INCONTRAST,THENEWREGULATORYSCIENCEPROGRAMATGEORGETOWNUNIVERSITYINCLUDESSCIENTIFICAREASCOVEREDBYTHEENTIREREGULATORYPROCESSINCLUDINGRELEVANTACTIVITIESOFTHEENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCYEPA,DEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTUREUSDA,FISHANDWILDLIFEATDEPARTMENTOFTHEINTERIOR,OCCUPATIONALSAFETY,ANDHEALTHADMINISTRATIONATTHEDEPARTMENTOFLABORWITHINTHISPROGRAMTHEREGULATORYSCIENCEASPECTSOFNUTRITIONWEREADDRESSEDLEADINGTOTHEPUBLICATIONOFAPAPERONGOLDENRICE2ANDONEONORGANICFOOD3THEPREPARATIONOFTHISPAPERWASSTIMULATEDBYCERTAINEVENTSTHATDEALTWITHNUTRITIONALISSUESINCLUDINGGENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISMSGMOBASEDONGENETICALLYENGINEEREDGEPROCESSESAKEYEVENTWASTHEPUBLICREACTIONTOTHEPASSAGEOFALAWINTHESTATEOFVERMONTINTHEUSMANDATINGTHATANYFOODITEMSSOLDINTHATSTATETHATINCLUDEDGMOHADTOBELABELEDACCORDINGLYASDESCRIBEDBYMCFADDEN4SEVERALOTHERSTATESWEREENACTINGORCONSIDERINGTOENACTINGSIMILARLAWSTHESEACTIVITIESACCELERATEDCONGRESSIONALACTIONSBOTHINTHESENATEANDINTHEHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVESONTHEROLEOFTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENT,PARTICULARLYTHEFDAANDUSDAONREGULATINGTHELABELINGOFFOODTHATCONTAINSGMOITEMSBEFORETHERELEVANTISSUESINTHEUSAREADDRESSED,ITMAYBEDESIRABLETOIDENTIFYTHEFIRSTLAWSDEALINGWITHFOODINCLUDINGDRINKSPROBABLYTHEOLDESTLAWTHATINCLUDEDCONCERNOVERTHECOMPOSITIONOFFOODINCLUDINGDRINKSISASSISAPANISETCEREVISIAEASSIZEOFBREADANDALEENACTEDATABOUT1266INBRITAIN,WHICHADDRESSEDTHEPRODUCTIONANDSALEOFBREADANDBEERFOUNDTHATTHEEARLIESTFARMERSCHOSEFOODPLANTSTHATHADDESIRABLECHARACTERISTICSANDEXPANDEDONTHOSEPLANTSNOTETHATASDESCRIBEDBYDAVISETAL8,THENUTRITIONALCONTENTOFTHEVARIOUSCROPSCHANGESNATURALLYPHASEIITHESECONDPHASEEMERGEDWHENTHEAGRICULTURALCOMMUNITYRECOGNIZEDTHELIMITATIONSOFNATURALLYOCCURRINGCROPSALTHOUGHCROSSBREEDINGHADBEENKNOWNFORCENTURIES,SCIENTIFICUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPROCESSPROVIDEDUNIQUEOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEDEVELOPMENTANDAPPLICATIONOFCROSSBREEDINGTOIMPROVEAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONTHISPHASESTARTEDWHENMENDEL9,OFTENREFERREDTOASTHEFATHEROFMODERNGENETICS,PROVIDEDTHESCIENTIFICFOUNDATIONFORCROSSBREEDINGIN1866MENDELSTUDIEDPEAPLANTHYBRIDIZATIONANDESTABLISHEDTHELAWOFINHERITANCETHEPRIMARYOBJECTIVEOFCROSSBREEDINGISTOIDENTIFYTWOPLANTS,EACHHAVINGADESIRABLEFEATUREANDCROSSBREEDTHEMTOPRODUCEAPLANTTHATHASBOTHDESIRABLEFEATURESSHULL10–12DESCRIBEDTHEGENETICCHANGESINSPECIFICPLANTSASACONSEQUENCEOFCROSSBREEDINGFOLLOWINGTHESPREADOFMENDEL’SWORK,MANYRESEARCHERSTOOKITUPONTHEMSELVESTOFURTHERRESEARCHTHISAREAWITHTHEOBJECTIVEOFIMPROVINGCROPPRODUCTIONINBOTHQUALITYANDQUANTITYPHASEIIITHETHIRDPHASECONSISTSOFGECROPS,ONEOFTHEKEYPROCESSESWITHINTHEGMO,APROCESSEXTENSIVELYUSEDTODEVELOPCROPSBYEXPANDINGTHEPROCESSESUSEDINTHESECONDPHASEANDGENETICALLYMODIFYINGTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEPLANTTHEPROCESSUSEDBYTHEFDAINREGULATINGGMOISBESTDESCRIBEDINTHEIRSTATEMENT“FOODFROMGEPLANTSMUSTMEETTHESAMEFOODSAFETYREQUIREMENTSASFOODDERIVEDFROMTRADITIONALLYBREDPLANTS”SINCETHE1990S,SCIENTIFICADVANCEMENTHASALLOWEDFORAMORESPECIFICMETHODOFGMO,KNOWNASGENEEDITINGINWHICHTHEDESIREDDNAGENESCANBEMOVEDFROMONEPLANTANDINSERTEDINTOTHEGENOMEOFANOTHERPLANTORTHEYCANBEREMOVEDENTIRELYTHISISTHEMETHODUSEDINFOODSUSINGGMOPROCESS,WHICHENCOMPASSESARANGEOFMODIFICATIONSPLANTSCANBEGENETICALLYMODIFIEDTOMAKEMORENUTRITIOUSFOODS,DISEASEANDDROUGHTRESISTANTPLANTS,PESTICIDERESISTANTPLANTS,FASTERGROWINGPLANTS,ANDPLANTSTHATHAVEMEDICINALFEATURES13CURRENTSTATUSOFFOODLABELINGINTHEUSBEFORETHELEGALREQUIREMENTSFORFOODLABELINGAREADDRESSED,ITMAYBEDESIRABLETOBRIEFLYDESCRIBETHEROLESOFTHEVARIOUSAGENCIESINTHEUS,THEUSDAREGULATESTHEFARMINGOPERATIONS,THEENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCYEPAREGULATESTHEAPPLICATIONOFCHEMICALAGENTSSUCHASPESTICIDESASWELLASENVIRONMENTALCONSEQUENCESOFGMO,ANDTHEOCCUPATIONALSAFETYANDHEALTHADMINISTRATIONTHESAFETYASPECTSOFFARMINGOPERATIONSINCONTRAST,THEFDAISRESPONSIBLEFORASSURINGTHESAFETY,QUALITY,ANDLABELINGOFFOODSPRODUCEDDOMESTICALLYANDINTERNATIONALLYTHATARECONSUMEDINTHEUSTHECURRENTLABELINGREQUIREMENTSFORFOODSARECOVEREDINTHEFEDERALFOOD,DRUG,ANDCOSMETICACT14ANDITSSUBSEQUENTAMENDMENTSASWELLASCHAPTER39OFTHEFAIRPACKAGINGANDLABELINGACTRELEVANTREGULATIONSAREPROMULGATEDPERIODICALLYUNDERTITLE21OFTHECODEOFFEDERALREGULATIONS15ADETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEEVOLUTIONOFFOODLABELINGISTOOEXTENSIVETOBEINCLUDEDINTHISREVIEWHOWEVERBRIEFLY,THEGENERALFOODLABELINGREQUIREMENTSARETHOSETHATAPPLYTOALLPROCESSEDFOODSNUTRITIONLABELINGFORRAWPRODUCESUCHASFRUITSANDVEGETABLES,INCLUDINGFISH,AREVOLUNTARYBUTTYPICALLYAREFOLLOWEDINORDERTOAVOIDLABELSTHATAREMANYPAGESLONGTHESYSTEMHASRECOGNIZEDTHESOCALLEDGENERALLYRECOGNIZEDASSAFEGRAS,INGREDIENTSTHATHAVEBEENUSEDFORCENTURIESITSHOULDALSOBENOTEDTHATDIETARYSUPPLEMENTSHAVETHEIROWNSEPARATE

簡介：FULLTERMSIMPROVINGTHETASTE,FLAVOR,APPEARANCE,ANDOTHERDESIRABLEITEMSANDENHANCEMENTOFSTORAGETIME?RESISTANCETOMICROORGANISMSANDPESTS?ENHANCINGANDPROTECTINGTHEYIELD?OPERATINGUNDERSEVERECONDITIONS?ENHANCINGOTHERKEYPROPERTIESTHEEVOLUTIONOFAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTCANBEREASONABLYDESCRIBEDINTHREEPHASESCONSISTINGOFSELECTIONOFUSEFULBUTNATURALLYOCCURRINGPLANTS,CROSSBREEDINGOFEXISTINGPLANTS,ANDUSINGSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYTOPRODUCETHEMOSTDESIRABLEPLANTSPHASEIDURINGTHEFIRSTPHASE,THEFARMERSATTEMPTEDTOFINDANDSELECTTHEMOSTEFFICIENTPLANTSANDUSETHEMTHISSELECTIONWASPRIMARILYBASEDONTHEAVAILABILITYOFAPLANTATASPECIFICLOCATIONTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHISPHASEWASDESCRIBEDBYWIECZOREKANDWRIGHT6,INCLUDINGHOWFARMERSATTEMPTEDTOSELECTPLANTSBASEDONANUMBEROFRELEVANTPARAMETERSTHISPHASEKNOWNASSEDENTARYAGRICULTUREDATESBACK9000YEARSFOREXAMPLE,ARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIESBYPIPERNOETAL7FOUNDTHATANCIENTGRAINSANDTOOLSUSEDBYCIVILIZATIONSDATEDBACK8700YEARSTHEIRSTUDIESFOUNDTHATTHEEARLIESTFARMERSCHOSEFOODPLANTSTHATHADDESIRABLECHARACTERISTICSANDEXPANDEDONTHOSEPLANTSNOTETHATASDESCRIBEDBYDAVISETAL8,THENUTRITIONALCONTENTOFTHEVARIOUSCROPSCHANGESNATURALLYPHASEIITHESECONDPHASEEMERGEDWHENTHEAGRICULTURALCOMMUNITYRECOGNIZEDTHELIMITATIONSOFNATURALLYOCCURRINGCROPSALTHOUGHCROSSBREEDINGHADBEENKNOWNFORCENTURIES,SCIENTIFICUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPROCESSPROVIDEDUNIQUEOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEDEVELOPMENTANDAPPLICATIONOFCROSSBREEDINGTOIMPROVEAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONTHISPHASESTARTEDWHENMENDEL9,OFTENREFERREDTOASTHEFATHEROFMODERNGENETICS,PROVIDEDTHESCIENTIFICFOUNDATIONFORCROSSBREEDINGIN1866MENDELSTUDIEDPEAPLANTHYBRIDIZATIONANDESTABLISHEDTHELAWOFINHERITANCETHEPRIMARYOBJECTIVEOFCROSSBREEDINGISTOIDENTIFYTWOPLANTS,EACHHAVINGADESIRABLEFEATUREANDCROSSBREEDTHEMTOPRODUCEAPLANTTHATHASBOTHDESIRABLEFEATURESSHULL10–12DESCRIBEDTHEGENETICCHANGESINSPECIFICPLANTSASACONSEQUENCEOFCROSSBREEDINGFOLLOWINGTHESPREADOFMENDEL’SWORK,MANYRESEARCHERSTOOKITUPONTHEMSELVESTOFURTHERRESEARCHTHISAREAWITHTHEOBJECTIVEOFIMPROVINGCROPPRODUCTIONINBOTHQUALITYANDQUANTITYPHASEIIITHETHIRDPHASECONSISTSOFGECROPS,ONEOFTHEKEYPROCESSESWITHINTHEGMO,APROCESSEXTENSIVELYUSEDTODEVELOPCROPSBYEXPANDINGTHEPROCESSESUSEDINTHESECONDPHASEANDGENETICALLYMODIFYINGTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEPLANTTHEPROCESSUSEDBYTHEFDAINREGULATINGGMOISBESTDESCRIBEDINTHEIRSTATEMENT“FOODFROMGEPLANTSMUSTMEETTHESAMEFOODSAFETYREQUIREMENTSASFOODDERIVEDFROMTRADITIONALLYBREDPLANTS”SINCETHE1990S,SCIENTIFICADVANCEMENTHASALLOWEDFORAMORESPECIFICMETHODOFGMO,KNOWNASGENEEDITINGINWHICHTHEDESIREDDNAGENESCANBEMOVEDFROMONEPLANTANDINSERTEDINTOTHEGENOMEOFANOTHER2AAMOGHISSIETALDOWNLOADEDBYUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAAT034718OCTOBER2017

簡介：點擊查看更多食品科學與工程外文翻譯--高效液相色譜-電化學檢測法在檢測油脂中高級脂肪酸的應用精彩內容。

簡介：點擊查看更多食品科學與工程專業(yè)外文翻譯--酶法提取大豆油的改進精彩內容。

簡介：中文中文6000字，字，4000單詞，單詞，22600英文字符英文字符出處出處DESHPANDERP,CHINNANMS,PHILLIPSRDPROCESSDEVELOPMENTOFACHOCOLATE‐FLAVOUREDPEANUT–SOYBEVERAGEJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFFOODSCIENCETECHNOLOGY,2008,435886894本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文參考文獻譯文及原文外文參考文獻譯文及原文學院輕工化工學院輕工化工學院專業(yè)食品科學與工程食品科學與工程11外文文獻譯文外文文獻譯文巧克力味花生大豆飲料的研制巧克力味花生大豆飲料的研制摘要摘要利用兩種富含蛋白的含油種子資源即花生和大豆開發(fā)一種新型飲料產品。中度烘烤的花生粉和巧克力粉配合使用以產生怡人風味。相對于純花生產品，花生和大豆的組合提高必需氨基酸含量，尤其是賴氨酸。試驗工廠規(guī)模的飲料生產草案包括重要操作步驟過濾、均質和巴氏滅菌法。飲料制備包括一個三因素限制混合設計。在賴氨酸的含量、粘度和可視穩(wěn)定指數能分別達到51MG/G蛋白質、369MPAS和100的基礎上，其限制因素的上限和下限確定為花生（306－587）、大豆（283－435）以及巧克力糖漿（130－259）。改進的飲料配方和加工草案是對新型巧克力味花生大豆飲料的消費者認可度做進一步研究的基礎。關鍵詞關鍵詞飲料加工草案，巧克力味花生大豆飲料，巧克力糖漿，賴氨酸含量，大豆，花生，三組分混合設計，粘度，可視化穩(wěn)定指數1111前言前言開發(fā)一系列的傳統(tǒng)花生產品的趨勢目前越發(fā)明顯，最近，采用花生生產蛋白飲料產品成為焦點。對蔬菜調和乳、巧克力味花生飲料，UHT滅菌花生飲料和部分脫脂烤花生飲料的調查研究顯示花生奶已經成為奶類產品中的熱門。蛋白質的飲食不足尤其在發(fā)展中國家，是促進食品科學家和營養(yǎng)師研制營養(yǎng)均衡蛋白食品的因素之一?；ㄉ鞍椎臓I養(yǎng)價值在于它的蛋白質含量、必需氨基酸組成以及蛋白質消化率。花生蛋白缺乏某些必需氨基酸如賴氨酸、色氨酸、蘇氨酸和含硫氨基酸，但它的消化率卻與動物蛋白相當。當植物蛋白作為食物被攝入時，需要引起重視的是從營養(yǎng)角度，谷物和豆類的混合組合設計可彌補必需氨基酸間的不平衡。飲食被認為是加強營養(yǎng)以滿足已知的必需營養(yǎng)物質的缺乏的最佳途徑，而其中豆制品所占比例越來越高。這種配方通常在兒童及特殊人群的飲料中作為全面營養(yǎng)補充劑。此外，還能為傳統(tǒng)食品提供別樣的選擇，大豆蛋白正與很多膳食替代飲料融為一體，從而為忙碌的消費者帶來便利。大豆是含所有9中必需氨基酸且其含量能滿足人類需求的唯一豆科植物，被歸類到與肉類、牛奶、魚和雞蛋同等的優(yōu)質蛋白資源。大豆原料具有不同的

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]轉基因食品外文翻譯--轉基因食品標簽的監(jiān)管科學要求中英全精彩內容。

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]--食品科學與工程外文翻譯--加熱溫度和脂含量對酸奶結構形成的影響精彩內容。

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]--食品科學與工程外文翻譯--去殼裸燕麥粒的化學組成和營養(yǎng)價值精彩內容。

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]--食品科學與工程外文翻譯--胞外多糖的生產工藝對凝固型酸奶的質量的影響精彩內容。

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]--食品科學與工程外文翻譯----胡蘿卜酸奶感官、化學性質、微生物特性與消費者接受度精彩內容。

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]--食品科學與工程外文翻譯--巧克力味花生大豆飲料的研制精彩內容。

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]--食品科學與工程外文翻譯--含副干酪乳桿菌nfbc338噴霧干燥的益生菌酸奶的研制精彩內容。