簡(jiǎn)介：,APMACROECONOMICSREVIEW,,BASICECONOMICCONCEPTS,SCARCITY,CHOICEANDOPPORTUNITYCOSTSPPCPPF,COMPARATIVEADVANTAGE,SPECIALIZATION,AND,EXCHANGE,DEMAND,SUPPLY,ANDEQUILIBRIUM,,ALLECONOMICQUESTIONSANDPROBLEMSARISEBECAUSEHUMANWANTSEXCEEDTHERESOURCESAVAILABLETOSATISFYTHEM,SCARCITY,THECONDITIONTHATARISESBECAUSETHEAVAILABLERESOURCESAREINSUFFICIENTTOSATISFYWANTS,FACEDWITHSCARCITY,WEMUSTMAKECHOICESWEMUSTCHOOSEAMONGTHEAVAILABLEALTERNATIVES,BECAUSESCARCITYEXISTSWEHAVETHESTUDYOF,ECONOMICSTHEECONOMICPROBLEMISHOWTOBESTALLOCATESCARCERESOURCESTOMEETTHEWANTSANDNEEDSOFHUMANSOCIETIES,,ECONOMICS,THESOCIALSCIENCECONCERNEDWITHHOWINDIVIDUALS,INSTITUTIONS,ANDSOCIETYMAKEOPTIMALBESTCHOICES,UNDERCONDITIONSOFSCARCITY,TWOBIGECONOMICQUESTIONS,HOWCHOICESDETERMINEWHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM,GOODSANDSERVICESGETPRODUCED,WHENDOCHOICESMADEINSELFINTERESTALSO,PROMOTESOCIALINTEREST,,OPPORTUNITYCOST,THENEXTBESTTHINGTHATYOUMUSTGIVEUPTOGETSOMETHINGTHEHIGHESTVALUEDALTERNATIVEFORGONE,EXAMPLES,–STAYINGINSCHOOLVSDROPPINGOUT,–STUDYINGFORATESTVSGOINGTOASPORTINGEVENT–GOINGTOCOLLEGEVSENTERINGTHEWORKFORCE,REMEMBERTHATEVERYTIMEYOUMAKEACHOICEITIS,COSTINGYOUANOPPORTUNITY,,?MICROANDMACROVIEWSOFTHEWORLDMICROECONOMICSTHESTUDYOFTHECHOICESTHATINDIVIDUALSANDBUSINESSESMAKEANDTHEWAYTHESECHOICESINTERACTANDAREINFLUENCEDBYGOVERNMENTSMACROECONOMICSTHESTUDYOFTHEAGGREGATEORTOTALEFFECTSONTHENATIONALECONOMYANDTHEGLOBAL,ECONOMYOFTHECHOICESTHATINDIVIDUALS,BUSINESSES,ANDGOVERNMENTSMAKE,MACROECONOMICSLOOKSATTHEBEACHWHILE,MICROECONOMICSEXAMINESTHESAND,ROCKS,ANDSHELLS,,,ENTREPRENEURSHIP,CAPITAL,LABOR,LAND,PRODUCINGGOODSANDSERVICESREQUIRESTHEUSEOFRESOURCES,ALLRESOURCESCANBECLASSIFIEDASONEOFTHEFOLLOWINGFOURFACTORSOFPRODUCTION,THEFOURFACTORSOFPRODUCTION,,THEFACTORSOFPRODUCTION,,WHATISTHEPRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITIESCURVEAPRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITIESGRAPHPPGISAMODELTHATSHOWSALTERNATIVEWAYSTHATANECONOMYCANUSEITSSCARCERESOURCESTHISMODELGRAPHICALLYDEMONSTRATESSCARCITY,TRADEOFFS,OPPORTUNITYCOSTS,ANDEFFICIENCY4KEYASSUMPTIONS,,ONLYTWOGOODSCANBEPRODUCEDFULLEMPLOYMENTOFRESOURCESFIXEDRESOURCESCETERISPARIBUSFIXEDTECHNOLOGY,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,A140,B122,C94,D56,E08,F010,BIKESCOMPUTERS,EACHPOINTREPRESENTSASPECIFICCOMBINATIONOFGOODSTHATCANBEPRODUCEDGIVENFULLEMPLOYMENTOFRESOURCESNOWGRAPHITPUTBIKESONYAXISANDCOMPUTERSONXAXIS,PRODUCTION“POSSIBILITIES”TABLE,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,BIKES,14121086,42,0,0,2,4,6,8,10,A,B,E,INEFFICIENT/UNEMPLOYMENT,GIVENCURRENTRESOURCESGCEFFICIENTD,PRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITIESHOWDOESTHEPPGGRAPHICALLYDEMONSTRATESSCARCITY,TRADEOFFS,OPPORTUNITYCOSTS,ANDEFFICIENCYIMPOSSIBLE/UNATTAINABLE,,2THEOPPORTUNITYCOSTOF,3THEOPPORTUNITYCOSTOF,MOVINGFROMBTODIS7BIKES,MOVINGFROMDTOBIS4COMPUTER,4WHATCANYOUSAYABOUTPOINTG,UNATTAINABLE,1THEOPPORTUNITYCOSTOF,MOVINGFROMATOBIS2BIKES,EXAMPLE,OPPORTUNITYCOST,,遞增的成本規(guī)律表明生產(chǎn)某種商品越多，機(jī)會(huì)成本越高。它成立的事實(shí)依據(jù)是某些資源對(duì)不同商品的生產(chǎn)能力不同。拿槍和黃油這兩種商品舉個(gè)例子假設(shè)在一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)了許多槍，這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中的大部分資源投入了槍支生產(chǎn)，僅有很少的資源（如農(nóng)民，奶牛，擠奶機(jī)等）投入了黃油生產(chǎn)?，F(xiàn)在，如果這個(gè)社會(huì)想要生產(chǎn)更多的槍，一部分生產(chǎn)黃油的資源將會(huì)被轉(zhuǎn)移到槍支生產(chǎn)中，這就意味著更多的農(nóng)民和奶牛將會(huì)被槍支工廠雇傭（奶牛將被用于轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)可以磨光炮膛的磨粉機(jī)）。但是農(nóng)民和奶牛相對(duì)與生產(chǎn)槍支來(lái)說(shuō)更擅于生產(chǎn)黃油，因此當(dāng)這些資源被轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)，并不會(huì)生產(chǎn)出很多槍，相反卻有很多黃油“犧牲”了，說(shuō)明生產(chǎn)的槍支越多，生產(chǎn)它的機(jī)會(huì)成本越高。,,,,,,最大產(chǎn)量小麥100KG玉米50KG,最大產(chǎn)量小麥70KG玉米70KG,最大產(chǎn)量小麥50KG玉米100KG,土地一,土地二,土地三,隨著玉米的產(chǎn)量增加，生產(chǎn)玉米的機(jī)會(huì)成本會(huì)怎么變化,EG小麥玉米種植,,15,PRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITIES4KEYASSUMPTIONSREVISITEDONLYTWOGOODSCANBEPRODUCEDFULLEMPLOYMENTOFRESOURCESFIXEDRESOURCES4FACTORSFIXEDTECHNOLOGYWHATIFTHEREISACHANGE2SHIFTERSOFTHEPPC1CHANGEINRESOURCEQUANTITYORQUALITY2CHANGEINTECHNOLOGY,,,PRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITIES,ASSUMPTIONS,–FULLEMPLOYMENT,–FIXEDRESOURCESANDTECHNOLOGY,MOVEMENTS,–ALONGCURVESHOWSOPPORTUNITYCOST,–OUTWARDSHIFTILLUSTRATESECONOMICGROWTH–INWARDSHIFTINDICATESDESTRUCTIONOFRESOURCES,PRODUCINGCAPITALGOODSWILLLEADTOGREATERECONOMICGROWTHTHANPRODUCINGCONSUMER,GOODSBUTTERWILLLEADTOMOREGROWTHTHANGUNS,,,,,,PRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITIESGRAPH,CAPITALGOODS,CONSUMERGOODS,A,B,C,D,E,POINTSA,B,C,AREEFFICIENTPTSPOINTDISUNDERUTILIZATIONPOINTEISECONOMICGROWTH,MAYLEADTOMOSTFUTUREECONOMICGROWTH,,ECONOMICSYSTEMS,CAPITALISMFREEMARKET,–MOSTDECISIONSMADEBYPRIVATEBUSINESSES,COMMUNISMCOMMANDECONOMY,–MOSTDECISIONSMADEBYTHEGOVERNMENT,MIXEDECONOMYFEATURESOFBOTHCAPITALISM,ANDCOMMUNISM,–DECISIONSMADEBYBOTHTHEMARKETAND,GOVERNMENTS,,SUPPLYANDDEMAND,,SUPPLYANDDEMANDFACTORS,DEMANDCHANGESWHEN,–INCOMECHANGES,–RELATEDPRODUCTS,COMPLEMENTSANDSUBSTITUTES,PRICEORQUALITYCHANGE–EXPECTATIONSFUTUREPRICECHANGE–CONSUMERSMOREORLESSADDED–TASTES,FADS,PREFERENCESCHANGE,,,,,,,DEMANDINCREASEASDEMANDINCREASES,PRICEANDQUANTITYINCREASEASWELL,Q1,D1Q2,S1D2,PRICEP2P1,QUANTITY,,,,,,,DEMANDDECREASEASDEMANDDECREAES,PRICEANDQUANTITYDECREASEASWELL,S1,Q1,Q2,PRICEP1P2,D1D2QUANTITY,,SUPPLYFACTORS,SUPPLYCHANGESWHEN,–INPUTPRICESCHANGERESOURCESANDWAGES–GOVERNMENTTARIFFS,QUOTAS,ANDSUBSIDIES–NUMBEROFSELLERSCHANGE,–EXPECTATIONSABOUTPRICEANDPRODUCT,PROFITABILITYCHANGE,–DISASTERSWEATHER,STRIKES,ETC,,,,,,,Q1,Q2,PRICEP1P2,SUPPLYINCREASEASSUPPLYINCREASES,QUANTITYINCREASES,BUTPRICEFALLSS1,S2,D1QUANTITY,,,,,,,SUPPLYDECREASEASSUPPLYDECREASES,QUANTITYDECREASES,BUTPRICEINCREASESS2,S1D1QUANTITY,PRICEP2P1,Q1,Q2,,COMPARATIVEADVANTAGEANATIONSHOULDSPECIALIZEINPRODUCINGGOODSINWHICHITHASACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEABILITYTOPRODUCETHEGOODATALOWEROPPORTUNITYCOSTEXAMPLE,SPAINFRANCE,CHEESE2POUNDS2POUNDS,WINE2CASES6CASES,SPAINSHOULDPRODUCECHEESE1C1WFRANCESHOULDPRODUCEWINE1W1/3C,,,CURRENCYTERMS,APPRECIATIONCURRENCYISINCREASING,INDEMANDSTRONGERDOLLAR,–USCURRENCYWILLAPPRECIATEWHENMOREFOREIGNERSTRAVELTOTHEUS,BUYMOREUSGOODSORSERVICES,ORBUYTHEUSDOLLARTOINVESTINBONDS,,CURRENCYTERMS,DEPRECIATIONCURRENCYIS,DECREASINGINDEMANDWEAKERDOLLARBEINGSUPPLIEDINEXCHANGEFOROTHERCURRENCY,–USCURRENCYWILLDEPRECIATEWHENFEWERFOREIGNERSTRAVELTOTHEUS,BUYFEWERUSGOODSORSERVICES,ORSELLTHEUSDOLLARTOINVESTINTHEIROWNBONDS,,CHAPTER12,MACROECONOMICMEASURESOF,PERFORMANCE,,CIRCULARFLOWOFECONOMIC,ACTIVITY,HOUSEHOLDSSUPPLYRESOURCESLAND,LABOR,CAPITAL,ENTREPRENEURIALABILITYTOTHERESOURCEMARKETHOUSEHOLDSDEMANDGOODSANDSERVICESFROMBUSINESSES,BUSINESSESDEMANDHOUSEHOLDRESOURCESAND,SUPPLYGOODSANDSERVICESTOTHEPRODUCTFACTORMARKET,,,,,,,,,,,,,,生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng),生產(chǎn)投入工資、租金和利潤(rùn)GDP,勞動(dòng)、土地和資本收入GDP,支出GDP物品和勞務(wù)的購(gòu)買家庭,收入GDP物品和勞務(wù)的銷售企業(yè),循環(huán)流量圖物品與勞務(wù)市場(chǎng),,GDP,GDPISTHEMARKETVALUEOFTHEFINALGOODSANDSERVICESPRODUCEDWITHINANATIONINAYEAR,,GDPWHATCOUNTS,GOODSPRODUCEDBUTNOTSOLDIGOODSPRODUCEDBYAFOREIGN,COUNTRYJAPANINTHEUSHONDA,TOYOTA,GOVERNMENTSPENDINGONTHEMILITARYINCREASEINBUSINESSINVENTORIES,,GDPWHATDOESNOTCOUNT,INTERMEDIATEGOODSTIRESSOLDBY,FIRESTONETOFORD,USEDGOODS,NONMARKETACTIVITIESILLEGAL,,UNDERGROUND,TRANSFERPAYMENTSSOCIALSECURITYSTOCKTRANSACTIONS,,SHORTCOMINGS,OFGDPLEADINGTOGDP,BEINGUNDERSTATEDNONMARKETACTIVITIESSERVICESOFHOMEMAKERSDOESNOTCOUNTLEISUREDOESNOTINCLUDETHEVALUEOFLEISUREDOESNOTINCLUDEIMPROVEMENTSINPRODUCTQUALITYUNDERGROUNDECONOMY,,GDPOVERSTATED,INCLUDESDAMAGETOTHEENVIRONMENT,INCLUDESMORESPENDINGONHEALTHCARE,AMERICANSBEINGUNHEALTHY,INCLUDESMONEYSPENTTOFIGHTCRIMEMORE,POLICEOFFICERS,MOREJAILS,ETC,,EXPENDITURESAPPROACH,FOURCOMPONENTSOFGDP1CONSUMERSPENDING,EX5LITTLECAESARSPIZZA,2INVESTMENTSWHENBUSINESSESPUTMONEY,BACKINTOTHEIROWNBUSINESSEXMACHINERYORTOOLS,3GOVERNMENTSPENDING,EXBOMBSORTANKS,NOTSOCIALSECURITY,4NETEXPORTSEXPORTSX–IMPORTSM,EXVALUEOF3FORDFOCUSESMINUS2HONDAS,,GDPGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,EXPENDITUREFORMULA,CONSUMPTIONCBUSINESSINVESTMENTIGOVERNMENTSPENDINGGNETEXPORTSX,NOTEINVESTMENTSPENDINGI,NEWCAPITALMACHINERYPURCHASEDBYFIRMSNEWCONSTRUCTIONFORFIRMSORCONSUMERS,MARKETVALUEOFTHECHANGEINUNSOLDINVENTORIES,,GDPGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,INCOMEFORMULA,,GDPCIGX–MAGGREGATESPENDINGAGGREGATEINCOMEY,THEMOSTRECENTAPMACROECONOMICSCURRICULUMFOCUSESONGDP,ORTOTALSPENDING,ASTHENATION’SMEASUREOFECONOMICOUTPUTYOURSTUDYSHOULDTHEREFOREFOCUSONTHECOMPONENTSOFGDP,,REALGDPREALGDPNOMINALGDPADJUSTEDFORINFLATIONCALCULATION,NOMINALGDPPRICEINDEXINHUNDREDTHSDEFLATOR,–REALGDPEXAMPLE,12,4558BILLIONS11274BASEDON2000,US2005REALGDP11048TRILLION,,REALGDPPERCAPITA,MOSTCOMMONLYUSEDTOCOMPAREANDMEASUREEACHCOUNTRY’SSTANDARDOFLIVINGANDOVERALLECONOMICGROWTH,REALGDP/NATION’SPOPULATION,,,,我國(guó)GDP及增長(zhǎng)情況19782011年,,GDP總結(jié),GDP注意點(diǎn),?一國(guó)地理范圍內(nèi),?一定時(shí)期內(nèi),?最終產(chǎn)品（NOTINTERMEDIATEGOODS）,?產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)（NOTFINANCIALTRANSACTION）購(gòu)房中介費(fèi),?市場(chǎng)價(jià)值地下經(jīng)濟(jì)，家務(wù)勞動(dòng)不算,?生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的（沒(méi)賣也算，二手交易不算）,,PRICEINDEX,PRICEINDEXISAMEASUREOFTHEPRICEOFAGOODINAGIVENYEAR,WHENCOMPAREDTOTHEPRICEOFTHATGOODINAREFERENCEORBASEYEAR,LPIINYEART100?PRICEOFALATTEINYEART/PRICEOFALATTEINBASEYEAR,,,,,DEFLATINGNOMINALGDPTODEFLATEANOMINALVALUE,ORADJUSTFORINFLATION,YOUDOASIMPLEDIVISIONREALGDP100?NOMINALGDP/PRICEINDEXORYOUCANTHINKOFITASREALGDPNOMINALGDP/PRICEINDEXINHUNDREDSTHEGDPDEFLATOR,THEGDPDEFLATOR,NOMINALGDPREALGDP,100,,BUSINESSCYCLES,THEBUSINESSCYCLEISTHEPERIODICRISEANDFALLINECONOMICACTIVITY,ANDCANBEMEASUREDBYCHANGESINREALGDP,?EXPANSIONAPERIODWHEREREALGDPISGROWING,?PEAKTHETOPOFTHECYCLEWHEREANEXPANSIONHASRUNITSCOURSEANDIS,ABOUTTOTURNDOWN,?CONTRACTIONAPERIODWHEREREALGDPISFALLINGARECESSIONISGENERALLY,DESCRIBEDASTWOCONSECUTIVEQUARTERSOFFALLINGREALGDPIFTHECONTRACTIONISPROLONGEDORDEEPENOUGH,ITISCALLEDADEPRESSION,?TROUGHTHEBOTTOMOFTHECYCLEWHEREACONTRACTIONHASSTOPPEDANDIS,ABOUTTOTURNUP,,宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的4大目標(biāo),1保證充分就業(yè),2保證經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),3保證國(guó)際收支平衡,4保證物價(jià)穩(wěn)定,,INFLATION,RISEINTHEGENERALLEVELOFPRICES,REDUCESTHEPURCHASINGPOWEROFMONEYMEASUREDWITHTHECONSUMERPRICE,INDEXCPI,–REPORTSTHEPRICEOFAMARKETBASKET,MORETHAN300GOODSTHATARETYPICALLYPURCHASEDBYANURBANHOUSEHOLD,,,,,,,,,,,,,我國(guó)市場(chǎng)籃子產(chǎn)品類食品煙酒及用品衣著家庭設(shè)備用品和維修服務(wù)醫(yī)療保健和個(gè)人用品交通和通訊娛樂(lè)、教育、文化用品和服務(wù)居住,權(quán)重3323991610104142132,,CONSUMERPRICEINDEXCPI,CPISPENDINGOFMARKETBASKETCURRENTYEAR,SPENDINGOFSAMEBASKETINBASEYEAR,,GDP平減指數(shù)和CPI的區(qū)別,,我國(guó)近十年CPI變化情況,,,,CALCULATINGINFLATION其中，T代表其中一年，T1代表前一年。對(duì)應(yīng)的是第T年的通貨膨脹率TOTALCOSTTHISPERIODCPI??100TOTALCOSTBASEPERIOD,CPIT?CPIT?1CPIT?1,INFLATIONRATE?,,,生活案例,以2002年為BASEYEAR，假設(shè)該年購(gòu)買1BASKET需要,1200刀,2003年同樣的1BASKET需要1236刀那么,1236,1200,CPI??100103,100,103?100,INFLATIONRATE??3,,TYPESOFINFLATION,DEMANDPULLINFLATION‘TOOMUCHMONEY,CHASINGTOOFEWGOODS”,–ADCURVEWILLSHIFTTOTHERIGHT,RESULTINGINAHIGHER,PRICELEVELANDGREATEROUTPUTUPTILFE,COSTPUSHINFLATIONMAJORCAUSEISASUPPLYSHOCKOPECCUTTINGBACKONOILPRODUCTION,–ASCURVEWILLSHIFTTOTHELEFTRESULTINGINAHIGHER,PRICELEVELANDADECREASEINREALGDP,,REALANDNOMINALTERMSREALINCOMENOMINALINCOMEPRICEINDEXHUNDREDTHS,NOMINALINTERESTRATEREALINTERESTRATEEXPECTEDINFLATION,,INFLATIONWINNE
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