關(guān)于〈醫(yī)學(xué)導(dǎo)論〉這門課-浙江大學(xué)教學(xué)信息化平臺

1、醫(yī)學(xué)史簡論（5） A Brief History of Medicine,Yu HaiZhejiang University School of Medicine,Origin of Medicine Egypt Babylon India China Greece

2、 Rome Medieval Arabic Renaissance Pre-modern medicine Modern medicine TCM,,,,,,,,,,,,Western Medicine,Medicine in Byzant

3、ine Empire ( 495 AD to 1453 AD )293AD Diocletian divided Rome Empire into Eastern and Western：476AD fall of Western Empire 330 AD Constantine I moved the capital to Byzantine and changed the name to Constantinople

4、；1453AD Constantinople was conquered by Ottoman Empire，changed Constantinople to Istanbul,,Strait of Bosporus,313 Edict of Milan,Byzantine Medicine,Inherited from ancient Greek and Roman medicine, influenced on Isla

5、mic medicine and the Western rebirth of Medicine during the Renaissance. Constantinople became the center of medicine in middle age.The first hospital was built by Basil of Caesarea （ bishop of Caesa

6、rea）in the late 4th century , there was a dedicated hierarchy including the Chief Physician， professional nurses and the orderlies .Established medical schoolsFamous doctors and compilation of text books：Paul (Medical

7、Compendium in Seven Books), Oribasius （Synagoga Medicae ），Aetius （Tetrabiblos ）， Alexander,阿拉伯-伊斯蘭醫(yī)學(xué) Arab-Islamic Medicine,The rising of Islam and Islamic Empire in 7th centure,Prophet MuhammadAbu al-Qasim Muhammad I

8、bn Abd Allah Ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ibn Hashim 570Mecca－632MedinaSaracen Empire (632-1258)Caesaropapism Cave Hira, first revelationGabriel, last prophet and massenger of the God,Expansion of the caliphate, 622–750

9、 Muhammad, 622–632   Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661   Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750,阿拉伯-伊斯蘭醫(yī)學(xué) Arab-Islamic Medicine,Graeco-Arabic (Hundred Years) Translation Movement In Abbasid Caliphate (7

10、50-1258) particularly in Caliph Al-Mamun (813-833) period Islam scholars (Masawayh, Huayn etc.) translated classical Greek, Roman text of philosophy, science, literature as well as medicine into Arabic, therefore large

11、amount of classical work preserved.,"There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also has created its treatment."Make use of medical treatment, for Allah has not made a disease without appointin

12、g a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease, namely old age.""Allah has sent down both the disease and the cure, and He has appointed a cure for every disease, so treat yourselves medically."&qu

13、ot;The one who sent down the disease sent down the remedy.""For every disease, Allah has given a cure.",The first Muslim physician is believed to have been the prophet Muhammad himself, as a sig

14、nificant number of hadiths concerning medicine are attributed to him:,阿拉伯-伊斯蘭醫(yī)學(xué) Arab-Islamic Medicine,Islamic medicine was a genre of medical writing that was influenced by several different medical systems, in

15、cluding the traditional Arabian medicine of Muhammad‘s time, ancient Hellenistic medicine such as Unani, ancient Indian medicine such as Ayurveda, and the ancient Iranian medicine 

16、. The works of ancient Greek and Roman physicians Hippocrates and Galen had a lasting impact on Islamic medicine,煉金術(shù) Alkimiya (alchemy) Promoted the development of chemistryInstrument of chemistryc

17、hemicalsChemical methods (distillation, crystallization, sublimation, calcination),Kim-金 Chinese alkimiya for elixir of life (immortality),阿拉伯-伊斯蘭醫(yī)學(xué) Arab-Islamic Medicine,Pharmacy1400+ drugs (camphor, senna, rhubarb,

18、musk, nutmeg, alum, ambergris)Chemical drugsForms of drugs,阿拉伯藥房 Arabic Pharmacy,阿拉伯-伊斯蘭醫(yī)學(xué) Arab-Islamic Medicine,Cataract couching Indian （Sushuruta）-Greek-Arabic-China （金針撥障術(shù), 唐.王燾） Ar

19、abic Greek,Lens suspensory ligament vitreous body -aphakia,Couching, a method of traditional cataract (lens opacity)treatment, it typically involves the use of a sharp or bl

20、unt instrument to dislocate the cataract lens and push it back into the posterior chamber of the eye.,Cataract Couching,Cornea – lenses –vitreum -retina,Avicenna (980-1037), Full name: Hussain ibn Abdullah ibn Hassan ib

21、n Ali ibn Sina (Ali Al-Husain ben Abdalah Ibn sina). Born in Afshana, near Bukhara (Uzbekistan), in a Persian family,阿拉伯-伊斯蘭醫(yī)學(xué) Arab-Islamic Medicine,Avicenna’s tomb in Hamadan, Iran,阿拉伯醫(yī)學(xué) Arabic-Islamic Medicin

22、e,Avicenna: Canon of Medicine was a standard medical text at many medieval universities, and used as a text-book in the Universities of Montpellier and Louvain as late as 1650.,Doctor of doctors,阿拉伯-伊斯蘭醫(yī)學(xué) Arab-Islam

23、ic Medicine,,文藝復(fù)興 Renaissance：background,The fall of Byzantine Empire led to the exodus of Greek scholars to Italy and brought with them texts and knowledge of the classical Greek civilization which had been lost fo

24、r centuries in the West, people rediscovered the classical ideas that have been forgotten by Western civilization.,,Fall of Constantinople,Renaissance：Background,十字軍東征 Crusades (1096-1291) 9 timesScience and knowledge

25、was brought back from the Middle East by crusaders in the 13th century,Columbus,Marco Polo in China,,1492,Renaissance：background,Renaissance：background,1346-1353 Outbreak of black death (plagues) the death

26、 toll reached to 25 millions (1/3 of European population)1348 Pope Clement VI called the followers to Rome, 1.2 million pilgrims died only 1/10 survived.,,Renaissance：background,人文主義 HumanismHuman interests, needs, val

27、ues, worth, and dignity are taken to be of primary importance, as in moral judgments.,Petrarch 1304-1374,Galileo Galilei (1564 –1642)[,科學(xué) Science Mathematics and scientific method great contributions in the field

28、s of astronomy, physics, biology and anatomy,.,文藝復(fù)興 Renaissance,The Renaissance of European civilization (rebirth）A period between Middle Ages and the Modern era in 14-17th century beginning in Florence Italy in the l

29、ate Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. A cultural movement of literature, philosophy, art, science and religion resulted in social and political revolution.,Florence 翡冷翠 Firenze,文藝復(fù)興：Re

30、naissance：arts,達(dá)芬奇 1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci,Italian polymath, being a scientist,  mathematician, engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer and also a anatomist.,Vitruvian

31、(Roman architect) man (Proportion of man) 1487,Leonardo da Vinci:Monalisa Last supper,文藝復(fù)興：Renaissance：arts,,Buonarroti Michelangelo 1475-1564,The creation (Sistine),MichelangeloDavid T

32、he Pieta,文藝復(fù)興：Renaissance：arts,Raphael1483-1520,Virgin and Child,Jesus & Madonna,The School of Athens,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,,Greece and Rome（Galen）,中世紀(jì),Early Renaissance,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,Middle A

33、ges,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,阿拉伯女性解剖圖Arabic,文藝復(fù)興早期解剖圖（顯示血管）Early Renaissance period,中國古代的解剖學(xué),China, Song Dynasty Physician Yang Jie（1102—1106）did dissection on body of executed prisoner and asked painter to draw the

34、antomy,,內(nèi)景圖Ming Dynasty (1368-1644),臟腑明堂圖Zangfumingtangtu（1906）,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,Contribution of Da Vinci on anatomyDissected at least 30 human corpses Studied the movement of muscleChallenged Galen’s mi

35、stakes750 drawings（150 left）,Da Vinci,達(dá)芬奇解剖圖,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,Andreas VesaliusStudied at University of Paris and University of LeuvenProfessor of Surgery and Anatomy in Padua University, the founder of mod

36、ern human anatomy. 1543 Published De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body).,Andreas Vesalius維薩里 1514-1564,Andreas Vesalius,Performed his own dissections rather than reading aloud while a dem

37、onstrator did the dissection, using drawings in teaching anatomyCriticized Galen for his methods in studying anatomy,Anatomic DiagramsIllustrated by Johann Stephen von Calcar (student of Tiziano Vecellio),Vesalius'

38、s Fabrica contained many intricately detailed drawings of human dissections, often in allegorical poses.,Base of the brain, showing optic chiasma, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, etc,Andreas Vesalius: Anatomic Diagrams,R

39、enaissance medicine：Anatomy,Michael Servetus 1511-1553,Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer and humanist. First to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, but condemned by Catholics and Protestants al

40、ike, he was burnt at the stake as a heretic by order of the Protestant  Geneva governing council.,文藝復(fù)興和醫(yī)學(xué)：解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展,William Harvey 1578-1657,Harvey announced his discovery of the circulatory system in 16

41、16 and in 1628 published his work Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals), and described the pulmonary circulatio

42、n and systemic circulationHeart output：100-150ml x65=10p,With careful observation and quantitative experiments challenged Galen’s theory on the artery and vein,顯微解剖學(xué)Microscopic Anatomy,Early 17th century English man Dig

43、ges and Dutch spectacle maker Zaccharias and Hans Janssen invented first microscopy,Two convex lenses,顯微解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展Microscopic Anatomy,1610 Galileo worked our the priciples of lenses and made a better instrument with focusing

44、 device enlarging for 70 times,顯微解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展 Microscopic Anatomy,馬爾比基 1628-1694 Marcello Malpighi (Italian),Observed biological tissues with microscope as the pioneer of histology and embryology,顯微解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展Microscopic Ana

45、tomy,Malpighian corpuscle （Glomerulus）Malpighian Tubules,Malpighian alveoliCapillaries in frog mesentery,The discovery of capillary, microscopic structure of lung and kidney,顯微解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展Microscopic Anatomy,虎克 1635-1702

46、 Robert Hooke,顯微解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展Microscopic Anatomy,The discovery of cell and its naming (cork),Discovery of compound eyes in insects,顯微解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展Microscopic Anatomy,Antonie van Leeuwenhoek1632-1723,A Dutch cloth merchant used

47、 new method for grinding and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature which gave magnifications up to 270 diameters,顯微解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展 Microscopic Anatomy,Leeuwenhoek was first to see and describe bacteria as animalcules (tiny an