漢語和英語被動意義上的差別

1、漢英主動與被動區(qū)別,概述: “主動與被動” 與 “主客體意識”的主客體意識: 認(rèn)識客觀世界的兩種角度:在所說事實(shí)不變的情況下,從兩種角度看待句子的動作.從兩種角度表達(dá)同一個事實(shí)。They arrived at the summit on the fifth day.The fifth day saw them at the summit.一進(jìn)花房他們就聞到了一股濃烈的花香。一進(jìn)花房一股濃烈的花香撲鼻而來。,,主動與被動含義一:

2、 “從動作的行為對象去闡述事實(shí)內(nèi)容的表達(dá)手段”.他們非常喜歡自己的工作 they were attached to their work.,,他因疾病而夭折. His life was cut short by illness. 他在臺上出現(xiàn)，觀眾給予的熱烈掌聲He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 工廠坐落在河的附近 The

3、factory is located near the river 她在森林中迷了路。 she was lost in the wood,,妻子的歸來讓他而陷入惶惑不安之中。 He was thrown into confusion by the return of his wife. 墻上掛著畫 The picture was hung on the wall.老趙容易上鉤。Chao Po-tao could easil

4、y be hooked.他被證明是無辜的。 He proved to be innocent.,,主動與被動含義二: 主動強(qiáng)調(diào)是動作；被動強(qiáng)調(diào)是動作完成后呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)。My brother broke the teapot.The teapot was broken by my brother.The teapot was broken.The teapot is broken.,,,,漢語---主動或被動取決于說話人選取誰

5、作為話題。他們打死了一只老虎。他們把只老虎打死了。老虎被他們打死了。老虎他們打死了。老虎打死了。,,英語---形和語言—豐富的形態(tài)變化—被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成為顯性化。漢語---意和語言—被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成為隱性化。（邏輯關(guān)系無差異，主要在表現(xiàn)形式上存在差異）語言表現(xiàn)形式上存在差異的根源？,,我生于南昌，也在那里參加了革命。I was born in Nangchang and there I joined the revoluti

6、onary ranks.老虎打死了。The tiger is killed.,,“英漢語在被動意義的表達(dá)方面各有優(yōu)勢,英語的結(jié)構(gòu)被動句比 漢語使用得廣,使用得多;而漢語則以意義被動句見長,其使用的范圍和頻度都超過英語。這與英 漢兩種語言表現(xiàn)在形合和意合上的本質(zhì)差別是一致的 ?！?呂叔湘,1982),,漢譯英中,漢語被動句絕大部分可以轉(zhuǎn)換成英語被動句,少量的可轉(zhuǎn)換成意義被動句或其他句式。 英譯漢時,英語被動句只有一小部分

7、可以轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語被動句,大部分要 轉(zhuǎn)換成意義被動句,少量的可以轉(zhuǎn)換成相對應(yīng)的主動句式:,★英語被動意義的表達(dá),結(jié)構(gòu)被動：結(jié)構(gòu)形式上標(biāo)示出來的被動句。意義被動：含有被動意義的結(jié)構(gòu)形式上未標(biāo)示出來的被動句。,,英語結(jié)構(gòu)被動句A. 不知道或不容易指出施事者。Tom was killed in the Second World War.Order has been restored without bloodshed and witho

8、ut concessions.B. 施事者根據(jù)上下文是清楚的，不必說出。The inured were allowed home after treatment.Jack fought Michael last night and Jack was beaten.,,C.由于某種原因（情感上的委婉,陳述上圓通、得體…），不愿說出施事者。Some unfair comment on the proposal was made at

9、 the meeting.This matter should be taken up with the insurance company.D. 說話者心目當(dāng)中，受動者比施動者更重要。Madame Curie will long be remembered as the discover of radium.Unfortunately, his excellent book on this subject was denied

10、 by the publishing house.,,E. 由于語氣的連貫，避免頻繁地變換主語。The teachers should respect students first, and then will be respected by the students.The word “plastic” comes from the Greek word “plastikos” and is used to describe so

11、mething which can be shaped.,,F. 尾重原則的要求。（施動者有許多修飾語，結(jié)構(gòu)較長，放在句首—“頭重腳輕”）Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by man. Some were caused by lightning in as storm; others, perhaps, by hot material whic

12、h came out of a volcano.The excellent book was written by the writer who lived and worked in the mountains together with hunters for about ten years.,,G.句子銜接的要求。(前句后部出現(xiàn)的未知信息,在下一句要作為已知信息展開)Some kinds of plastics can be

13、forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibers”, and these fibers can be made into cloth.Mineral oil useful only when it is cleaned and separated into different commercial products.

14、These products can be used for ships and trains, for cars and aeroplanes.,,H.文體的需要。英語意義被動句動詞謂語是主動式，而主語在邏輯意義上是動詞謂語的受事。一般是用來描述事物具有的性質(zhì)或目前處于的狀態(tài)，動作意義相對減弱。有以下幾種情況。,,1. 動詞或系動詞表示事物的性質(zhì)特征，且常附加強(qiáng)化副詞。The clock winds up at the ba

15、ck.Your books read well.The table polishes up badly.Mary always dresses beautifully.Mary does not photograph well.The dish smells wonderful.The cloth make soft.The soup tastes delicious.,,2.及物動詞的進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示被動意義—表示某種事物正

16、處于某種狀態(tài)之中。The tea is brewing.The rice is cooking.The book is printing.The play is showing downtown.The single cropping rice area is expanding.Many oil wells are drilling in the fields.,,The suggestion requires furt

17、her considering.The bike needs repairing.The sort of thing wants some doing.The problem deserves public attention.3. 系動詞加介詞短語表示性質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。The patient is on injection.The railway is under construction.The plants has b

18、een in operation for several weeks.Your proposal is still under discussion.,★漢語的被動意義的表達(dá),隱性表達(dá)。被、教、讓、給。他挨了批評。他挨了一皮鞭。/ 他挨皮鞭抽。被、教、讓、給—唯一的形式標(biāo)志（高度的概括性和規(guī)范性）,漢語的被動意義的表達(dá)的類型,Ⅰ. 結(jié)構(gòu)被動句1. 有形式標(biāo)志的被動句?！氨弧弊鳛榻Y(jié)構(gòu)助詞直接附在及物動詞前面。“被”作為

19、介詞引進(jìn)施動者并與及物動詞一起表被動。為……所。,,山里發(fā)洪水，莊稼被沖走，牲口被淹死，房屋被沖塌。敵人被消滅了。房子被日軍飛機(jī)炸平了。夜空被煙火照亮了。我的確被他的精神所感動。我們被老師逼著走出教室到操場上鍛煉身體。家里被紅衛(wèi)兵翻得一塌糊涂。市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的理論已為廣大人民群眾所接受。,,“被”、“教”、“讓”、“給”并非可完全互換?！氨弧眮碓从诠艥h語-遭受。他沒了辦法，被朋友們連哄帶騙先答應(yīng)了下來。（被動）他沒了辦法，

20、叫（讓）朋友們連哄帶騙先答應(yīng)了下來。（可能為主動表使役）小王給他兩記耳光。（主動)小王給他打了兩記耳光。（被動）,,2. 用詞匯手段表達(dá)被動意義“遭、受、挨、加以、得到”等等,用這些詞匯手段表達(dá)被動意義的句子在語法上講是主動句,只不過依靠動詞本身含有的被動意義來表被動.施動者往往以定語的形式出現(xiàn).受事主語并非動詞謂語的動作對象.,,受事主語+動詞（“挨”、“受”、“遭”….）+賓語(及物動詞).我蒙你的關(guān)照受到了表揚(yáng)。

21、游擊隊遭到伏擊后轉(zhuǎn)移了。他們所到之處受到熱烈歡迎。他不僅會挨批評，還會受處分。,,受事主語+動詞（“得”、“加以”、….）+賓語(及物動詞).這個工廠的生產(chǎn)有了很大的提高。他寫的論文得到了很高的評價。他由于出色的工作成績獲得了提拔。,Ⅱ意義被動句,完全依靠句子的整體意義表達(dá)被動。1、表示動作完成后主語處于某種狀態(tài)鍋里的水早已燒開了。這個難題已經(jīng)研究了多次，還是解決不了。酒喝了，飯吃了，問題也解決了。工作組調(diào)動

22、水泥廠去了。,,2、表示事物的性質(zhì)特點(diǎn)和類屬意義鐵鍋用來炒菜，砂鍋用來熬湯。這輛車出租，那輛車出賣。這種新品牌的自行車騎起來就是輕快。,漢譯英中被動意義的轉(zhuǎn)換,㊣ 漢語的主動句轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的被動句1.表示情感變化的主動句.心情是超過了恐懼而早已麻木了。He was paralyzed with horror.王夫人不免暗地落淚，悲女哭弟，又為寶玉心憂。Lady Wang had been reduced in secre

23、t as she mourned her daughter and worried over Pao-yu.,,英語民族在表達(dá)情緒方面的變化時,往往期待這些情 感上或者感受上的變化是由客觀條件造成的,所以經(jīng)常用被動態(tài)。,,襲人見了這樣，知道戴玉此時心中迷惑，和寶玉一樣。It dawned on His-jen that Tai-yu was now deranged too , exactly like Pao-yu.他忽然感到從未

24、有過的興奮，激發(fā)出從未有過的勇氣了。He was suddenly filled with an excitement and a boldness such as he had never known before.,,城里的人覺得很奇怪，直到第二天他們才知道這是什么緣故。People in the city were left wondering– and they don’t get any information on th

25、e reason for the delay till the next morning.…心頭好像輕松了一些，卻自感慚愧。She felt slightly relieved but rather ashamed of herself.陳大娘說的不象假話，道靜的心立刻軟了下來。Her answer rang so true that Tao-ching was mollified and made haste to chang

26、e the subject.工人們都像鬼迷了一樣。You’d think the workers were all possessed by devils.,,2. ⑴話題—評說句城市改革的基本政策，/一定要保持穩(wěn)定。The basic policies for urban and rural reform must be kept stable for a long time to come.再者，我的起身日期/已經(jīng)奏明，

27、不敢耽擱。Furthermore, the date of departure has already been reported to the throne , and I can not postpone it.正是殺人/可恕，情理難容。Truly, “Killing can be forgiven, but never deception!”,⑵話題—存現(xiàn)話題句,高聳入云的氣象臺上/高高地掛起了幾個黑球。（存現(xiàn)話題句）Se

28、veral black cones had been hoisted above the towering meteorological observatory.一條石板伸進(jìn)河里，/旁邊就泊著阿李德船。Extending into the river was a stone jetty, and beside it Li’s boat was moored.沿海一帶，/又分布著其他河流。Other rivers are foun

29、d near the coast.,,在存現(xiàn)話題句中,話題主語是時地語,評說部分表示存現(xiàn)的某個事物,多數(shù)是動賓結(jié)構(gòu)。譯成英語時,由于時地語要譯成狀語, 句子就沒有了主語。這時最大的可能 就是選動賓結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語作主語,動詞用被動態(tài),句子就成為被動句了。有時也可以選用時地語中的主要名詞作主語,動詞用被動句。,,3.無主句要注意經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定、協(xié)調(diào)地發(fā)展，但穩(wěn)定和協(xié)調(diào)也是相對的，不是絕對的。Attention must be paid to s

30、teady and coordinated development, but steadiness and coordination are only relative, not absolute. 象這樣一類問題還有不少，如果處理不當(dāng)，就容易動搖我們的方針，影響改革的全局。There are many problems like this one, and if we don’t handle them properly, our

31、 policies could easily be undermined and overall reform affected.,,處理暗指和隱含的辦法除了根據(jù)上下問補(bǔ)出主語外,經(jīng)常使用的方法:一個就是把賓語譯成主語,動詞用被動態(tài),句子為被動句,,4.泛指人稱句。別人無端地猜疑，他想起來又是害怕，又是不平。He was suspected wrongly – and it made him feel frightened and

32、hurt.我們大家應(yīng)當(dāng)把地球作為一個整體去研究環(huán)保問題。The problem of environmental protection should be recognized and resolved in the light of that the earth is a whole subject.,,泛指人稱句泛指人稱句中的主語一般是所指不確定,其重要性當(dāng)然不及賓語。此時可以略去泛指人稱主語,把賓語譯作英語的主語,句子成為被動

33、句。,5?！笆恰弊志?“是”字在句中具有下面三種功能時可以翻譯成被動句:一是變動態(tài)為靜態(tài)的“是的”句,在“是”和“的”之間是個動 詞短語;二是判斷句,判斷賓語也是動詞結(jié)構(gòu):三、是具有強(qiáng)調(diào)功能,其強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分也是動詞結(jié)構(gòu) 。,,然而夢的黑潮還是重壓在他的神經(jīng)上。But his mind was still submerged in the heavy black waters of a dream。 a. 杯子被我的弟弟打破了?！　?/p>

34、b. 杯子是我的弟弟打破的。,6.“把”字句,把”字句使賓語提前,并還有強(qiáng)調(diào)功能。所以有的“把”字句可以翻譯成英語的被動句,以“X把”字的賓語作主語；少年女子撲在曾滄海身上,幾乎把這老頭王撞倒在地。Young woman threw herself on Tseng Tsang-Hai, so that the old man was nearly thrown off balance.,練 習(xí),他用一個腳尖支持著他全身的重量，

35、在那平穩(wěn)光軟的彈子臺的綠呢上飛快地旋轉(zhuǎn)。Her whole weight was supported on the point of the other foot, she pirouetted rapidly on the smooth, soft baize.風(fēng)吹來外灘公園里的音樂。Faint stains of music were borne on the wind from the river park.這一切，在他看

36、來，都是合乎邏輯的。So far as he could see, this whole series of misfortunes was locked in a logical sequence.,,水面隆起一層薄薄透明的霧，風(fēng)吹過來，帶著新鮮的荷葉荷花香。Light, translucent mist had risen over the water, and the breeze was laden with the sce

37、nt of fresh lotus leaves.你們沒白來，不是你們，我們的伏擊不會這么徹底。Well, your trip wasn’t wasted. If not for you, our ambush wouldn’t have been so successful.,,黨內(nèi)生活向制度化、規(guī)范化邁出新步伐。Progress was made in institutionalizing and standardizing

38、inner party activities.劉家小院兒很清靜。The Liu’s courtyard was kept in good trim.總之，他覺得一切都失敗，全盤都空了。Whichever it was, he felt that all was now lost.,,他想說服她，可是一看她那倔強(qiáng)的、不易說服的眼睛，他不做聲了。He wanted to convinced her of her mistake,