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1、藥物不良反應(yīng)之評(píng)估與通報(bào)作業(yè),國(guó)泰綜合醫(yī)院林惜燕91.11.17,藥物不良反應(yīng)之評(píng)估與通報(bào),各國(guó)之藥物不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行藥物不良反應(yīng)評(píng)估與通報(bào)之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)規(guī)範(fàn)(SOP)實(shí)例解說資料分析通報(bào)率之研究未來(lái)發(fā)展,各國(guó)ADR通報(bào)系統(tǒng),英國(guó):Yellow-card system(Committee on Safety of Medicines) PEM(prescription event m

2、onitoring)美國(guó): FDA MedWatch歐洲: EMEA(European Medicines Evaluation Agency)世界性: WHO collaborating Center for International Drug Monitoring (The Uppsala Monitoring Center) UMC我國(guó)於87年7月成

3、立全國(guó)藥物不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)中心,並於北、中、南、東區(qū)各設(shè)區(qū)域級(jí)通報(bào)中心,,行政院衛(wèi)生署藥政處,,,,,,,,,,,表示ADR通報(bào)方向,表示藥品資訊傳方向,國(guó)內(nèi)ADR個(gè)案通報(bào)流程 (來(lái)自各醫(yī)療人員、廠商及民眾),各區(qū)域級(jí)ADR通報(bào)中心(北、中、南、東),個(gè)案編碼及建檔,初步評(píng)估及篩選,全國(guó)ADR通報(bào)中心,召開專家會(huì)議(嚴(yán)重案例),資料彙整,衛(wèi)生署藥政處,,,,,,,,為何需要通報(bào),為何需要通報(bào),國(guó)泰醫(yī)院藥物不良反應(yīng)工作小組組織,藥物不良反應(yīng)工

4、作小組任務(wù),1.    建立院內(nèi)藥物不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)原則及流程2.    持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)、評(píng)估、確認(rèn)藥物相關(guān)之不良反應(yīng)3.    提出建議通報(bào)之案例,呈請(qǐng)藥事委員會(huì)主委裁決4.    嚴(yán)重需快速通報(bào)之案例,由藥劑科主任向藥事委員會(huì) 主委報(bào)告後直接通報(bào),並於最近一次會(huì)議中報(bào)告追認(rèn)5.  

5、60; 對(duì)醫(yī)療人員進(jìn)行宣導(dǎo)、教育、以提高病患的照顧品質(zhì)會(huì)議:1. 每二個(gè)月召開一次會(huì)議2. 必要時(shí),主席可提請(qǐng)召開臨時(shí)會(huì)議,,執(zhí)行藥物不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)之流程,,,醫(yī)師、藥師、護(hù)理人員辨識(shí)出ADR,填寫院內(nèi)「疑似藥物不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)卡」,,,藥劑科,病歷室,,,其他單位,,,資料之收集、評(píng)估、整理,,確認(rèn)因果關(guān)係,會(huì)診各相關(guān)科意見,,,藥物不良反應(yīng)工作小組開會(huì),,是,,填寫衛(wèi)生署藥物不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)表,決議是否需要通報(bào),,ADR通報(bào)中心,

6、,,教育、預(yù)防,(將案例分類整理?形成資訊?變成預(yù)防方法),衛(wèi)生署北區(qū)ADR通報(bào)中心,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ADR之定義,WHO: any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of dis

7、ease, or for the modification of physiological function.FDA :1. an adverse event occurring in the course of the use of a drug product in the professional practice2 . an adverse event occurring from drug overdose, w

8、hether accidental or intentional3. from drug abuse4. from drug withdrawal5. any significant failure of expected pharmacological action,ADR之定義,ASHP(American Society of Health-system Pharmacists):Any unexpected,

9、unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a drug that Requires discontinuing the drug(therapeutic or diagnostic)Requires changing the drug therapyRequires modifying the doseNecessitates admission to a hospital

10、Prolongs stay in a health care facilityNecessitates supportive treatmentSignificant complicates diagnosisNegatively affects prognosis, or Results in temporary or permanent harm, disability, or death,Type A reactions

11、,Extensions of the drug’s known pharmacology ; responsible for the majority of ADRsusually dose-dependent and predictable, but can be due to concomitant disease states, drug-drug interactions , or food-drug interactions

12、ways to minimize such reactions: monitoring drugs with a narrow therapeutic window; avoiding polypharmacy when possible,Type B reactions,Idiosyncratic reactions, immunologic or allergic reactions; carcinogenic/teratogen

13、ic reactionsseem to be a function of patient susceptibilityRarely predictable usually not dose-dependentseem to concentrate in certain body systems such as liver, blood, skin, kidney, nervous system, and othersuncom

14、mon, generally very serious, can be life-threatening,Type B reactions,except for immediate hypersensitivity reactions, they usually take 5 days before the patient demonstrates hypersensitivity to a drugthere is no maxim

15、um time for the occurrence of a reaction, but most occur within 12 weeks of therapy,Allergic vs idiosyncratic reaction,Allergic reaction: an immunologic hypersensitivity, occurring as the results of unusual sensitivity t

16、o a drugidiosyncratic reaction: abnormal susceptibility to a drug that is peculiar to the individual,Case 1: Imipramine,15 month-old boy, suffered from cons disturbance &frequent seizure-like movementBrain CT was per

17、formed, mannitol IV was used under the impression of brain edemaCons disturbance was not improvedTransferred to our ER, admitted to NCUFell down from 30-40cm height chair 4 days ago ( no seizure, no cons disturbanc

18、e, no vomiting or irritable crying )EKG: QRS prolongation, QTc wideningImipramine level: 1389μg/l (therapeutic range: 150-250, toxic level:> 500),Case 2: acetaminophen,22 y/o lady, suffered from migraine since her chil

19、dhood, it became worse 5-6 years ago, acetaminophen was given since then at LMDShe stated that she took more than 10 tablets per dayAbout one week ago, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea attacked her for 1 day , then subs

20、idedBut the condition became serious, she was send to ERGOT/GPT:6058/ 8732HBS Ag, anti HBC-IgM, anti HCV, anti HAV-IgM:(-)Abdominal echo:fatty liver, hepatomegalyConcurrent medication:unknown,Case 3:metronidazole-pe

21、ripheral neuropathy,50 y/o man , brain CT revealed brain abscess, treated with ceftriaxone, penicillin G, metronidazole Metronidazole 2g/d was stopped after a total of 43 days15 days later, patient complained numbnes

22、s of limbs, no headache , no nausea/ vomiting, no diplopia, no definite neurologic signNumbness of the hands improved 10 months later, but short-stocking like numbness of the feet persistedNo other causes of peripheral

23、 neuropathy were found: alcoholism, amyloidosis, cancer, DM, heavy metal toxicity, hypothyroidism, malnutrition, medicines(amiodarone, cisplatin, ethambutol, hydralazine, isoniazid, nitrofuratoin, phenytoin,…),Ketoconazo

24、le &hepatitisCase 4: 女性,36 歲,曾於 89 年 5月因急性肝炎入院,當(dāng)時(shí)致病因子不明?;颊哽?90年 11 月再度因急性肝炎住院治療,排除病毒性肝炎之可能,佐以肝臟切片檢查,結(jié)果符合藥物引起肝炎之診斷?;仡櫰溆盟幨钒l(fā)現(xiàn),兩次肝炎事件發(fā)生之前,病人皆因念珠菌陰道炎,而有口服 ketoconazole。停用 ketoconazole後約 2 個(gè)月,患者之肝功能恢 復(fù)至正常。Case 5: 女性,45 歲,因

25、灰指甲而口服 ketoconazole。開始用藥後約 2 個(gè)月,患者出現(xiàn)茶色尿、黃疸、噁心,及食慾不振等。住院期間有排除 A型肝炎、B型肝炎及 C型肝炎病毒之感染。肝組織切片,結(jié)果為中度的肝門周圍以及 小葉的發(fā)炎、壞死,及纖維化。停用 ketoconazole後約 3-4 個(gè)月,患者之肝功能恢復(fù)至正常。,Case 6: 女性,42 歲,曾於 90年 11 月因急性肝炎入院,當(dāng)時(shí)有排除 C型肝炎病毒、Epstein-Barr氏病毒之感染

26、?;?者於 91年 4月,再度因急性肝炎住院,期間有排除 A型肝炎、B型肝炎及C型肝炎病毒之感染,另排除自體免疫性 疾病?;厮莶∈返弥瑑纱稳朐褐?,病人皆因念珠菌陰道炎,曾口服 ketoconazole數(shù)日。停用 ketoconazole後約 1-2個(gè)月,肝功能恢復(fù)至正常。Case 7: 女性,49歲,本身為慢性 C型肝炎患者,規(guī)則性使用 interferon及 ribavirin治療中。於 91年 4月因念珠菌陰 道炎口服k

27、etoconazole共 3天,之後,出現(xiàn)全身無(wú)力、噁心、茶色尿,及肝功能異常等而入院治療。Case 8: 女性,42歲,急性肝炎入院之前,長(zhǎng)期口服 ketoconazole(約 3個(gè)月)來(lái)治療灰指甲,此外,另有併用不知 名的中藥來(lái)緩解便秘癥狀。住院期間有排除 A型肝炎、B型肝炎及 C型肝炎病毒之感染。停用 ketoconazole後約 3-4個(gè)月,患 者之肝功能恢復(fù)至正常。,如何辨識(shí)可疑之ADR,病患的陳述是重要的資訊, 要重視任

28、何的抱怨要有病人完整的用藥史, 包括是否服用成藥, 中草藥, 營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑. (Acetaminophen- induced allergy、chronic use of OTC medication )不良反應(yīng)之辨識(shí)通常是主觀的,要靠文獻(xiàn)之驗(yàn)證, 而且經(jīng)常無(wú)法絕對(duì)確認(rèn)因果關(guān)係,只能呈現(xiàn)相關(guān)性之大小.,如何辨識(shí)可疑之ADR,系統(tǒng)性的追蹤使用高危險(xiǎn)性藥物的病人回溯性查訪使用解毒劑的病例發(fā)展內(nèi)部電腦偵測(cè)系統(tǒng)最直接的方法是

29、鼓勵(lì)醫(yī)療人員參與通報(bào)一旦懷疑, 必須知會(huì)開處方之醫(yī)師, 病例上務(wù)必詳細(xì)記載, 完整的發(fā)生癥狀、處理過程及預(yù)後,那些ADR病例需要通報(bào),嚴(yán)重ADR(即使不確定因果關(guān)係,仍需通報(bào))死亡危及生命導(dǎo)致病人住院造成永久性殘疾延長(zhǎng)病人住院時(shí)間需要作處置以防永久性傷害造成先天性畸形其他,由誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)評(píng)估及通報(bào)作業(yè),臨床藥學(xué)組先行初步查閱病歷交給一位藥師處理,每位藥師輪流負(fù)責(zé)整理及報(bào)告依據(jù)ADR通報(bào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)規(guī)範(fàn)(SOP)進(jìn)行不暸解之

30、處隨時(shí)請(qǐng)教醫(yī)師、護(hù)理人員、藥師、醫(yī)檢師、病人或家屬會(huì)議之後,鼓勵(lì)將有意義之案例,撰寫成文章投稿,通報(bào)方式及機(jī)密性,每位病人使用一張表格,填寫後,以傳真或郵寄方式傳送至區(qū)域級(jí)通報(bào)中心務(wù)必填寫通報(bào)者姓名、電話、服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)、地址,但病 人則以識(shí)別代碼呈現(xiàn)除非通報(bào)者特別要求,否則廠商可以得知通報(bào)者身份衛(wèi)生署及ADR通報(bào)中心有責(zé)任維護(hù)病人及通報(bào)者權(quán)益,保持資料的機(jī)密性,不得擅自公開,ADR之發(fā)生率與醫(yī)療花費(fèi),Incidence of sev

31、ere ADR in hospital inpatients: 6.7 %Incidence of fatal ADR:0.32 %Occurrence of both serious and non-serious ADR :15.1 %( Lazarou J, JAMA 1998 )A 700-bed teaching hospital spends US$5.6 million on ADR in a single year

32、(Bates D, JAMA 1997),藥物不良反應(yīng)評(píng)估與通報(bào)之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)規(guī)範(fàn)(SOP),目的: 訂定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)模式,確保通報(bào)流程順暢,提昇對(duì)病患的醫(yī)療照顧品質(zhì)。準(zhǔn)備項(xiàng)目:1. 根據(jù)通報(bào)卡取得病人病歷號(hào)碼、懷疑發(fā)生藥物不良反應(yīng)藥品、發(fā)生時(shí)間及不良反應(yīng)癥狀等基本資料2. 磁碟片(內(nèi)含臨床藥師記錄表、藥物不良反應(yīng)評(píng)估表及衛(wèi)生署藥物不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)表等三檔案),操作程序及注意事項(xiàng),查閱病歷建立病患用藥檔案填寫「臨床藥師記錄表」

33、,包括主訴、病人現(xiàn)況、過去病史、用藥過敏史填寫「病患用藥記錄」,儘可能列出發(fā)生ADR前後兩週內(nèi)病患用藥史,以學(xué)名列出藥名列出相關(guān)的檢驗(yàn)值、超音波、胃鏡、心電圖等檢查列出藥物不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生後醫(yī)師之處理、Progression note 上有沒有記載此不良反應(yīng)回顧用藥時(shí)間與不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的時(shí)間前後是否相符合,操作程序及注意事項(xiàng),找尋與懷疑藥品發(fā)生此不良反應(yīng)之相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),作為驗(yàn)證依據(jù)自CCIS Drug Evaluation中尋找懷疑藥

34、品的相關(guān)ADR資料,注意文中所提的藥物劑量、用法、用藥期間、發(fā)生的不良反應(yīng)和劑量是否有關(guān)、發(fā)生率、用藥多久後發(fā)生、多久後消退等。找尋相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),最好是能找到相同或類似的案例報(bào)告,可列表比較異同。,操作程序及注意事項(xiàng),找尋是否有可能發(fā)生具臨床意義的藥物交互作用自CCIS的drug interaction profile 輸入併用藥品,查閱是否為有意義的藥物交互作用,列為參考,操作程序及注意事項(xiàng),4. 填寫「藥物不良反應(yīng)報(bào)告表」&#

35、160;過敏史或藥物不良反應(yīng)病史診斷懷疑藥物與併用藥物(檢視併用藥物是否也可能引起類似不良反應(yīng)或藥物間有意義重大的交互作用)各藥物之不活性成份(色素、酒精、糖份、賦型劑)亦需留意藥物不良反應(yīng)種類(不限單選可複選)藥物不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生後之處理(若是停藥並加入解藥或其他藥物以矯正異常反應(yīng),請(qǐng)列出這些藥的名稱,並以粗體或斜線標(biāo)示) 藥物不良反應(yīng)之嚴(yán)重性 (若有加入解藥或其他藥物以矯正異常反應(yīng)時(shí),即屬有治療,可歸類為中度的藥物

36、不良反應(yīng)),關(guān)於此不良反應(yīng),以前是否有確定之研究報(bào)告?此不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生在投予懷疑藥物之後?停藥或投予拮抗劑後,癥狀是否改善?再次投予懷疑藥物,不良反應(yīng)是否再發(fā)生?是否有懷疑藥物以外之其他原因存在?給予安慰劑,此不良反應(yīng)是否再發(fā)生?血中或其他體液之藥物含量是否已達(dá)中毒濃度?劑量的增減與不良反應(yīng)的嚴(yán)重程度是否成正比?(對(duì)此病人而言)病人過去對(duì)此藥或類似藥是否曾發(fā)生類似反應(yīng)?是否有客觀事實(shí)可證明此不良事件?,,,,5. 藥

37、物不良反應(yīng)可能性之評(píng)估(Naranjo CA),操作程序及注意事項(xiàng),6. 填寫藥師的意見可依第二項(xiàng)所收集的文獻(xiàn)資料,整理比較後寫出藥師對(duì)本案例的看法,評(píng)估是否發(fā)生藥物不良反應(yīng)根據(jù)藥品仿單或參考資料寫出使用該項(xiàng)藥物時(shí)應(yīng)注意監(jiān)測(cè)哪些事項(xiàng),例如:對(duì)於初次使用Ticlopidine 之患者,應(yīng)於開始用藥之初及三個(gè)月內(nèi),每二週檢測(cè)一次CBCs & WBC. 對(duì)於初次使用Tapazole 患者,應(yīng)提醒病人注意是否有發(fā)燒、喉嚨痛、

38、異常出血、瘀血、疲倦、口腔黏膜發(fā)炎等癥狀,並於使用兩週後檢測(cè) CBCs,發(fā)現(xiàn)異常應(yīng)立即停藥等….。,操作程序及注意事項(xiàng),7. ADR工作小組會(huì)議會(huì)前預(yù)報(bào) 會(huì)議前一週舉行預(yù)報(bào),2天前交「臨床藥師記錄表」與「藥物不良反應(yīng)評(píng)估表及整理的電腦書面報(bào)告 8. ADR工作小組會(huì)議案例報(bào)告每個(gè)案例報(bào)告10分鐘,討論10分鐘,每次3例9. 會(huì)後兩天內(nèi)交「衛(wèi)生署藥物不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)表」繳交「衛(wèi)生署藥物不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)表」電腦書面表格,實(shí)例解

39、說,Losartan------ acute hepatitis;shock;ARFFamotidine--- visual hallucination and conscious disturbanceCarbamazepine—diplopia, dizziness, vomiting (drug interaction )Selegiline or imipramine---hypoglycemia,,ADR實(shí)例解說

40、2.doc,( 21% ),( 8% ),(3%),年齡的分佈,,ADR型態(tài)分析,(43%),(18%),(13%),(10%),(38%),(19%),(10%),(9%),ADR reporting,ADR reporting,ADR reporting,ADR reporting,通報(bào)率的研究,自動(dòng)通報(bào)率相當(dāng)?shù)停ǎ?-10 ﹪)醫(yī)師對(duì)通報(bào)作業(yè)的態(tài)度:醫(yī)師認(rèn)為真正嚴(yán)重ADRs 在新藥上市時(shí),已有充分的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)導(dǎo)幾乎不可能確認(rèn)此

41、不良事件是由某藥物引起的一定要確認(rèn)其相關(guān)性才會(huì)通報(bào)某單一醫(yī)師所發(fā)現(xiàn)之ADRs,不可能對(duì)醫(yī)療知識(shí)有貢獻(xiàn) Figueiras A et al. Medical care 1999 Aug,醫(yī)師對(duì)通報(bào)作業(yè)的態(tài)度,不確定是否藥物引起的 (72%)ADR 是煩瑣的(75%)所發(fā)生的ADR 都是常見、眾人皆知的 (93%)通報(bào)是官僚作為( 36% )不知需要通報(bào)(18

42、%)不知如何通報(bào)(22%)沒有足夠時(shí)間(38%) Eland IA,et al. British journal of clinical pharmacology 1999 Oct,臨床藥師對(duì)ADR案例的確認(rèn)與通報(bào)的影響 schlienger RG, et al. Pharmacy World&science, 1999 Jun,藥師對(duì)通報(bào)作業(yè)的態(tài)度,工作繁忙因果關(guān)係不易確

43、認(rèn)對(duì)通報(bào)缺乏信心擔(dān)心洩漏病人之秘密曾經(jīng)接受訓(xùn)練的藥師,通報(bào)的傾向較高資深藥師的通報(bào)傾向較高比較喜歡通報(bào)嚴(yán)重的、罕見的、及新上市藥品 Sweis D,Wong IC. Drug safety , 2000 Aug

44、 Sweis D,Wong IC. Drug safety , 2000 Aug,其他通報(bào)系統(tǒng),SN/AEMS SYSTEM Special nutrition adverse event monitoring system is part of the center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionNon-prescription herbs minerals vitamins

45、dietary supplementsVAERSNational Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System co-administered by DHHS(Department of Health Services), FDA and CDC(Centers for Disease Control),未來(lái)發(fā)展,醫(yī)療器材不良反應(yīng)通報(bào)系統(tǒng)Pharmacogenetics:provides a ra

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