簡(jiǎn)介：1THELITTLESEAMAIDFAROUTINTHESEATHEWATERISASBLUEASTHEPETALSOFTHEMOSTBEAUTIFULCORNFLOWER,ANDASCLEARASTHEPURESTGLASSBUTITISVERYDEEP,DEEPERTHANANYCABLEWILLSOUNDMANYSTEEPLESMUSTBEPLACEDONEABOVETHEOTHERTOREACHFROMTHEBOTTOMTOTHESURFACEOFTHEWATERANDDOWNTHERELIVETHESEAPEOPLE在那遙遠(yuǎn)的海洋水是藍(lán)的花瓣最漂亮的矢車菊,清晰如最純凈的玻璃。但它非常深,深于任何電纜將聲音許多尖塔必須放在一個(gè)高于其他達(dá)到從底部的水面。和那里的海上生活的人。NOW,YOUMUSTNOTBELIEVETHEREISNOTHINGDOWNTHEREBUTTHEBARESANDNO,－THESTRANGESTTREESANDPLANTSGROWTHERE,SOPLIABLEINTHEIRSTALKSANDLEAVESTHATATTHELEASTMOTIONOFTHEWATERTHEYMOVEJUSTASIFTHEYHADLIFEALLFISHES,GREATANDSMALL,GLIDEAMONGTHETWIGS,JUSTASHERETHEBIRDSDOINTHETREESINTHEDEEPESTSPOTOFALLLIESTHESEAKING’SCASTLETHEWALLSAREOFCORAL,ANDTHETALLPOINTEDWINDOWSOFTHECLEARESTAMBERMUSSELSHELLSFORMTHEROOF,ANDTHEYOPENANDSHUTACCORDINGASTHEWATERFLOWSITLOOKSLOVELY,FORINEACHSHELLLIEGLEAMINGPEARLS,ASINGLEONEOFWHICHWOULDBEAGREATORNAMENTINAQUEEN’SDIADEM現(xiàn)在,你不能相信沒(méi)有什么那里但裸沙地不,最奇怪的樹(shù)木和植物生長(zhǎng),所以在它們的莖和葉柔韌,至少運(yùn)動(dòng)的水他們移動(dòng),就像他們的生活。所有的魚(yú)、大、小、滑移在樹(shù)枝之間,就像這里的鳥(niǎo)在樹(shù)上。海里最深的地方是海王的城堡墻上的珊瑚,高尖WINDOWS最明顯的琥珀貽貝殼形成了屋頂,和他們開(kāi)啟和關(guān)閉根據(jù)水流。它看起來(lái)可愛(ài),因?yàn)樵诿總€(gè)SHELL謊言閃閃發(fā)光的珍珠,一個(gè)單一的其中之一將會(huì)是一個(gè)偉大的點(diǎn)綴在女王的王冠。THESEAKINGBELOWTHEREHADBEENAWIDOWERFORMANYYEARS,WHILEHISOLDMOTHERKEPTHOUSEFORHIMSHEWASACLEVERWOMAN,BUTPROUDOFHERRANK,SOSHEWORETWELVEOYSTERSONHERTAIL,WHILETHEOTHERGREATPEOPLEWEREONLYALLOWEDTOWEARSIXBEYONDTHISSHEWASDESERVINGOFGREATPRAISE,ESPECIALLYBECAUSESHEWASVERYFONDOFHERGRANDDAUGHTERS,THELITTLESEAPRINCESSESTHESEWERESIXPRETTYCHILDRENBUTTHEYOUNGESTWASTHEMOSTBEAUTIFULOFALLHERSKINWASASCLEARANDASFINEASAROSELEAF,HEREYESWEREASBLUEASTHEDEEPESTSEA,BUT,LIKEALLTHEREST,SHEHADNOFEET,FORHERBODYENDEDINAFISHTAIL海王下面有一個(gè)做了好多年的鰥夫,而他的老母親一直在為他的房子。她是一個(gè)聰明的女人,但她自豪等級(jí),因此她的尾巴上老戴著一打的牡蠣,而其他偉大的人只允許穿6。除此之外她是值得大稱贊的,特別是因?yàn)樗浅Ｏ矚g她的孫女,小海公主。這些都是六個(gè)漂亮的孩子,但最年輕的是最漂亮的。她的皮膚又光又得一樣好一個(gè)玫瑰花瓣,她的眼睛是蔚藍(lán)色的,像最深的海,但是,就像其他的一切,她沒(méi)有腳,因?yàn)樗纳眢w結(jié)束于一個(gè)魚(yú)尾巴。ALLDAYLONGTHEYCOULDPLAYINTHECASTLE,DOWNINTHEHALLS,WHERELIVINGFLOWERSGREWOUTOFTHEWALLSTHEGREATAMBERWINDOWSWEREOPENED,ANDTHENTHEFISHESSWAMINTOTHEM,JUSTASTHESWALLOWSFLYINTOUSWHENWEOPENOURWINDOWSBUTTHEFISHESSWAMSTRAIGHTUPTOTHEPRINCESSES,ATEOUTOFTHEIRHANDS,ANDLETTHEMSELVESBESTROKED他們可以玩一整天在城堡里,下面的大廳,那里的生活花長(zhǎng)出來(lái)的墻壁。偉大的琥珀色的窗戶被打開(kāi),然后魚(yú)游在他們,就像燕子飛在給我們當(dāng)我們打開(kāi)我們的窗戶不過(guò)魚(yú)兒游直向公主,吃了脫離他們的手,讓自己被撫摸。OUTSIDETHECASTLEWASAGREATGARDENWITHBRIGHTREDANDDARKBLUEFLOWERSTHEFRUITGLOWEDLIKEGOLD,ANDTHEFLOWERSLIKEFLAMESOFFIREANDTHEYCONTINUALLYKEPTMOVINGTHEIRSTALKSANDLEAVESTHEEARTHITSELFWASTHEFINESTSAND,BUTBLUEASTHEFLAMEOFBRIMSTONEAPECULIARBLUERADIANCELAYUPONEVERYTHINGDOWNTHEREONEWOULDHAVETHOUGHTONESELFHIGHINTHEAIR,WITHTHECANOPYOFHEAVENABOVEANDAROUND,RATHERTHANATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEDEEPSEADURINGACALMTHESUNCOULDBESEENITAPPEAREDLIKEAPURPLEFLOWER,FROMWHICHALLLIGHTSTREAMEDOUT3在明年的一個(gè)姐妹是十五歲,但每一年的其他人是小于第二因此,最年輕的有充分的五年之前需要等待她能來(lái)從海底,了解我們的世界的模樣。但一個(gè)承諾要告訴別人她什么都看到了和她所認(rèn)為最美麗的第一天的訪問(wèn),為他們的祖母不能告訴他們足夠的有那么多關(guān)于是他們WANTD信息。NOONEWASMOREANXIOUSABOUTTHESETHINGSTHANTHEYOUNGEST－JUSTTHATONEWHOHADTHELONGESTTIMETOWAIT,ANDWHOWASALWAYSQUIETANDTHOUGHTFULMANYANIGHTSHESTOODBYTHEOPENWINDOW,ANDLOOKEDUPTHROUGHTTHEDARKBLUEWATERATTHEFISHESSPLASHINGWITHTHEIRFINSANDTAILSMOONANDSTARSSHECOULDSEETHEYCERTAINLYSONEQUITEFAINTLY,BUTTHROUGHTHEWATERTHEYLOOKEDMUCHLARGERTHANTHEYAPPEARINOUREYESWHENSOMETHINGLIKEABLACKCLOUDPASSEDAMONGTHEM,SHEKNEWTHATITWASEITHERAWHALESWIMMINGOVERHERHEAD,ORASHIPWITHMANYPEOPLETHEYCERTAINLYDIDNOTTHINKTHATAPRETTYLITTLESEAMAIDWASSTANDINGDOWNBELOWSTRETCHINGUPHERWHITEHANDSTOWARDSTHEKEELOFTHEIRSHIP沒(méi)有人更擔(dān)心這些事情比年輕的只是,一個(gè)得最久等,和那些總是安靜和周到。許多個(gè)夜晚她站在開(kāi)著的窗子,抬起頭通過(guò)深藍(lán)色的水濺的魚(yú)類與它們的鰭和尾巴。她能看到月亮和星星他們肯定宋相當(dāng)微弱,但透過(guò)一層水,它們看起來(lái)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于他們出現(xiàn)在我們的眼睛。當(dāng)一些像黑色云之間傳遞它們,她知道這不是一條鯨魚(yú)在她的頭,或游泳一艘載有許多人他們當(dāng)然不認(rèn)為一個(gè)漂亮的小人魚(yú)站在下面延伸到她的白的手向龍骨的船。NOWTHEELDESTPRINCESSWASFIFTEENYEARSOLD,ANDMIGHTMOUNTUPTOTHESURFACEOFTHESEAWHENSHECAMEBACK,SHEHADAHUNDREDTHINGSTOTELL－BUTTHEFINESTTHING,SHESAID,WASTOLIEINTHEMOONSHINEONASANDBANKINTHEQUIETSEA,ANDTOLOOKATTHENEIGHBOURINGCOAST,WITHTHELARGETOWN,WHERETHELIGHTSTWINKLEDLIKEAHUNDREDSTARS,ANDTOHEARTHEMUSICANDTHENOISEANDCLAMOUROFCARRIAGESANDMEN,TOSEETHEMANYCHURCHSTEEPLES,ANDTOHEARTHESOUNDOFTHEBELLSJUSTBECAUSESHECOULDNOTGETUPTOTHESE,SHELONGEDFORTHEMMORETHANFORANYTHING現(xiàn)在最大的那位公主已經(jīng)到了十五歲,可以升到水面大海。當(dāng)她回來(lái)時(shí),她有一百件事情告訴,但最好的事情,她說(shuō),就是躺在一堆沙丘里的月光在安靜的海,看看鄰近的海岸,大的城鎮(zhèn),那里的燈光閃爍如一百顆恒星,和聽(tīng)音樂(lè)和噪音和喧鬧的車廂和男人,看到許多教堂尖頂和聽(tīng)的鐘聲。僅僅因?yàn)樗裏o(wú)法得到這些,她渴望他們超過(guò)一切。OH,HOWTHEYOUNGESTSISTERLISTENEDANDAFTERWARDSWHENSHESTOODATTHEOPENWINDOWANDLOOKEDUPTHROUGHTHEDARKBLUEWATER,SHETHOUGHTOFTHEGREATCITYWITHALLITSBUSTLEANDNOISEANDTHENSHETHOUGHTSHECOULDHEARTHECHURCHBELLSRINGING,EVENDOWNTOTHEDEPTHWHERESHEWAS哦,最小的妹妹聽(tīng)然后當(dāng)她站在開(kāi)著的窗子,抬頭透過(guò)深藍(lán)色的水,她認(rèn)為偉大的城市,所有的喧囂和噪聲然后她認(rèn)為她能聽(tīng)到教堂鐘聲,甚至深入到深度,在那里她。INTHEFOLLOWINGYEAR,THESECONDSISTERRECEIVEDPERMISSIONTOMOUNTUPWARDTHROUGHTHEWATERANDTOSWIMWHITHERSHEPLEASEDSHEROSEUPJUSTASTHESUNWASSETTINGANDTHISSPECTACLE,SHESAID,WASTHEMOSTBEATUTIFULTHEWHOLESKYLOOKEDLIKEGOLD,SHESAID,ANDASTOTHECLOUDS,SHECOULDNOTPROPERLYDESCRIBETHEIRBEAUTYTHEYSAILEDAWAYOVERHERHEAD,PURPLEANDVIOLETCOLOURED,BUTFARQUICKERTHANTHECLOUDSTHEREFLEWAFLIGHTOFWILDSWANS,LIKEALONGWHITEVEIL,OVERTHEWATERTOWARDSWHERETHESUNSTOODSHESWAMTOWARDSTHEMBUTTHESUNSANK,ANDTHEROSEATEHUEFADEDONTHESEAANDINTHECLOUDS在接下來(lái)的一年,第二個(gè)姐姐得到許可,可以掛載向上穿過(guò)水和游到哪里她高興。她起來(lái)就像太陽(yáng)落山了,這景象,她說(shuō),是最白衣。整個(gè)天空看起來(lái)像黃金一樣,她說(shuō),和以云,她不能正確地描述自己的美麗。他們頭上啟航,紫色和紫羅蘭色,但速度遠(yuǎn)甚于云有一只野天鵝飛航班的,就像一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的白紗,在水面上朝著太陽(yáng)站。她游向他們但太陽(yáng)沉沒(méi),粉紅色調(diào)褪色的海洋和在云層中。INTHEFOLLOWINGYEARTHENEXTSISTERWENTUPSHEWASTHEBOLDESTOFTHEMALL,ANDTHEREFORE

簡(jiǎn)介：1文言文翻譯訓(xùn)練題文言文翻譯訓(xùn)練題（附答案）（附答案）遼寧省營(yíng)口開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)熊岳高中丁君2003年10月30日1列子學(xué)射，中矣，請(qǐng)于關(guān)尹子。尹于曰“子知子之所以中者乎”對(duì)曰“弗知也。”關(guān)尹子曰“未可。”退而習(xí)之三年，又報(bào)以關(guān)尹子。尹子曰“子知子之所以中乎”列子曰；“知之矣?！标P(guān)尹子曰“可矣。守而勿失也。非獨(dú)射也，為國(guó)與身亦皆如之?！绷凶诱f(shuō)符篇2．王元澤即王雱，王安石的兒子數(shù)歲時(shí)，客有以一獐一鹿同籠以問(wèn)雱“何者是獐何者為鹿”雱實(shí)未識(shí)，良久，對(duì)曰“獐邊者是鹿，鹿邊者是獐。”客大奇之。夢(mèng)溪筆談3．先公指歐陽(yáng)修四歲而孤，家貧無(wú)資。太夫人以荻畫地，教以書(shū)字。多誦古人篇章，使學(xué)為詩(shī)。及其稍長(zhǎng)，而家無(wú)書(shū)讀，就閭里士人家借而讀之，或因而抄錄。抄錄未畢，已能誦其書(shū)。以至?xí)円雇鼘嬍?，惟讀書(shū)是務(wù)。自幼所作詩(shī)賦文字，下筆已如成人。歐陽(yáng)發(fā)歐陽(yáng)公事跡4．賈島初赴舉，在京師。一日，于驢上得句云“鳥(niǎo)宿池邊樹(shù)，僧敲月下門?！庇钟巴啤弊?，煉之未定。于驢上吟哦。引手作推敲之勢(shì)，觀者訝之。時(shí)韓退之權(quán)京兆尹，車騎方出；島不覺(jué)，行至第三節(jié)，尚為手勢(shì)未已。俄為左右擁至尹前。島具對(duì)所得詩(shī)句“‘推’字與‘敲’字未定，神游象外，不知回避?！蓖酥ⅠR久之，謂島曰“‘敲’字佳。”遂并轡而歸，共論詩(shī)道，留連累日，因與島為布衣之交。宋詩(shī)話總龜推敲5．李超，宇魁吾，淄之西鄙人。豪爽好施。偶一僧來(lái)托缽，李飽啖之。僧甚感荷，乃曰“吾少林出也。有薄技，請(qǐng)以相授?！崩钕?，館之客舍，豐其給，旦夕從學(xué)。三月，藝頗精，意甚得。僧問(wèn)“汝益乎”曰“益矣。師所能者，我已盡能之?！鄙α罾钤嚻浼肌＠钅私庖峦偈?，如猿飛，如鳥(niǎo)落，騰躍移時(shí)，詡詡?cè)唤徊娑ⅰＩ中υ弧翱梢?，于即盡吾能，請(qǐng)一角低昂。”李欣然，即各交臂作勢(shì)。既而技撐格拒，李時(shí)時(shí)蹈僧瑕。僧忽一腳挪，李已仰跌丈余。僧撫掌曰“子尚未盡吾能也”聊齋志異3之下，羊相呼藏于深林之中。太平御覽符子12．莊宗好田獵。獵于中牟，踐民田。中牟縣令當(dāng)馬切諫為民請(qǐng)。莊宗怒叱縣令去，將殺之。伶人敬新磨知其不可，乃率諸伶走追縣令，擒至馬前，責(zé)之曰“汝為縣令，獨(dú)不知吾天子好獵邪奈何縱民稼穡，以供賦稅何不饑汝縣民，而空此地，以備吾天子之馳騁汝罪當(dāng)死。”因前請(qǐng)亟行刑，諸伶共倡和之。莊宗大笑，縣令乃得免去。五代史伶官傳13．明季吳縣洞庭山鄉(xiāng)有樵子者，貌髯而偉，姓名不著，絕有力，目不知書(shū)，然好聽(tīng)人談古今事。常激于義，出言辨是非，儒者無(wú)以難。嘗荷薪至演劇所觀精忠記所謂秦檜者出，髯怒，飛躍上臺(tái)，摔秦檜毆，流血幾斃。眾驚救，髯曰“若為丞相，奸似此，不毆?dú)⒑未北娫弧按藨蛞?，非真檜?！摈自弧拔嵋嘀獞?，故毆；若真檜，膏吾斧矣”明顧彩髯樵傳14．宋濂嘗與客飲，帝密使人偵視。冀日，問(wèn)濂昨日飲酒否，坐客為誰(shuí)，饌何物。濂具以實(shí)對(duì)。笑曰“誠(chéng)然，卿不朕欺?！遍g召，問(wèn)群臣藏否，濂惟舉其善者對(duì)，曰”善者與臣交，臣知之；其不善者，不能知也?！泵魇?5．后漢司馬徽不談人短，與人語(yǔ)美惡皆言“好”。有人問(wèn)徽安否，答曰“好?！庇腥俗躁愖铀溃鹪弧按蠛??！逼挢?zé)之曰“人以君有德，故此相告，何聞人子死，反言好”徽曰“如卿言亦大好?！瘪T夢(mèng)龍古今譚概16．客有為齊王畫者，齊王問(wèn)曰“畫孰最難者”曰“犬馬最難”?！笆胱钜渍摺痹弧肮眵茸钜?。夫犬馬人所知也，旦暮罄于前，不可類之，故難；鬼魅無(wú)形者，不罄于前，故易之也?！?7．客有教燕王為不死之道者，王使人學(xué)之，所使學(xué)者未及學(xué)而客死。王大怒，誅之。王不知

簡(jiǎn)介：文言文翻譯強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練題將文中劃線的句子翻譯成現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)。（每題8分）1．顏淵季路侍。子曰“盍各言爾志?！弊勇吩弧霸杠囻R衣輕①裘，與朋友共，敝之而無(wú)憾?！鳖仠Y曰“愿無(wú)伐善，無(wú)施勞?！弊勇吩弧霸嘎勛又??！弊釉弧袄险甙仓笥研胖?，少者懷②之?！保ㄕ撜Z(yǔ)公冶長(zhǎng)）注①“輕”可能是多出的字。②懷歸依。子曰“盍各言爾志。”譯文愿車馬衣輕裘，與朋友共，敝之而無(wú)憾。譯文子曰“老者安之，朋友信之，少者懷之。”譯文2．厲王虐，國(guó)人謗王。邵公告王曰“民不堪命矣?！蓖跖?。得衛(wèi)巫，使監(jiān)謗者。以告，則殺之。國(guó)人莫敢言，道路以目。王喜，告邵公曰“吾得弭謗矣，乃不敢言”邵公曰“是障之也。防民之口甚于防川。川壅而潰，傷人必多，民亦如之。是故為川者決之使導(dǎo)，為民者宣之使言。夫民慮之于心而宣之于口，成而行之。胡可壅也若壅其口，其與能幾何”王不聽(tīng)。于是國(guó)人莫敢言，三年，乃流王于彘。（國(guó)語(yǔ)周語(yǔ)）（1）國(guó)人莫敢言，道路以目。譯文（2）是故為川者決之使導(dǎo)，為民者宣之使言。譯文（3）若壅其口，其與能幾何譯文3．季文子相宣成①，無(wú)衣帛之妾②，無(wú)食粟之馬。仲孫它諫曰“子為魯上卿，相二君矣，妾不衣帛，馬不食粟，人其以子為愛(ài)，且不華國(guó)乎”文子曰“吾亦愿之。然吾觀國(guó)人，其父兄之食粗而衣惡者猶多矣，吾是以不敢?！比酥感质炒忠聬?，而我美妾與馬，無(wú)乃非相人者乎且吾聞以德榮為國(guó)華，不聞以妾與馬。（國(guó)語(yǔ)魯語(yǔ)）注①宣成指春秋時(shí)期魯宣公和魯成公。②妾指婢女。（1）妾不衣帛，馬不食粟，人其以子為愛(ài)，且不華國(guó)乎譯文（2）人之父兄食粗衣惡，而我美妾與馬，無(wú)乃非相人者乎譯文4．龐蔥與太子質(zhì)于邯鄲。謂魏王曰“今一人言市有虎，王信之乎”王曰“否?！薄岸搜允杏谢ⅲ跣胖酢蓖踉弧肮讶艘芍?。”“三人言市有虎，王信之乎”王曰“寡人信之矣。”寵蔥曰“①夫市之無(wú)虎，明矣，然而三人言而成虎。今邯鄲去大梁注①咻喧嘩打擾。②莊岳之間指齊國(guó)國(guó)都臨淄著名的鬧市和居民區(qū)。（1）欲其子之齊語(yǔ)也，則使齊人傅諸使楚人傅諸譯文（2）雖日撻而求其齊也，不可得矣。譯文（3）王誰(shuí)與為善譯文8．莊周家貧，故往貸粟于監(jiān)河侯。監(jiān)河侯曰“諾。我將得邑金，將貸子三百金，可乎”莊周忿然作色曰“周昨來(lái)，有中道而呼者，周顧視，車轍中有鮒魚(yú)焉。周問(wèn)之曰‘鮒魚(yú)，來(lái)子何為者邪’對(duì)曰‘我，東海之波臣也。君豈有斗升之水而活我哉’周曰‘諾。我且南游吳越之王，激西江之水而迎子，可乎’鮒魚(yú)忿然作色曰‘吾失我常與，我無(wú)所處，吾得斗升之水然活耳。君乃言此，曾不如早索我于枯魚(yú)之肆。’”（莊子雜篇）（1）莊周家貧，故往貸粟于監(jiān)河侯。譯文（2）周昨來(lái)，有中道而呼者，周顧視，車轍中有鮒魚(yú)焉。譯文（3）吾失我常與，我無(wú)所處，吾得斗升之水然活耳。譯文9．曾子之妻之市，其子隨之而泣。其母曰“女還，顧反為女殺彘?！逼捱m市來(lái)，曾子欲捕彘而殺之。妻止之曰“特與嬰兒戲耳。”曾子曰“嬰兒非與戲也。嬰兒非有知也，待父母而學(xué)者也，聽(tīng)父母之教。今子欺之，是教子欺也。母欺子而不信其母，非以成教也?！彼炫脲橐病＃n非子外儲(chǔ)說(shuō)左上）（1）女還，顧反為女殺彘。譯文（2）妻止之曰“特與嬰兒戲耳?！弊g文（3）母欺子而不信其母，非以成教也。”遂烹彘也。譯文10．臣聞地廣者粟多，國(guó)大者人眾，兵強(qiáng)則士勇。是以泰山不讓土壤，故能成其大；河海不擇細(xì)流，故能就其深；王者不卻眾庶，故能明其德。是以地?zé)o四方，民無(wú)異國(guó)，四時(shí)充美，鬼神降福此五帝三王之所以無(wú)敵也。今乃棄黔首①以資敵國(guó)，卻賓客以業(yè)諸侯，使天下之士退而不敢西向，裹足不入秦，此所謂藉寇兵而赍②盜糧者也。（史記李斯列傳）注①黔首秦稱百姓為黔首。②赍（Jī）送東西給別人。（1）是以泰山不讓土壤，故能成其大；河海不擇細(xì)流，故能就其深。譯文（2）今乃棄黔首以資敵國(guó)，卻賓客以業(yè)諸侯，使天下之士退而不敢西向，裹足不入

簡(jiǎn)介：外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)THEPROJECTMANAGEMENTOFFICEASANORGANISATIONALINNOVATIONBRIANHOBBS,MONIQUEAUBRY,DENISTHUILLIERUNIVERSITYOFQUEBECATMONTREAL,DEPARTMENTOFMANAGEMENTANDTECHNOLOGY,POBOX8888,DOWNTOWNSTATION,MONTREAL,QUE,CANADAH3C3P8RECEIVED15MAY2008ACCEPTED20MAY2008ABSTRACTTHEPAPERPRESENTSANINVESTIGATIONOFTHECREATIONANDTHERECONFIGURATIONOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTOFFICESPMOSASANORGANIZATIONALINNOVATIONTHEANALYSISOF11ORGANISATIONALTRANSFORMATIONSCENTREDONTHEIMPLEMENTATIONORRECONFIGURATIONOFPMOSISPRESENTEDTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPAPERISTOCONTRIBUTETOABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFPMOSANDOFTHEDYNAMICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROJECTMANAGEMENTANDTHEORGANISATIONALCONTEXTTHEAIMISALSOTOINTEGRATETHEEXAMINATIONOFPMOSASANORGANISATIONALINNOVATIONINTOTHEMAINSTREAMOFRESEARCHONTHEPLACEOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTINORGANISATIONSANDMOREWIDELYTOTHE‘‘RETHINKINGOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT”1INTRODUCTIONQUITEOFTENOVERTHELASTDECADE,THEOBSERVATIONHASBEENMADETHATORGANISATIONSAREFACINGANEWCONTEXTCHARACTERIZEDBYINCREASEDCOMPETITION,INCREASEDRATESOFPRODUCT,SERVICEANDPROCESSINNOVATIONANDANINCREASINGEMPHASISONTIMETOMARKETORGANISATIONSHAVERESPONDEDTOTHESECHALLENGESBYDEVELOPINGNEW,MOREFLEXIBLEORGANISATIONALFORMS1INWHICHPROJECTSAREBOTHMORENUMEROUSANDMORESTRATEGICALLYIMPORTANT2ASPARTOFTHERESPONSETOTHESENEWCHALLENGESANDASPARTOFTHEMOVEMENTTOINCREASEBOTHTHENUMBERANDTHESTRATEGICIMPORTANCEOFPROJECTSMANYORGANISATIONSHAVEIMPLEMENTEDANEWORGANISATIONALENTITYTHEMOSTCOMMONNAMEFORWHICHISTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTOFFICEORPMOTHEPMOHASBEENADDRESSEDEXTENSIVELYINTHEPROFESSIONALLITERATURE3–5HOWEVER,THEREHASBEENVERYLITTLETHEORETICALOREMPIRICALRESEARCHONTHETOPICINADDITION,THISORGANISATIONALINNOVATIONHASNOTBEENEXAMINEDEXTENSIVELYWITHINTHELITERATURESTREAMDESCRIBEDABOVEWITHTHECONTRIBUTIONOFNEWKNOWLEDGESTEMMINGFROMAVARIETYOFSOURCESECONOMICS9–11,ORGANISATIONALMANAGEMENT12,SOCIOLOGY13ANDSOCIALECOLOGY14OTHERSPROVIDEACATEGORIZATIONOFINNOVATIONBASEDONPRODUCT,PROCESSORARCHITECTURE15,16INTHISPERSPECTIVE,ORGANISATIONSARECONSIDEREDTOBEVERYSIMILAR,RESPONDINGTOTHESAMEINCENTIVESTHEOBJECTIVESOFRESEARCHAREOFTENTOPROVIDEORGANISATIONSWITHPRACTICALSOLUTIONSDETERMININGFACTORSTOINNOVATIVESUCCESSINNOVATIONTHEORYISNOWSHIFTINGTOASOCIALINNOVATIONAPPROACH,BROADENINGTHECONCEPTOFTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONTOASOCIALSYSTEM‘‘THESOCIOLOGICALCRUCIALPOINTISTHATORGANISATIONSHAVENOTONLYBECOMEPROMINENTACTORSINSOCIETY,THEYMAYHAVEBECOMETHEONLYKINDOFACTORWITHSIGNIFICANTCULTURALANDPOLITICALINFLUENCEYET,RECENTORGANISATIONTHEORYHASSURPRISINGLYLITTLETOSAYABOUTHOWORGANISATIONSAFFECTTHESOCIETY”13,P148NEWQUESTIONSHAVEEMERGEDWHICHLEADTOMOTIVATIONTHEORYANDTOTHECONTEXTOFINNOVATIONTHATREHABILITATESHISTORYALONGWITHINNOVATION,THUSINTRODUCINGTHETEMPORALELEMENTTOTHESOCIALINNOVATIONSYSTEM17,18THISHISTORICALPERSPECTIVEWASANATURALSTEPAFTERTHEECOLOGICALMODELWHICHDEMONSTRATEDTHEUSEFULNESSOFTHEBIOLOGICALMETAPHORWITHTHECONCEPTSOFEVOLUTIONANDCOEVOLUTION19THISSOCIALAPPROACHPAVEDTHEWAYFORLOOKINGATORGANISATIONSASPARTOFTHESOCIALINNOVATIONSYSTEMANDNEWFORMSOFSTRUCTUREASINNOVATIONSALONGTHISLINEOFTHOUGHT,INNOVATIONISVIEWEDASANARTOR,MOREEXACTLY,ASACRAFT18INNOVATIONTHENBECOMESACREATIVEACT,THEDYNAMICCONSTRUCTIONOFSOMETHINGNEWINWHICHITCANBEDIFFICULTTODISCERNANYREGULARPATTERN12032FROMEVOLUTIONARYTHEORYTOCOEVOLUTIONTHEEVOLUTIONARYTHEORYWASDEVELOPEDINTHETHEORYOFORGANIZATIONSBASEDONABIOLOGICALMETAPHORABASICEVOLUTIONARYMODELOFANORGANISATIONENVISIONSITASACOLLECTIONOFROUTINESORSTABLEBUNDLESOFACTIVITIESWITHTIME,VARIATIONOCCURSWITHINTHESEROUTINESWITHTHERESULTTHATANYGIVENSETOFROUTINESEVOLVES,WHETHERINTENTIONALLYORNOTACERTAINNUMBEROFNEWROUTINESARETHENADOPTEDASTEMPORARILYPERMANENTPRACTICESTHISSIMPLEVARIATION–SELECTION–RETENTIONREPEATSCONTINUOUSLY21,P76EVOLUTIONARYTHEORIESAREMADEUPOFTWOMAJORGROUPSCONTINGENCYTHEORIESANDSOCIALTHEORIESCONTINGENCYTHEORIESCONSIDERTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEASANEXOGENOUSPHENOMENONWHICHTRIGGERSORGANISATIONALEVOLUTION8,22THISDETERMINISTICAPPROACHMAKESSTRUCTURAL

簡(jiǎn)介：工程項(xiàng)目管理中的造價(jià)管理工程項(xiàng)目管理中的造價(jià)管理COSTMANAGEMENTINTHEENGINEERINGPROJECTMANAGEMENT論文摘要工程造價(jià)控制是工程建設(shè)管理工作的重要組成部分，如何合理確定和有效控制工程投資，是工程項(xiàng)目管理的一大難題。本文系統(tǒng)地分析了工程項(xiàng)目整個(gè)過(guò)程的造價(jià)控制的主要影響因素，并提出了有效的、切實(shí)可行的造價(jià)管理措施。ABSTRACTTHEPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISANIMPORTANTPARTOFPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTWORK,HOWTODETERMINEAREASONABLEANDEFFECTIVECONTROLOFPROJECTINVESTMENT,ISABIGPROBLEMINTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTTHISPAPERSYSTEMATICALLYANALYZESTHEMAININFLUENCEFACTORSOFCOSTCONTROLOFTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFENGINEERINGPROJECT,ANDPROPOSESEFFECTIVE,FEASIBLECOSTMANAGEMENTMEASURES論文關(guān)鍵詞工程；項(xiàng)目管理；造價(jià)管理KEYWORDSPROJECTPROJECTMANAGEMENTENGINEERINGCOSTMANAGEMENT在工程項(xiàng)目建立和實(shí)施過(guò)程中，如何有效地利用投入建設(shè)工程的人力、物力、財(cái)力，以盡量少的勞動(dòng)和物質(zhì)消耗，取得較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益，是工程項(xiàng)目管理中的一個(gè)十分重要的問(wèn)題。工程造價(jià)管理。工程造價(jià)管理的目的不僅在于控制項(xiàng)目投資不超過(guò)批準(zhǔn)的造價(jià)限額，更在于從項(xiàng)目的整體利益出發(fā)，合理地使用人力、物力、財(cái)力，以取得最大的投資效益。ESTABLISHMENTANDIMPLEMENTATIONPROCESSINTHEPROJECT,HOWTOEFFECTIVELYUSETHEINPUTOFCONSTRUCTIONENGINEERINGOFTHEHUMAN,MATERIALANDFINANCIALRESOURCES,TOMINIMIZETHECONSUMPTIONOFLABORANDMATERIAL,TOACHIEVEGOODECONOMICANDSOCIALBENEFITS,ISAVERYIMPORTANTPROBLEMINENGINEERINGPROJECTMANAGEMENTPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENTTHEPURPOSEOFPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENTISNOTONLYTHECOSTQUOTACONTROLPROJECTINVESTMENTDOESNOTEXCEEDTHEAPPROVED,BUTFROMTHEOVERALLINTERESTSOFTHEPROJECT,THERATIONALUSEOFHUMAN,MATERIALANDFINANCIALRESOURCES,,TOOBTAINTHEMAXIMUMINVESTMENTBENEFIT一個(gè)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目從醞釀、規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)到建成投產(chǎn)包括以下程序即項(xiàng)目建議書(shū)階段、可行性評(píng)估階段、設(shè)計(jì)階段、施工階段、竣工驗(yàn)收階段。相應(yīng)地，工程造價(jià)的確定與工程建設(shè)階段性工作相適應(yīng)，一般分為以下幾個(gè)階段一是決策階段的造價(jià)管理；二是設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)劃階段的造價(jià)管理；三是實(shí)施階段的造價(jià)管理；四是竣工階段的造價(jià)管理。ACONSTRUCTIONPROJECTFROMTHEBREWING,PLANNING,DESIGNTOPUTINTOOPERATIONINCLUDESTHEFOLLOWINGPROCEDURESTHEPROJECTPROPOSALSTAGE,FEASIBILITYEVALUATIONSTAGE,DESIGNSTAGE,CONSTRUCTIONSTAGE,THECOMPLETIONACCEPTANCESTAGEACCORDINGLY,TODETERMINETHEPROJECTCOSTANDPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONSTAGEWORK,GENERALLYDIVIDEDINTOTHEFOLLOWINGSTAGESONEISTHECOSTMANAGEMENTDECISIONMAKINGSTAGETWOISTHECOSTMANAGEMENTINDESIGNANDPLANNINGSTAGETHREEISTOIMPLEMENTTHECOSTMANAGEMENTFOURISTHECOMPLETIONOFTHECONSTRUCTIONCOSTMANAGEMENT一、決策階段的造價(jià)管理I,DECISIONMAKINGPHASEOFTHECOSTMANAGEMENT決策階段的投資估算是項(xiàng)目建設(shè)前期編制項(xiàng)目建議書(shū)和可行性研究報(bào)告的重要組成部分，是進(jìn)行投資方案選擇的重要依據(jù)之一。決策階段影響工程造價(jià)的主要因素有建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水平的確定；建設(shè)地區(qū)的選擇；建設(shè)地點(diǎn)（廠址）的選擇；項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模；工藝評(píng)選；設(shè)備選用。ESTIMATEDINVESTMENTDECISIONMAKINGSTAGEISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHEEARLIERSTAGEOFPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTPROPOSALANDFEASIBILITYSTUDYREPORT,ANDISONEOFTHEIMPORTANTBASISFORINVESTMENTOPTIONSTHEDECISIONSTAGEOFTHEMAINFACTORSAFFECTINGTHEPROJECTCOSTIDENTIFYTHELEVELOFCONSTRUCTIONSTANDARDSCONSTRUCTIONAREASELECTIONCONSTRUCTIONSITESITESCHOICEDEVELOPMENTTECHNOLOGYSELECTIONEQUIPMENTSELECTION總體工程造價(jià)控制打好基礎(chǔ)。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，可以利用價(jià)值工程對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)性比較分析，對(duì)不合理的設(shè)計(jì)方案提出意見(jiàn)，從而達(dá)到控制造價(jià)、節(jié)約投資的目的。在工程項(xiàng)目中，針對(duì)該階段，我們可采取以下措施對(duì)工程項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行造價(jià)管理THUS,NOTONLYINTHEDESIGNWORK,DESIGNDRAWINGSHASNOTDELIVEREDFORUSEBEFORETHEPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENTISTHEFIRSTPASS,INORDERTOLAYAGOODFOUNDATIONFORTHEOVERALLPROJECTCOSTCONTROLINTHEDESIGNPROCESS,YOUCANUSETHEVALUEENGINEERINGTOTHEDESIGNOFECONOMICCOMPARISONANALYSIS,PUTFORWARDOPINIONSONTHEDESIGNUNREASONABLE,SOASTOCONTROLTHECOST,SAVETHEINVESTMENTOBJECTIVEINTHEPROJECT,AIMINGATTHISSTAGE,WECANTAKETHEFOLLOWINGMEASURESFORCOSTMANAGEMENTOFENGINEERINGPROJECTS（一）建立必要的規(guī)章制度，明確各部門及崗位的權(quán)責(zé)，分工明確，獎(jiǎng)懲分明AESTABLISHINGTHENECESSARYRULESANDREGULATIONS,CLEARTHEVARIOUSDEPARTMENTSANDJOBRESPONSIBILITIES,ACLEARDIVISIONOFLABOR,REWARDSANDPUNISHMENTS只有明晰的文件管理制度，把工程技術(shù)人員和經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)人員的責(zé)、權(quán)、利與工程造價(jià)管理掛上鉤，才能調(diào)動(dòng)他們的積極性，才能把設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)劃階段的造價(jià)管理工作做細(xì)致、準(zhǔn)確。ONLYCLEARTHEFILEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,THEENGINEERINGANDTECHNICALPERSONNELANDECONOMICANDTECHNICALPERSONNELOFTHERESPONSIBILITY,RIGHT,BENEFITANDCOSTMANAGEMENTOFPROJECTOFHANGINGHOOK,TOMOBILIZETHEIRENTHUSIASM,CANTHEDESIGNANDPLANNINGPHASEOFTHECOSTMANAGEMENTWORKTODOMETICULOUS,ACCURATE（二）加強(qiáng)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)，不斷提高各方面人員的綜合素質(zhì)BTOSTRENGTHENTHETECHNICALTRAINING,ANDCONTINUOUSLYIMPROVETHECOMPREHENSIVEQUALITYOFTHESTAFF設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)劃階段工程造價(jià)管理是一項(xiàng)綜合性的工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員和經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)人員要具備較好的綜合素質(zhì)才行。THEDESIGNANDPLANNINGSTAGEOFPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENTISACOMPREHENSIVEWORK,DESIGNSTHEPERSONNELANDTHEECONOMICANDTECHNICALPERSONNELSHOULDPOSSESSGOODCOMPREHENSIVEQUALITY（三）把限額設(shè)計(jì)作為工程造價(jià)管理的重要手段CTHEQUOTADESIGNASANIMPORTANTMEANSOFPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENT要求設(shè)計(jì)單位在工程設(shè)計(jì)中推行限額設(shè)計(jì)，凡是能進(jìn)行定量分析的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容，均要通過(guò)計(jì)算，技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)相結(jié)合用數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)話，在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)充分考慮施工的可能性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性，要和技術(shù)水平和管理水平相適應(yīng)。DESIGNUNITSTOCARRYOUTQUOTADESIGNINENGINEERINGDESIGN,WHICHCANDESIGNTHECONTENTOFQUANTITATIVEANALYSIS,BOTHBYCALCULATION,THECOMBINATIONOFTECHNOLOGYANDECONOMICDATATOSPEAK,INTHEDESIGNSHOULDFULLYCONSIDERTHEPOSSIBILITYANDECONOMICCONSTRUCTION,ANDTHELEVELOFTECHNOLOGYANDMANAGEMENTTOADAPT三、實(shí)施階段的造價(jià)管理CTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHECOSTMANAGEMENT工程實(shí)施階段，在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)周期中所占用的時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)，投入的資金量最大，是建設(shè)項(xiàng)目?jī)r(jià)值和使用價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)的主要階段，也是貨幣資金轉(zhuǎn)化為建筑實(shí)體的關(guān)鍵階段。實(shí)施階段影響工程造價(jià)的主要因素有工程招投標(biāo)、合同的簽訂與管理、施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的審查、材料管理及竣工結(jié)算審核。THEPROJECTIMPLEMENTATIONSTAGE,OCCUPIEDINTHEWHOLEPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONPERIODOFTIMEISTHELONGEST,LARGESTFUNDSINTO,ISTHEMAINSTAGEOFTHECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTVALUEANDUSEVALUEREALIZATION,ITISALSOAKEYSTAGEOFMONETARYFUNDSINTOTHECONSTRUCTIONENTITYIMPLEMENTATIONSTAGESOFTHEMAINFACTORSAFFECTINGTHEPROJECTCOSTTHEPROJECTBIDDING,CONTRACTSIGNINGANDMANAGEMENT,THECONSTRUCTIONORGANIZATIONDESIGNREVIEW,MATERIALMANAGEMENTANDCOMPLETIONSETTLEMENTAUDIT盡管工程實(shí)施階段節(jié)約投資的比例相對(duì)較小，但由于種種原因造成浪費(fèi)投資的可能性卻很大，因?yàn)榻ㄖ?shí)體的形成過(guò)程是不可逆的，如果在此階段未能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)工程造價(jià)的有效控制，造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失將無(wú)法挽回和彌補(bǔ)。在這一階段，我們可采取以下措施對(duì)工程項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行造價(jià)管理ALTHOUGHTHEPROJECTIMPLEMENTATIONSTAGEOFSAVINGINVESTMENTRATIOISRELATIVELYSMALL,BUTTHEPOSSIBILITYDUETO

簡(jiǎn)介：設(shè)計(jì)巴巴工作室WWW88DOC88COM設(shè)計(jì)巴巴工作室WWW88DOC88COMFIRST,OPTIMIZEDDESIGN,THEDESIGNOFEFFECTIVECONTROLOFPROJECTCOSTIFTHEQUALITYANDTRYTOMEETTHENATIONALREQUIREMENTS,FUNCTIONSAREUSEDTOMEETREQUIREMENTSRELATEDTOCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSONLYAONETIMEINVESTMENTTOMEETTHEAPPLICATIONREQUIREMENTS,NOTONLYCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSRELATEDTOTHENUMBEROFONETIMEINVESTMENT,BUTALSOINTHECOMPLETIONAFTERDELIVERYOFTHEIMPACTOFTHEECONOMICBENEFITSOFTHEPROJECTFOREIGNEXPERTSPOINTEDOUTTHATALTHOUGHTHEDESIGNOFTHEPROJECTCOSTSREPRESENTASMALLPROPORTIONOFTOTALINVESTMENT,LESSTHAN1,BUTTHEIMPACTOFITSPROJECTCOSTTOACHIEVETHELEVELOF75ITISCLEARTHATTHEPROJECTDESIGNSTAGETODOAGOODJOBOFCOSTCONTROLISCOSTEFFECTIVECONTROLOFTHEKEY,RECONSTRUCTION,LIGHTDESIGNCONCEPTMUSTBEOVERCOMETOCONTROLTHECOSTOFTHEPROJECTDESIGNSHOULDSTARTTHEREFORE,THECONSTRUCTIONUNITSANDDESIGNUNITSINTHEREVIEWOFTHEDESIGN,ATTENTIONSHOULDBEPAIDTODESIGNOPTIMIZATION,THEUSEOFVARIOUSINDICATORSOFTHEOVERALLPLANOFTHEFACTORY,INDUSTRIALBUILDINGDESIGNANALYSISOFSPACECOMPAREDTOTHEDESIGNOFTHESETWOASPECTSOFTHEPROJECTCOST,NOTONLYHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACT,ANDAFTERTHECONSTRUCTIONANDOPERATIONOFTHEPRODUCTION,MANAGEMENTHASASIGNIFICANTIMPACTSECOND,THEIMPLEMENTATIONOFPROJECTSDESIGNEDTOCONTROLPROJECTCOSTLIMIT,INTHEDESIGNPROCESSUSEDINTHEDESIGNLIMITTHESOCALLEDLIMITISINACCORDANCEWITHTHEAPPROVEDDESIGNOFTHEINVESTMENTFEASIBILITYSTUDYTOESTIMATETHEPRELIMINARYDESIGNOFTHECONTROL,INACCORDANCEWITHTHEAPPROVEDBUDGETFORTHEPRELIMINARYDESIGNOFTHETOTALCONTROLOFTHETECHNICALDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONDESIGN,ATTHESAMETIMEENSURETHATTHEGOALSOFTHEPROFESSIONUNDERTHEPREMISEOFTHEUSEOFFUNCTION,ACCORDINGTOTHEALLOCATIONOFINVESTMENTLIMITCONTROLDESIGN,ANDSTRICTLYCONTROLUNREASONABLECHANGETOENSURETHATTHETOTALAMOUNTOFINVESTMENTWILLNOTBEABREAKTHROUGHTHEPRELIMINARYDESIGNSTAGESHOULDBEINACCORDANCEWITHTHEAPPROVEDFEASIBILITYSTUDYSTAGEOFTHEINVESTMENTESTIMATEFORTHELIMITDESIGN,CONTROLOFBUDGETESTIMATESDONOTEXCEEDTHEINVESTMENT,MAINLYINENGINEERINGANDEQUIPMENTIS,THECONTROLMATERIALTOTHISEND,THEPRELIMINARYDESIGNPHASEOFTHELIMITAMOUNTOFDESIGNENGINEERINGPHASEOFTHEFEASIBILITYSTUDYSHOULDBEVALIDATEDANDEQUIPMENTDESIGNENGINEERING,MATERIALSTANDARDSASTHEBASIS,THEFEASIBILITYSTUDYSTAGEOFCERTAINTYPESOFPROJECTSISNOTEASYTODETERMINETHEAMOUNTOFLIGHTDESIGNANDUNIVERSALDESIGNORSIMILARPROJECTSHAVEBEENBUILTTODETERMINETHEAMOUNTOFPHYSICALWORKSQUOTAATTHEPRELIMINARYDESIGN,THEDESIGNOFTHEPROFESSIONALSTAFFTOENHANCEAWARENESSOFPROJECTCOST,INSTRICTACCORDANCEWITHTHEDECOMPOSITIONOFTHELIMITDESIGNANDCONTROLOFINVESTMENTPROJECTS,ASWELLASTOENSURETHATUNDERTHECONDITIONSOFTHEUSEOFFUNCTIONALDESIGN,SOUGHTTOPROJECTCOSTCONTROLANDENGINEERINGINTHELIMITCTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEOFPROJECTCOSTCONTROLPROJECTISTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEOFTHEFORMATIVESTAGESOFBUILDINGPHYSICAL,HUMAN,MATERIALANDFINANCIALRESOURCESOFTHEMAINSTAGEOFCONSUMPTIONLARGEPROJECTSINVOLVINGAWIDERANGEOFINFLUENCINGFACTORS,ANDCONSTRUCTIONCYCLES,POLICYCHANGES,MATERIALSANDEQUIPMENTPRICES,LARGEFLUCTUATIONSINMARKETSUPPLYANDDEMANDANDSOONTOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFTHECONSTRUCTION,CONTROLPROJECTCOST,INVESTMENTRETURNSTOPLAY,ITISNECESSARYTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEOFTHEPROJECTTOSTRENGTHENPROJECTMANAGEMENTANDOVERSIGHTFUNCTIONSINORDERTOENHANCETHEFULLRANGEOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS,THEWHOLEPROCESSOFCOSTCONTROLDUETOTHECOMPLEXITYOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS,THEIMPACTOFFACTORSOFVARIABILITYOFTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEOFPROJECTSOFTENHAVESOMEUNEXPECTEDCOSTSFIRST,THEEFFECTIVECONTROLOFENGINEERINGCHANGEANDECONOMICACCESSATTHEPROJECTSITECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS,ENGINEERINGANDONSITEVISACHANGEISINEVITABLE,BUTTHEREISCAPACITYTOCONTROLDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPLANSINORDERTOPREVENTLOOPHOLESINTHEDESIGN,WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHEAUDITCHECKSSHOULDPARTYBINAJOINTHEARINGOFTHEDRAWINGS,THETECHNICALADVICEANDDESIGNTOELIMINATE,INAWORD,SHOULDBESTARTEDPRIORTOTHEERADICATIONOFTHEDESIGNCHANGESSHOULDBEADVANCEDASFARASPOSSIBLE,CHANGEOCCURREDEARLIER,THESMALLERTHELOSS,THEGREATERTHECONTRASTTOTHISEND,THEDESIGNOFCHANGEMANAGEMENTMUSTBESTRENGTHENEDASMUCHASPOSSIBLETHEDESIGNCHANGECONTROLEARLYINTHEDESIGNPHASE,INPARTICULARTHEIMPACTOFTHEPROJECTCOSTFORMAJORDESIGNCHANGES,BUTALSOTOUSEACCOUNTSAFTERTHEFIRSTSOLUTIONTOCHANGE,SOTHATTHEEFFECTIVECONTROLOFPROJECTCOSTSECOND,ARIGOROUSEXAMINATIONOFTHEBUDGETINACCORDANCEWITHCONSTRUCTIONPLANTHEPROGRESSOFTHECONSTRUCTIONDESIGNPLANSANDTHEACTUALPROGRESSOFTHECONSTRUCTIONSITE,CONSTRUCTIONPLANSAPPROVEDBUDGETINTIMETHIRD,INDEPTHATTHESCENETOCOLLECTTHERELEVANTINFORMATIONANDMASTERTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONPROCESS,PRETRIALANDTHECOSTOFPRICECONTROLOFFICERSOFTENGOTOTHECONSTRUCTIONSITE,SEECONSTRUCTIONOFTHECONTROL

簡(jiǎn)介：1這場(chǎng)給人類帶來(lái)巨大災(zāi)難的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)對(duì)這樣一個(gè)詩(shī)人產(chǎn)生了什么影響HOWDIDTHEWAR,WHICHBROUGHTTERRIBLEDISASTERSTOMANKIND,IMPACTONSUCHAPOET2做母親的有時(shí)候不能察覺(jué)她們所深愛(ài)的孩子們的過(guò)錯(cuò)，這樣做的結(jié)果回事孩子們?cè)俅畏稿e(cuò)。MOTHERSARESOMETIMESBLINDTOTHEFAULTSOFTHEIRBELOVEDCHILDRENWHICHWILLCAUSETHECHILDRENTOMAKETHESAMEMISTAKEAGAIN3做為一個(gè)在這個(gè)我完全陌生的新移民，她總是感覺(jué)到孤立無(wú)援。ASANEWIMMIGRANTINTHISCOMPLETELYSTRANGECOUNTRYSHEALWAYSFELTISOLATED4做事不先考慮常會(huì)導(dǎo)致失敗，因此我們應(yīng)該三思而后行ACTINGBEFORETHINKINGOFTENRESULTSINFAILURESOWESHOULDTHINKBEFOREWELEAP5奢談的餓時(shí)候已經(jīng)過(guò)去了，我們必須積極行動(dòng)起來(lái)保護(hù)我們的環(huán)境。THETIMEFORTAKINGISPASTWEMUSTTAKEAPOSITIVEACTIONTOPROTECTOURENVIRONMENT1年輕人有時(shí)會(huì)抱怨無(wú)法和父母溝通。YOUNGPEOPLESOMETIMESCOMPLAINOFNOTBEINGABLETOCOMMUNICATEWITHTHEIRPARENTS2瑪麗從小就盼望著能在中國(guó)云南的一個(gè)村莊住上幾年現(xiàn)在他終于夢(mèng)想成真了。EVERSINCECHILDHOOD,MARYHASBEENLONGINGTOTAKEUPRESIDENCEINACHINESEVILLAGEFORAFEWYEARSNOWHERDREAMHASCOMETRUE3家養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物習(xí)慣于依賴人因此很難在野外繼續(xù)生存。DOMESTICANIMALSAREUSEDTODEPENDINGONHUMANS,SOITISDIFFICULTFORTHEMTOSURVIVEINTHEWILD4他突然有種恐懼感覺(jué)得自己會(huì)因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)不景氣而被公司裁員HEWASSUDDENLYOVERTAKENBYAFEARTHATHEWOULDBELAIDOFFBYTHECOMPANYBECAUSEOFBADECONOMY5我想他很快就會(huì)回來(lái)，因?yàn)樗饝?yīng)和我一起吃飯。IFIGUREHELLBEBACKSOONSINCEHEPROMISEDTOHAVEDINNERWITHME1記者敦促發(fā)言人就此次軍事打擊作出解釋1THEREPORTERPRESSEDTHESPOKESMANTOMAKEEXPLANATIONOFTHISMILITARYATTACK2他的競(jìng)選演講未能使選民相信他就是參議員的合適人選HISELECTIONSPEECHFAILEDTOCONVINCETHEVOTERSTHATHEWASTHERIGHTPERSONFORTHESENATOR3盡管我承認(rèn)有問(wèn)題存在,但我并不認(rèn)為這些問(wèn)題不能解決WHIKEIADMITTHATTHEREAREPROBLEMS,IDONOTTHINKTHESEPROBLEMCANNOTBESAVED4他在電視上的第一次辯論給觀眾留下了深刻的印象HISFIRSHDEBATEONTVMADEADEEPIMPRESSIONONTHEAUDIENCE5一切事物都是相互聯(lián)系又相互作用的ALLTHINGSAREINTERRELATEDANDINTERACTWITHEACHOTHER1大會(huì)報(bào)告人原來(lái)是我的一位老朋友的女兒。THELECTURERATTHECONFERENCETURNEDOUTTOBETHEDAUGHTEROFANOLDFRIENDOFMINE2盡管他已經(jīng)退休5年了，但他在學(xué)術(shù)界仍然很活躍。ITIS5YEARSSINCEHISRETIREMENT,BUTHEHASREMAINEDACTIVEINTHEACADEMICCIRCLES3如果確實(shí)在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有困難，你可以申請(qǐng)助學(xué)金。IFYOUDOHAVEFINANCIALDIFFICULTIES,YOUCANAPPLYFORASTUDENTLOAN4這位科學(xué)家研制這種新材料達(dá)10年之久才有了突破。THISSCIENTISTHADWORKEDHARDATTHISNEWMATERIALFOR10YEARSBEFOREHEMADEHISOWNWAYINTHEEND5世界上主要的幾家飛機(jī)制造公司正竭力制造飛得更快，更遠(yuǎn)的飛機(jī)，以爭(zhēng)得更大的市5如果你們的質(zhì)量沒(méi)有實(shí)質(zhì)性的增長(zhǎng)，我認(rèn)為你們?cè)谑袌?chǎng)上不會(huì)有什么競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。IFYOURQUALITYISNTIMPROVINGFORREAL,IDONTTHINKYOUWILLBECOMPETITIVEINTHEMARKET1、知道原理是一回事，但要付諸實(shí)踐又是另外一回事。IT’SONETHINGTOUNDERSTANDTHEPRINCIPLE,IT’SANOTHERTHINGTOPUTITINTOPRACTICE2、據(jù)報(bào)道，慢跑（JOGGING）可將患心臟病的可能性減少三分之二。IT’SREPORTEDTHATJOGGINGMAKESYOUTHREETIMESLESSLIKELYTOSUFFERFROMAHEARTATTACK3、根據(jù)最新調(diào)查，半數(shù)英國(guó)人不清楚歐元和英鎊的比值。ALMOSTHALFOFTHEBRITISHPEOPLEHAVENOIDEAWHATTHEEUROISWORTHINRELATIONTOTHEPOUND,ACCORDINGTOTHELATESTSURVEY4、這片土地本應(yīng)建成一個(gè)供大家享用的公園，但現(xiàn)在卻立起了幾棟公寓樓。THEAREASHOULDHAVEBEENMADEINTOAPARKFOREVERYONETOENJOYBUTNOWSOMEAPARTMENTBUILDINGSSTANDTHERE5、不知道所有這些相關(guān)信息能否湊成一幅關(guān)于他的清晰圖畫。I’MWONDERINGWHETHTERALLTHERELATEDINFORMATIONCOULDADDUPTOACLEARPICTUREOFHIM1他飲酒過(guò)量，對(duì)身體不好。HEDRINKSMOREWINETHANISGOODFORHISHEALTH2他知道這時(shí)父母親都在急切地等著他回家過(guò)年。HEKNEWTHATATTHISMOMENTHISPARENTSWEREEAGERLYWAITINGFORHIMTORETURNHOMEFORTHENEWYEAR3招我們喜歡的不僅是他的聰明，還有他的幽默。WHATAPPEALSTOUSISNOTONLYHISINTELLIGENCEBUTALSOHISSENCEOFHUMOR4這位國(guó)際知名導(dǎo)演拍攝的最新影片結(jié)果是徹底的失敗。THELATESTMOVIEMADEBYTHATINTERNATIONALLYFAMOUSDIRECTORTURNEDOUTTOBEATOTALFAILURE5有些年輕人似乎對(duì)一切事情都缺乏耐心。ITSEEMSTHATSOMEYOUNGSTERSDONTHAVEPATIENCEWITHANYTHING1、他悲嘆一聲，對(duì)我們說(shuō)他年輕時(shí)也曾風(fēng)光一時(shí)。HEBREATHED/HEAVEDASIGHOFSORROW,TELLINGUSTHATHEHADSEENABETTERDAYWHENHEWASAYOUNG2、他有極強(qiáng)的責(zé)任感，這就是為什么他被選中掌管這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。HEHASASTRONGSENSEOFRESPONSIBILITY,ANDTHAT’SWHYHEISCHOSENTOTAKECONTROLOFTHISPROJECT3、不管你去哪里，不管是出差還是去玩，盡量多了解那個(gè)地方總是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的主意。WHEREVERYOUGO,BEITFORBUSINESSOFENTERTAINMENT,ITISALWAYSAGOODIDEATOKNOWABOUTTHEPLACEASMUCHASYOUCAN4、我們得小心一點(diǎn)，同樣的情景可能就要出現(xiàn)。LET’SBECAREFULTHESITUATIONMAYBEABOUTTOREPEATITSELF5、事實(shí)上，室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量與兒童的健康密切相關(guān)，當(dāng)然與成人的健康也有關(guān)系。INFACT,THEAIRQUALITYOFAHOUSEHASAGREATDEALTODOWITHCHILDREN’SHEALTH,ANDADULTS’HEALTHFORTHATMATTER1為什么人們要在旅行上花費(fèi)這么多的時(shí)間和金錢呢WHYISITTHATPEOPLESPENDSOMUCHTIMEANDMONEYONTRAVELING2乘飛機(jī)旅行既快又安全，難怪是旅行者的首選。TRAVELINGBYAIRISQUICKANDSAFENOWONDERITISAPOPULARCHOICEFORTRAVELERS3我們學(xué)校的大部分學(xué)生都選了網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)這門課，計(jì)算機(jī)中心里白天晚上都擠滿了人。MOSTOFTHESTUDENTSINMYCOLLAGEHAVEENROLLEDINTHECOURSEOFWEBPAGEDESIGNANDTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：塑料注射成型塑料注射成型塑料模具專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯中英文塑料模具專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯中英文翻譯、外文翻譯翻譯、外文翻譯外文翻譯原文INJECTIONMOLDINGMANYDIFFERENTPROCESSESAREUSEDTOTRANSFORMPLASTICGRANULES,POWDERS,ANDLIQUIDSINTOPRODUCTTHEPLASTICMATERIALISINMOLDABLEFORM,ANDISADAPTABLETOVARIOUSFORMINGMETHODSINMOSTCASESTHERMOSETTINGMATERIALSREQUIREOTHERMETHODSOFFORMINGTHISISRECOGNIZEDBYTHEFACTTHATTHERMOPLASTICSAREUSUALLYHEATEDTOASOFTSTATEANDTHENRESHAPEDBEFORECOOLINGTHEROMOSETS,ONTHEOTHERHANDHAVENOTYETBEENPOLYMERIZEDBEFOREPROCESSING,ANDTHECHEMICALREACTIONTAKESPLACEDURINGTHEPROCESS,USUALLYTHROUGHHEAT,ACATALYST,ORPRESSUREITISIMPORTANTTOREMEMBERTHISCONCEPTWHILESTUDYINGTHEPLASTICSMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESANDPOLYMERSUSEDINJECTIONMOLDINGISBYFARTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDPROCESSOFFORMINGTHERMOPLASTICMATERIALSITISALSOONEOFTHEOLDESTCURRENTLYINJECTIONMOLDINGACCOUNTSFOR30OFALLPLASTICSRESINCONSUMPTIONSINCERAWMATERIALCANBECONVERTEDBYASINGLEPROCEDURE,INJECTIONMOLDINGISSUITABLEFORMASSPRODUCTIONOFPLASTICSARTICLESANDAUTOMATEDONESTEPPRODUCTIONOFCOMPLEXGEOMETRIESINMOSTCASES,FINISHINGISNOTINJECTIONCYLINDERWHERETHEYARECARRIEDFORWARDBYTHEROTATINGSCREWTHEROTATIONOFTHESCREWFORCESTHEGRANULESUNDERHIGHPRESSUREAGAINSTTHEHEATEDWALLSOFTHECYLINDERCAUSINGTHEMTOMELTASTHEPRESSUREBUILDINGUP,THEROTATINGSCREWISFORCEDBACKWARDUNTILENOUGHPLASTICHASACCUMULATEDTOMAKETHESHOTTHEINJECTIONRAMORSCREWFORCESMOLTENPLASTICFROMTHEBARREL,THROUGHTHENOZZLE,SPRUEANDRUNNERSYSTEM,ANDFINALLYINTOTHEMOLDCAVITIESDURINGINJECTION,THEMOLDCAVITYISFILLEDVOLUMETRICALLYWHENTHEPLASTICCONTACTSTHECOLDMOLDSURFACES,ITSOLIDIFIESFREEZESRAPIDLYTOPRODUCETHESKINLAYERSINCETHECOREREMAINSINTHEMOLTENSTATE,PLASTICFOLLOWSTHROUGHTHECORETOCOMPLETEMOLDFILLINGTYPICALLY,THECAVITYISFILLEDTO9598DURINGINJECTIONTHENTHEMOLDINGPROCESSISSWITCHEDOVERTOTHEPACKINGPHASEEVENASTHECAVITYISFILLED,THEMOLTENPLASTICBEGINSTOCOOLSINCETHECOOLINGPLASTICCONTRACTSORSHRINKS,ITGIVESRISETODEFECTSSUCHASSINKMARKS,VOIDS,ANDDIMENSIONALINSTABILITIESTOCOMPENSATEFORSHRINKAGE,ADDITIONPLASTICISFORCEDINTOTHECAVITYONCETHECAVITYISPACKED,PRESSUREAPPLIEDTOTHEMELTPREVENTSMOLTENPLASTICINSIDETHECAVITYFROMBACKFLOWINGOUTTHROUGHTHEGATETHEPRESSUREMUSTBEAPPLIEDUNTILTHEGATESOLIDIFIESTHEPROCESSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOSTEPSPACKINGANDHOLDINGORMAYBEENCOMPASSEDINONESTEPHOLDINGORSECONDSTAGEDURINGPACKING,MELTFORCEDINTOTHECAVITYBYTHEPACKING

簡(jiǎn)介：1中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解訓(xùn)練1WEKNOWTHEMOSQUITOVERYWELLMOSQUITOESFLYEVERYWHERETHEYCANBEFOUNDALMOSTALLOVERTHEWORLD,ANDTHEREAREMORETHAN2,500KINDSOFTHEMNOONELIKESTHEMOSQUITOBUTTHEMOSQUITOMAYDECIDETHATSHELOVESYOUSHEYES,SHEIT’STRUETHATMALEMOSQUITODOESN’TBITE咬ANDONLYTHEFEMALEMOSQUITOBITESBECAUSESHENEEDSBLOODTOLAYEGGSSHEISALWAYSLOOKINGFORTHINGSORPEOPLESHEWANTSTOBITEIFSHELIKESWHATSHEFINDS,SHEBITESBUTIFSHEDOESN’TLIKEYOURBLOOD,SHEWILLTURNTOSOMEONEELSEFORMOREDELICIOUSBLOODNEXTTIMEAMOSQUITOBITESYOU,JUSTREMEMBERYOUARECHOSENYOU’REDIFFERENTFROMTHEOTHERSIFTHEMOSQUITOLIKESYOU,SHELANDSONYOURBODYWITHOUTLETTINGYOUKNOWSHEBITESYOUSOQUICKLYANDQUIETLYTHATYOUMAYNOTFEELANYTHINGDIFFERENTAFTERSHEBITES,YOUWILLHAVEANITCH癢ONYOURBODYBECAUSESHEPUTSSOMETHINGFROMHERMOUTHTOGETHERWITHYOURBLOODBYTHETIMETHEITCHINGBEGINS,ANDSHEHASFLOWNAWAYANDTHENWHATHAPPENSWELL,AFTERHERDELICIOUSDINNER,THEMOSQUITOFEELSTIREDSHEJUSTWANTSTOFINDAPLACETOHAVEAGOODRESTTHERE,ONALEAFORAWALL,SHEBEGINSTOLAYEGGS,HUNDREDSOFEGGSANDTHENWHATHAPPENS1“MOSQUITO”MEANS_______INCHINESEA蒼蠅B蜻蜓C跳蚤D蚊子2WEKNOWMOSQUITOESVERYWELLBECAUSE___________ATHEYCANBEFOUNDEASILYBTHEYFLYHEREANDTHERECTHEREAREMANYKINDSOFTHEMDTHEYCANFLY3IFTHEMOSQUITODOESN’TBITEYOU,ITWILL________AGETANGRYWITHYOUBBEAFRAIDOFYOUCMAKEALOTOFNOISEDCHOOSEANOTHERONE4THEMOSQUITOBITESYOU_________AWHENYOU’REASLEEPBBECAUSEYOUHAVECHOOSEITCTOOQUICKLYTOLETYOUKNOWDBUTDOESN’TLIKEYOU5WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCESISWRONGATHEITCHINGBEGINSAFTERTHEMOSQUITOBITESYOUBYOUFEELTERRIBLEWHENTHEMOSQUITOBITESYOUCMOSQUITOESUSEBLOODTOLAYEGGSDALLTHEMOSQUITOESDON’TLIKETOBITEPEOPLEFORBLOOD2ATTHESHOPPINGMALL,YOUPROBABLYTHINKABOUTSPENDING,NOTSAVINGTHINKABOUTALLTHELIGHTSTHATKEEPTHEMALLBRIGHTTHINKABOUTALLTHEWATERFAUCETS水龍頭INTHETOILETTHINKABOUTALLTHEAIRCONDITIONINGINSUMMERSAVINGENERGYISAHOTTOPICFORSUCHABIGPLACEMANYTHINGSATTHEMALLUSEENERGYELECTRICLIGHTS,INFRARED紅外感應(yīng)FAUCETSANDAIRCONDITIONERSNEEDELECTRICITYTOWORK．ONEWAYTOSAVEENERGYISBYKEEPINGLIGHTSCLEANMOREANDMOREDUSTANDDIRTMAKETHELIGHTSLESSBRIGHTWHENMALLSKEEPLIGHTSCLEAN,THEYCANUSEFEWERLIGHTSANDKEEPTHEAREAJUSTASBRIGHTUSINGFEWERLIGHTSMEANSUSINGLESSENERGYYOUSTEPUPTOTHEWATERFAUCETTHEWATERSTARTSTOFLOWYOUDON’THAVETOTOUCHATHINGWHYDOMALLSHAVESUCHFANCYFAUCETSTHEANSWERISSIMPLETHEYSAVEWATERSOMETIMESPEOPLEFORGETTOTURNTHEWATEROFFAFTERTHEYWASHINFRAREDFAUCETSTURNTHEMSELVESOFF1_____ISAHOTTOPICFORABIGMALL．A．TOSPENDMONEYB．TOSAVEENERGYC．TOKEEPTHEMALLBRIGHTD．TOBUYTHINGS2．WHATWILLTHEFOURTHPARAGRAPHPROBABLYTALKABOUTA．HOWTOSAVEWATERWHENUSINGINFRAREDFAUCETSIRLTHEMALL．BHOWTOSAVEENERGYWHENUSINGAIRCONDITIONERSINTHEMAIL．C．HOWTOSAVEMONEYWHENSHOPPINGINTHEMAIL．3．THEBESTTITLEFORTHEPASSAGEIS_______32．MOVEAGAINSTAWALLIFINAHIGHBUILDINGWITHNOPROTECTIVEDESKORTABLENEARBYCOVERYOURHEADANDNECKWITHYOURARMS3．TRYTOGETINTOANOPENAREAAWAYFROMTREES,BUILDINGS,WALLS,ANDPOWERLINES電桿IFOUTDOORS。4．PULLOVER?？縏OTHESIDEOFTHEROADAWAYFROMOVERPASSES天橋ANDPOWERLINESIFDRIVINGSTAYINYOURCARUNTILTHESHAKINGENDS5．GETAWAYFROMSHELVESOROTHERAREASWHEREOBJECTSMAYFALLIFINACROWDEDSTOREORPUBLICAREADONOTRUNFORTHEDOORLOWERYOURBODYCLOSETOTHEGROUNDANDCOVERYOURHEADANDNECKWITHYOURHANDSANDARMS6．STAYINYOURSEATIFINACINEMAORATHEATERGETBELOWTHELEVELOFTHEBACKOFTHESEATANDCOVERYOURHEADANDNECKWITHYOURARMS．7．IFYOUTAKECOVER躲避UNDERASTRONGPIECEOFFURNITURE，HOLDONTOITANDBEPREPAREDTOMOVEWITHIT．8．TRYTOSTAYAWAYFROMKITCHENS,WHERETHEREAREOFTENMANYOBJECTSTHATMIGHTFALLORGETBURNT1．THEUNDERLINEDWORD“DUCK”INTIP1MEANS____A．AWATERBIRDWITHSHORTLEGSBSOMEKINDOFMEATFOREATINGC．WALKLIKEADUCKDLOWERYOURHEADORBODYVERYQUICKLY2．_______SHOULDBETHEMOSTIMPORTANTPARTSTOBEPROTECTEDINANEARTHQUAKEA．YOURHEADANDARMSB．YOURARMSC．YOURNECKANDARMSD．YOURHEADANDNECK3TIP3ANDTIP4GIVEYOUSOMEADVICEONWHATYOUSHOULDDOWHENYOUARE____AINSIDEABUILDINGBOUTSIDEABUILDINGCINYOURHOUSEDINASTORE5MYPARENTSTAUGHTMENOTTOWASTEFOODMYMUMALWAYSFOUNDWAYSTOMAKELEFTOVERS剩余食物TASTEGOODIWENTTOI1ANTOLEARNABOUTSOMEOFTHEIRSPECIALFOODASIWASTHERE,ILEARNEDABOUTTHEFOODANDTHEHISTORYOFTHEAREAILEARNEDTHATTHEYDON’TWASTEFOOD,EITHER,ANDTHEYUSELEFTOVERSMANYYEARSAGO,THEREWASNOTENOUGHFOODFOREVERYONEPEOPLELEARNEDTOCOOKANDEATALMOSTEVERYTHINGTHEYHADTOTHINKOFWAYSTOMAKESPECIALDISHESONEOFTHESEDISHESISKAOZHAIT’SMADEWITHLEFTOVERSLIKEMEAT,SOUP,OILANDFATTHATMIGHTNOTSOUNDVERYGOOD,BUTITDOESTASTEGOODTODAY,KAOZHAISASPECIALDISHATBIGBANQUETS宴會(huì)ANOTHERFAMOUSDISHISCALLEDZAOBINGIT’SMADEWITHFRUIT,MEATANDOTHERTHINGSIREALLYLIKEDITBUTIDIDN’TWANTTOEATTOOMUCHITHASALOTOFFATINITISMELLEDSOMETHINGBURNINGANDISAWSMOKE,SOIFOUNDANOTHERSPECIALFOODOFTHEI1ANAREADUCKMEATTHEDUCKMEATISPUTINABIGOVEN爐子TOCOOKITSMOKEKEEPSTHEMEATFRESHIDON’TUSUALLYEATMEAT,BUTTHISDUCKMEATWASDELICIOUSITTASTEDSWEETILANISAGREATPLACEWITHDELICIOUSFOODIHOPEICANCOMEBACKAGAIN1THEWRITERLEARNSFROMHERPARENTS_______ANOTTOEATLEFTOVERSBTOEATGOODFOODCNOTTOWASTEFOODDTOMAKEGOODFOOD2．SHEFINDSTHATPEOPLEINILAN____AALWAYSWASTEFOODB．DON’TUSELEFTOVERSCDON’THAVEENOUGHFOODDCANCOOKSPECIALFOOD3．KAOZHAISAGOODDISHTHATISMADEWITH____AFRUIT,MEATANDOTHERTHINGSBFRESHANDSWEETDUCKMEATCSOMEDIFFERENTLEFTOVERSDMEAT,SOUPANDFRUIT4．THEREARE___KINDSOFSPECIALFOODSMENTIONEDINTHEPASSAGE．ATWOBTHREECFOURDFIVE6NOWSATELLITESAREHELPINGTOFORECAST預(yù)報(bào)THEWEATHERTHEYAREINSPACE,ANDTHEYCANREACH

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯原文原文INSURANCE,BONDCOVENANTS,ANDUNDEROROVERINVESTMENTWITHRISKYASSETRECONSTITUTIONABSTRACTTRADITIONALTHEORYPREDICTSTHATTHESHAREHOLDERSOFALIMITEDLIABILITYCOMPANYFINANCEDPARTLYBYBONDSMAYUNDERINVESTBYNOTREPLACINGDAMAGEDCOMPANYASSETSITALSOPRECLUDESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFOVERINVESTMENTBYRELAXINGTHERESTRICTIVEASSUMPTIONMAINTAINEDUNDERTRADITIONALTHEORY,NAMELY,THATTHEEFFECTSOFRECONSTITUTINGDAMAGEDASSETSARENONSTOCHASTIC,THISARTICLESHOWSTHATBOTHOVERANDUNDERINVESTMENTAREPOSSIBLEITISSHOWNTHATTHESEMORALHAZARDPROBLEMSCANBEMITIGATEDBYINCORPORATINGAPPROPRIATEINSURANCEREQUIREMENTSINTOBONDCOVENANTSMOREOVER,ITISSHOWNTHATTHEINSURANCEREQUIREMENTSFORALLEVIATINGUNDERINVESTMENTANDOVERINVESTMENTAREQUITEDIFFERENTPARTICULARLY,FORUNDERINVESTMENT,THEREQUIREDINSURANCEONLYNEEDSTOMAKETHEBONDSRISKLESSINTHEBESTASSETRECONSTITUTIONSTATESOFTHELOSSSTATESINWHICHTHECOMPANYVALUEFALLSSHORTOFTHEPROMISEDBONDREPAYMENTHOWEVER,FOROVERINVESTMENT,THEREQUIREDINSURANCESHOULDMAKETHEBONDSTOTALLYRISKLESSTHEDIFFERENCEININSURANCEREQUIREMENTSISESPECIALLYIMPORTANTWHENINSURANCEISACTUARIALLYUNFAVORABLESUCHTHATMORETHANREQUIREDINSURANCEISALWAYSUNDESIRABLEINTRODUCTIONITISWELLKNOWNINTHEFINANCEANDECONOMICSLITERATURETHATTHEPRESENCEOFASYMMETRICINFORMATIONBETWEENSTOCKHOLDERSANDBONDHOLDERSMAYLEADTOSUBOPTIMALCORPORATEINVESTMENTDECISIONSTWOCOMMONEXAMPLESARETHEASSETSUBSTITUTIONPROBLEMANDTHEUNDERINVESTMENTPROBLEMINTRODUCEDBYJENSENANDMECKLING1976ANDMYERS1977THESEMINALARTICLEOFMAYERSANDSMITH1987WHICHARELIKELYTOBEINSUFFICIENTINTHECASEOFLARGEPROPERTYDAMAGE,THELIQUIDITYNEEDEDFORASSETRECONSTITUTIONOFTENHASTOBEEXTRACTEDFROMOTHERIMPORTANTOPERATIONSORPRODUCTIONACTIVITIESWITHLARGEPROPERTYDAMAGE,ASSETRECONSTITUTIONMAYUSEUPASIGNIFICANTPORTIONOFPREARRANGEDCREDITORBUFFERCASHINITIALLYPLANNEDFORCOPINGWITHOTHERPRODUCTIONANDMARKETSHOCKS,INTRODUCINGADDITIONALRISKTOTHEVALUEOFACOMPANYPOSSIBLELIQUIDITYPROBLEMSMAYHAVESIGNIFICANTLYNEGATIVEIMPACTONCOMPANYVALUETHEREFORE,ASSETRECONSTITUTIONCANBERISKY,POSSIBLYRESULTINGINPOSITIVEORNEGATIVENETPRESENTVALUESINDIFFERENTSTATESOFNATUREMOREOVER,THEEXPECTEDNETPRESENTVALUEOFASSETRECONSTITUTIONCANBEPOSITIVEORNEGATIVETHISARTICLESHOWSTHATBOTHOVERANDUNDERINVESTMENTPROBLEMSMAYARISEWHENASSETRECONSTITUTIONISRISKYWITHRISKYASSETRECONSTITUTION,GIVENACERTAINLEVELOFASSETDAMAGE,SHAREHOLDERSMAYNOTCHOOSETORECONSTITUTEDAMAGEDASSETSEVENTHOUGHDOINGSOGENERATESAPOSITIVEEXPECTEDNETPRESENTVALUE,GIVINGRISETOTHEUNDERINVESTMENTPROBLEMTHISHAPPENSWHENTHEVALUEOFACOMPANYFALLSSHORTOFTHEPROMISEDBONDREPAYMENTAMOUNTEVENINTHEBESTASSETRECONSTITUTIONSTATESINTHISCASE,ASSETRECONSTITUTIONWILLONLYBENEFITBONDHOLDERS,BUTNOTSHAREHOLDERSWHOAREALREADYPROTECTEDBYTHELIMITEDLIABILITYPROVISIONTHEUNDERINVESTMENTPROBLEMWILLNOTARISEINTHEABSENCEOFLIMITEDLIABILITYBECAUSEARISEINCOMPANYVALUEDUETOASSETRECONSTITUTIONWILLRELIEVESOMESHAREHOLDERS’DEBTRESPONSIBILITIESITALSOWILLNOTARISEWHENEVERCOMPANYVALUEEXCEEDSTHEPROMISEDBONDREPAYMENTAMOUNTINSOMEASSETRECONSTITUTIONSTATES,BECAUSEASSETRECONSTITUTIONRAISESSHAREHOLDERS’WEALTHINTHESESTATESONTHECONTRARY,GIVENACERTAINLEVELOFASSETDAMAGE,SHAREHOLDERSMAYOPTFORRISKYASSETRECONSTITUTIONWITHANEGATIVEEXPECTEDNETPRESENTVALUE,GIVINGRISETOTHEOVERINVESTMENTPROBLEMTHISHAPPENSWHENTHEVALUEOFACOMPANYISHIGHERTHANTHEBONDREPAYMENTAMOUNTINSOME,BUTNOTALL,ASSETRECONSTITUTIONSTATESSHAREHOLDERS,WHOAREPROTECTEDBYTHELIMITEDLIABILITYPROVISION,WILLENGAGEINRISKYASSETRECONSTITUTIONTORAISETHEIROWNWEALTHINSOLVENTSTATES,KNOWINGTHATDOINGSOLOWERSCOMPANYVALUEANDBONDHOLDERS’WEALTHININSOLVENTSTATES,GIVINGRISETOAN

簡(jiǎn)介：形形不需要翻譯的世界語(yǔ)不需要翻譯的世界語(yǔ)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)高中美術(shù)平江第二中學(xué)龔堅(jiān)一、導(dǎo)入新課一、導(dǎo)入新課教師拿一蘋果讓學(xué)生用不同的語(yǔ)言回答這是什么有中國(guó)話、英語(yǔ)還有等等。當(dāng)談及法語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)時(shí)，同學(xué)可能就無(wú)語(yǔ)了老師畫一蘋果，同學(xué)都能說(shuō)出。人類之間的交流與表達(dá)除了語(yǔ)言、文字、肢體、音樂(lè)等。還有圖形。從而導(dǎo)出今天的課題圖形不需要翻譯的世界語(yǔ)。（板書(shū)課題）二、教學(xué)過(guò)程二、教學(xué)過(guò)程展示本課的教學(xué)目標(biāo)重難點(diǎn)隨后展示標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的男女公共廁所的標(biāo)志，百度圖片HTTP//WWWNIPICCOM/SHOW/4/79/CEF095F814C496EAHTML讓同學(xué)們分辨出哪是男廁哪是女廁。此時(shí)學(xué)生的興致很高，爭(zhēng)先恐后發(fā)表自己的意見(jiàn)。當(dāng)老師把世界各地的充滿了趣味性男女廁所標(biāo)記展現(xiàn)在大家面前時(shí)。百度圖片_百度圖片搜索比比看哪組最快最好的能分辨出哪個(gè)是“男”、哪個(gè)是“女”廁所的標(biāo)記。1、圖形會(huì)說(shuō)話，圖形能表意，圖形能傳情。、圖形會(huì)說(shuō)話，圖形能表意，圖形能傳情。（總結(jié)并板書(shū)）（總結(jié)并板書(shū)）展示兩張學(xué)生熟悉的圖片甲骨文百度圖片百度圖片搜索受傷的公牛百度圖片_百度圖片搜索讓其分析以上兩張圖片，說(shuō)明遠(yuǎn)古人類怎么用圖形表意傳情的。（此時(shí)學(xué)生對(duì)用圖形表意傳情有一初步的了解）當(dāng)同樣一句話，加兩個(gè)不同的QQ表情表達(dá)的情緒就大相徑庭。把我惹毛了，你就完蛋啦（威脅、氣憤）把我惹毛了，你就完蛋啦（開(kāi)個(gè)玩笑、撒嬌）想必一組較為常見(jiàn)的QQ表情，同學(xué)們都很眼熟。百度圖片_百度圖片搜索網(wǎng)絡(luò)交流作為現(xiàn)代人生活的一種新型的重要的交流形式，可愛(ài)的QQ表情簡(jiǎn)潔明了地傳遞著我們的情感狀態(tài)。導(dǎo)入以實(shí)物更加直觀導(dǎo)入以實(shí)物更加直觀用趣味圖形吸引學(xué)生用趣味圖形吸引學(xué)生注意力注意力,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生積極調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生積極性和討論熱情。性和討論熱情。向?qū)W生發(fā)起號(hào)召，激向?qū)W生發(fā)起號(hào)召，激發(fā)他們參予嘗試的興發(fā)他們參予嘗試的興趣。趣。選取學(xué)生感興趣，有選取學(xué)生感興趣，有切身體會(huì)的話題，容切身體會(huì)的話題，容易產(chǎn)生共鳴。易產(chǎn)生共鳴。鍛煉學(xué)生用圖形“說(shuō)鍛煉學(xué)生用圖形“說(shuō)話”的意識(shí)。通過(guò)活話”的意識(shí)。通過(guò)活動(dòng)增加互動(dòng)效果，激動(dòng)增加互動(dòng)效果，激勵(lì)學(xué)生動(dòng)手動(dòng)腦。勵(lì)學(xué)生動(dòng)手動(dòng)腦。

簡(jiǎn)介：FORMOFSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITATTHEREQUESTOF__________________________HEREUNDERREFEREDTOAS“THEAPPLICANT”,WEHEREBYISSUEOURIRREVOCABLESTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITNO_________________INFAVOUROFINDUSTRIALBANKCO,LTDTIANJINBRANCHFORFACILITIESUNDERLOANAGREEMENTNO_____________GRANTEDTO________________________________________“BORROWER”ANDFORUPTOTHEAGGREGATEAMOUNTOFUSDOLLARSINWORD____________________USDAVAILABLEFORPAYMENTAGAINSTYOURTESTEDTELEXORAUTHENTICATEDSWIFTTOUSSTATINGASFOLLOWSTHEAMOUNTOFSUCHCLAIMSREPRESENTSANDCOVERSTHEUNPAIDINDEBTEDNESSINCLUSIVEOFACCRUEDINTERESTS,CHARGESANDOTHEREXPENSESDUETOUSBY_____________________“BORROWER”UNDERTHELOANAGREEMENTNO________________INRESPECTOFLOANFACILITYGRANTEDBYUSTOTHEBORROWER”“WEHEREBYCERTIFYTHATTHESELLINGRATEOFUSDOLLARSTORENMINBIQUOTEDBYINDUSTRIALBANK,TIANJINBRANCHONTHEDATEOFYOURDRAWINGSHALLBEUSEDFORTHECALCULATIONOFYOURDRAWINGAMOUNTALLBANKCHARGESRELATINGTOTHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITAREFORAPPLICANTACCOUNTPARTIALDRAWINGSAREACCEPTABLETHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITISNONTRANSFERABLETHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITISEFFECTIVEFROM____________ANDEXPIREON_________________ATTHECOUNTEROFINDUSTRIALBANKCO,LTDTIANJINBRANCH,ALLCLAIMSHEREUNDERMUSTREACHTOUSNOTLATERTHANTHEABOVEMENTIONEDEXPIRYDATEANDAFTERTHEEXPIRYDATETHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITAUTOMATICALLYBECOMESNULLWEHEREBYAGREEANDUNDERTAKETHATYOURCLAIMSUNDERANDINCOMPLICANCEWITHTHETERMSANDCONDITIONSOFTHISCREDITWILLBEDULYHONOUREDUPONPRESENTATIONTHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITISSUBJECTTOTHEUNIFORMCUSTOMSANDPRACTICEFORDOCUMENTARYCREDITS2007REVISIONINTERNATIONALCHAMBEROFCOMMERCEPUBLICATIONNO600該備用信用證適用國(guó)際商會(huì)跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例（2007修訂版），國(guó)際商會(huì)出版號(hào)NO600。

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題SOMEQUESTIONSABOUTTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCE外文作者CAIXIA,DENGDASONG文獻(xiàn)出處2019INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONSYSTEMSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGINFORMATIZATION如覺(jué)得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3891單詞，24169字符字符就是印刷符，中文5707漢字。SOMEQUESTIONSABOUTTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEABSTRACTTHEESTABLISHMENTOFNEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCESYSTEMENDSOFTHEHISTORYOFFARMERSWHODIDNOTHAVEOLDAGESECURITYITHASAHISTORICMEANINGTOCHANGETHEFARMERSCANONLYRELYONTHETRADITIONALFAMILYPENSIONITISALSOMEANSTHATWEHAVEAKEYSTEPTOWARDSTHEGOALOFOTHE“UNIVERSALSENSEOFSECURITY“THEREARESOMEASPECTSWORTHIMPROVEMENTOFTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTFROMSYSTEMDESIGNINGTOIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHERESULTSTHISPAPERATTEMPTSTOSUMMARIZETHEPROBLEMSOFTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEFROMTHESUSTAINABILITYOFSYSTEM,INCREASINGTHEVALUEOFPENSIONS,ADDRESSINGPOPULATIONAGING,WHETHERCOPEWITHTHEACTUALSITUATIONINRURALAREASANDOTHERPROBLEMSONTHISBASIS,THEPAPERPUTFORWARDSSOMECOMMENTSABOUTHOWTOSETUPANDIMPROVETHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEKEYWORDSNEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCESUSTAINABILITYPRESERVEORINCREASETHEVALUEEQUITYIINTRODUCTIONTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTSTARTEDTHEEXPLORATIONOFTHERURALPENSIONINSURANCESYSTEMIN1986,ANDHASPROMULGATED“COUNTYLEVELRURALCOMMUNITYOLDAGEINSURANCEBASICSCHEME“IN1992BUTTHERESOMEPROBLEMSINTHEPREVAILINGSOCIALCONDITIONS,LACKSOFSTABILITYBUTOURCOUNTRYPOLICYFORMULATIONISALWAYS“HASAHEADACHEABOUTMEDICAL,THEFOOTTOHURTTHEMEDICALFOOT”WHICHISTHESTOPGAPPOLICYIFTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCECONTINUESMERELYINTHEADMINISTRATIVEREGULATIONSFORMS,WHATCANNOTFUNDAMENTALLYGUARANTEETHISSYSTEMDOESNOTCHANGEALONGWITHTHELEADERSHIP’SWILINESSONTHEOTHERHAND,THEFORMULATIONANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFPOLICYGENERALLYFOLLOWSTHEPRINCIPLEOF“EXPERIMENT,PROMOTIONANDPOPULARIZATION”THISWAYMAYREDUCE“THELABORPAIN”WHICHFROMTHEREFORMANDAVOIDSERIOUSDISTURBANCESINSOCIETYATTHESAMETIMEBUTONTHEOTHERHANDTHEREAREMANYUNFAVORABLE,FIRSTOFALL“SYSTEMOFGRADUAL“ECONOMICLOSSESCAUSEDBYACCUMULATIONMAYBEHIGHERTHANTHE“SYSTEMCATASTROPHIC“LOSSESFROMTHEPOINTVIEWOFSYSTEMECONOMISTS,ANYSYSTEMHASTHEPATHDEPENDENCE,ITONCEIMPLEMENTSTHESOCIALECONOMYCOSTWHICHCHANGESOROVERTHROWSCOMESAGAINTOBEHIGHANDAREVISEDSYSTEMAFTERREPEATEDEXPERIMENTSWOULDSERIOUSLYAFFECTTHESCIENTIFICANDAUTHORITATIVETHEREARESOMEPROBLEMSINTHEESTABLISHMENTOFNEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEINORDERTOAVOIDA“GRADIENTSYSTEM“BROUGHTTHELOSSISTOOLARGE,THENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEPOLICYMUSTACCURATELYGRASPTHETRENDFORTHEFUTUREDEVELOPMENTOFURBANANDRURALSOCIAL,ANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMACROANDCOMPLIESWITHTHISTENDENCYHOWEVER,THE“GUIDANCE“INTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEREFLECTTHERELEVANTCONTENTSOFTHECOMINGURBANRURALINTEGRATIONISLIMITED,HIGHLIGHTINGTHEEMPHASISISSTILLONTHEMAJORITYOFFARMERSWHOHAVENOTTHEOLDAGEINSURANCEATPRESENTWILETHETRENDFORTHEFUTUREISNOTCLEARLYENOUGHBHOWTODEALWITHTHEISSUESOFPENSIONFUNDPRESERVATIONANDINCREMENTINTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCELWHETHERTHERURALOLDAGEPENSIONSFACEDWITHTHEDIFFICULTYOFPRESERVINGANDINCREASINGINORDERTOENSURETHESECURITYOFPENSIONFUNDS,THELIQUIDITYOFPENSIONFUNDSANDTHEPROFITABILITYOFPENSIONFUNDSTHATIS,PRESERVATIONANDINCREMENTOFPENSIONFUNDSTHEMANAGEMENTOFOLDAGESECURITYFUNDSHOULDFOLLOWTHEPRINCIPLEABOUTTHECOLLECTION,MANAGEMENTANDAPPLICATIONWHATMUSTSEPARATEHOWEVER,ITISDIFFICULTTOCARRYTHROUGHTHISPRINCIPLEINRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEINTHEPASTTHECIVILSECTORTOOKCHARGEOFMANAGEMENT,COLLECTION,ANDAPPLICATIONOFTHEPENSIONFUNDSINRURALBUTWHATRESULTSINMISAPPROPRIATEDORSQUANDEREDEVENCORRUPTIONWASWIDESPREAD

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題DESIGNCONCEPTOFTHENEWINTERNATIONALTEACHINGBUILDINGSINMODERNUNIVERSITIES外文作者DAIFEI文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCOMPUTERAIDEDINDUSTRIALDESIGNPUBLICINTEGRATIONPEOPLEFRIENDLYCOMPLEXDEMANDSOFMODEMEDUCATIONANDPROVIDESTUDENTSWITHMORESPACETOCOMMUNICATEANDSOCIALIZETHEPUBLICSPACEDESIGNFORSOCIALIZATIONINTEACHINGBUILDINGSCANBEINDIFFERENTFORMSSOMEARESPECIALLYDESIGNEDPARTSWITHINTHEBUILDINGS,SOMEARETHECONNECTINGPARTSAMONGATEACHINGBUILDINGGROUPANDSOMEAREPARTSCONNECTINGANOLDBUILDINGANDANEWONEOTHERSARETHETRANSITIONALPARTSWITHINTHEBUILDINGSUCHASCORRIDORSTAKETHETEACHINGBUILDINGDESIGNOFJIANGHANUNIVERSITYINHUBEIPROVINCEFOREXAMPLEAWALKWAYWITHTOPCAP,WHICHRUNSTHROUGHTHETEACHINGBUILDINGAREA,HASATTRACTEDMOSTOFTHEACTIVITIESTOBEHELDWITHINTHEMAINRINGROADANDGREATLYLESSENEDTHETRAFFICINTHEMAINVEHICLEROADTHELONGANDWINDEDCORRIDORAMONGTHETEACHINGBUILDINGGROUPISDESIGNEDFORPUBLICACTIVITIES,ANDWASTHEMEDFLYANDPASSIONTHEPUBLICSPACEFORSOCIALIZATIONINTHENEWTYPEOFTEACHINGBUILDINGSCANBECATEGORIZEDASTHEFLOWINGFOURKINDSATHESHAREDSPACETYPETHISFORMCOMESFROMTHEUSUALLYSPACEFORMSOFCHINESEHOUSESTHESHAREDINDOORSPACEALSOSERVESASTHECROSSROADFORTHEINTERNALTRAFFICOFTHETEACHINGBUILDINGFOREXAMPLE,THEDESIGNOFTHEATRIUMOFTHECOMPLEXTEACHINGBUILDINGHUBENORMALUNIVERSITYTHEDESIGNOFITSNOTONLYMEETSTHENEEDSOFTRAFFICOFPOPULATIONBYPROPERLYHANDLINGTHEGATHERINGANDFLOWINGOFCROWDS,ANDALSOHASENRICHEDTHESPACEFORMS,THUSMAKINGTHEBUILDINGMOREDISTINCTIVEBTHETRAFFICSPACETYPETRAFFICSPACEISALSOATRANSITIONALSPACEUSUALLYTRAFFICSPACEINTEACHINGBUILDINGSSUCHASTHESTAIRS,COULDMAKEPEOPLEBOREDORIRRITABLEWHILECLIMBINGUPTHESTAIRSBUTIFTHECONNECTINGANDTRANSITIONALPARTSINTHESEBUILDINGSAREREDESIGNEDALITTLE,THETRAFFICSPACECANBECOMEAPLACEWHEREPEOPLEWOULDLOVETOGOANDSOCIALIZEASWELLVARIOUSSPACEFORMSANDTYPESANDTHEHAVEMADETHECORRIDORSNOMORETHEDARKENCLOSURETHEYHAVEMADETHESPACEANDTHESOCIALIZINGANDACTIVITIESINTEGRATEDASONEFOREXAMPLE,THESTANFORDUNIVERSITYINTHEUSHASPUTBOOKSHELVESALONGTHECORRIDORINTHESCHOOLOFENGINEERINGTOPROVIDETHEFACULTYMOREOPPORTUNITIESTOSTAYANDRELAX

簡(jiǎn)介：蜀道難重點(diǎn)字詞及翻譯1翻譯多么險(xiǎn)峻，多么高蜀道難走，比上天還難。蠶叢和魚(yú)鳧兩個(gè)蜀王，開(kāi)國(guó)的事情多么渺茫不清。從那以后經(jīng)過(guò)四萬(wàn)八千年，才和秦地的人有交通。西邊擋著太白山，只有鳥(niǎo)道，高飛的鳥(niǎo)才可以橫渡峨嵋山頂。直到地崩山塌壯士都被壓死，然后才有了天梯與石棧相互連接。上面有即使是拉車的六龍也要繞彎的最高峰，下面有沖激高濺的波浪逆折的漩渦。高飛的黃鶴尚且飛不過(guò)去，猿猴想過(guò)去，發(fā)愁沒(méi)有地方可以攀援。青泥山迂回曲折，很短的路程內(nèi)要轉(zhuǎn)很多彎，盤繞著山峰。屏住呼吸伸手可以摸到星星，用手摸著胸口空嘆息。問(wèn)你西游什么時(shí)侯回來(lái)可怕的路途，陡峭的山巖難以攀登。只見(jiàn)鳥(niǎo)兒叫聲凄厲，在古樹(shù)上悲鳴，雌的和雄的在林間環(huán)繞飛翔。又聽(tīng)見(jiàn)杜鵑在月夜里啼叫，哀愁充滿空山。蜀道難走啊，比上天還難，讓人聽(tīng)了這話紅顏衰謝。連綿的山峰離天不到一尺，枯松靠著陡直的絕壁倒掛著。急流瀑布爭(zhēng)著喧囂而下，撞擊山崖使石頭翻滾發(fā)出雷鳴般聲響。就是這么危險(xiǎn)，你這遠(yuǎn)道的人，為什么來(lái)到這里劍閣高峻崎嶇而突兀不平，一個(gè)人守住關(guān)口，萬(wàn)人也打不開(kāi)。守關(guān)的如果不可靠，就會(huì)變成當(dāng)?shù)赖牟蚶恰Ｔ绯恳惚苊突?，晚上要提防長(zhǎng)蛇，磨著牙齒吸人血，殺的人數(shù)不清。錦城雖然是個(gè)安樂(lè)的地方，還是不如回家好。蜀道難走啊，比上天還難，側(cè)過(guò)身向西望著，長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)地嘆息。2重點(diǎn)字詞一、虛詞1、于（1）用在形容詞后表比較蜀道之難，難于上青天。（2）表處所得復(fù)見(jiàn)將軍于此。（3）表對(duì)象故燕王欲結(jié)于君。2、何（1）副詞，表示程度深，“多么”、“怎么”、“怎么這樣”蠶叢及魚(yú)鳧，開(kāi)國(guó)何茫然。青泥何盤盤，百步九折縈巖巒。（2）表反問(wèn)“為什么”“怎么”徐公何能及君也（3）用作疑問(wèn)代詞。予嘗求古仁人之心，或異二者之為，何哉（4）作賓語(yǔ)，“哪里”“什么”。大王來(lái)何操二、古今異義1危乎高哉古高現(xiàn)危險(xiǎn)2但見(jiàn)悲鳥(niǎo)號(hào)古木古只現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折但是3爾來(lái)四萬(wàn)八千歲古那現(xiàn)你，如此4連峰去天不盈尺相隔現(xiàn)到三、通假字2所守或匪親“匪”通“非”不是四、詞類活用1、調(diào)朱顏。調(diào)，使動(dòng)用法，使凋謝，這里指臉色由紅潤(rùn)變成鐵青。2、砯崖轉(zhuǎn)石萬(wàn)壑雷砯，名詞用作動(dòng)詞，原指水沖擊石壁發(fā)出的響聲，這里作動(dòng)詞用，沖擊的意思。轉(zhuǎn)，使動(dòng)用法，使?jié)L動(dòng)。3、猿猱欲度愁攀援愁，為動(dòng)用法，為發(fā)愁。4、側(cè)身西望長(zhǎng)咨嗟西，名作狀，向西。5、上有六龍回日之高標(biāo)回，使動(dòng)用法，使回轉(zhuǎn)回旋。五、特殊句式賓短語(yǔ)后置句蜀道之難，難于上青天。省略句①不與秦塞通人煙。（主）②上有六龍回日之高標(biāo)，下有沖波逆折之回川。（定）六、文學(xué)常識(shí)本文是一首七言樂(lè)府詩(shī)。作者李白，字太白，號(hào)青蓮居士。李白與杜甫合稱李杜。世稱“詩(shī)仙”。浪漫主義詩(shī)人，有李太白集。