簡介：1THELITTLESEAMAIDFAROUTINTHESEATHEWATERISASBLUEASTHEPETALSOFTHEMOSTBEAUTIFULCORNFLOWER,ANDASCLEARASTHEPURESTGLASSBUTITISVERYDEEP,DEEPERTHANANYCABLEWILLSOUNDMANYSTEEPLESMUSTBEPLACEDONEABOVETHEOTHERTOREACHFROMTHEBOTTOMTOTHESURFACEOFTHEWATERANDDOWNTHERELIVETHESEAPEOPLE在那遙遠的海洋水是藍的花瓣最漂亮的矢車菊,清晰如最純凈的玻璃。但它非常深,深于任何電纜將聲音許多尖塔必須放在一個高于其他達到從底部的水面。和那里的海上生活的人。NOW,YOUMUSTNOTBELIEVETHEREISNOTHINGDOWNTHEREBUTTHEBARESANDNO,－THESTRANGESTTREESANDPLANTSGROWTHERE,SOPLIABLEINTHEIRSTALKSANDLEAVESTHATATTHELEASTMOTIONOFTHEWATERTHEYMOVEJUSTASIFTHEYHADLIFEALLFISHES,GREATANDSMALL,GLIDEAMONGTHETWIGS,JUSTASHERETHEBIRDSDOINTHETREESINTHEDEEPESTSPOTOFALLLIESTHESEAKING’SCASTLETHEWALLSAREOFCORAL,ANDTHETALLPOINTEDWINDOWSOFTHECLEARESTAMBERMUSSELSHELLSFORMTHEROOF,ANDTHEYOPENANDSHUTACCORDINGASTHEWATERFLOWSITLOOKSLOVELY,FORINEACHSHELLLIEGLEAMINGPEARLS,ASINGLEONEOFWHICHWOULDBEAGREATORNAMENTINAQUEEN’SDIADEM現(xiàn)在,你不能相信沒有什么那里但裸沙地不,最奇怪的樹木和植物生長,所以在它們的莖和葉柔韌,至少運動的水他們移動,就像他們的生活。所有的魚、大、小、滑移在樹枝之間,就像這里的鳥在樹上。海里最深的地方是海王的城堡墻上的珊瑚,高尖WINDOWS最明顯的琥珀貽貝殼形成了屋頂,和他們開啟和關(guān)閉根據(jù)水流。它看起來可愛,因為在每個SHELL謊言閃閃發(fā)光的珍珠,一個單一的其中之一將會是一個偉大的點綴在女王的王冠。THESEAKINGBELOWTHEREHADBEENAWIDOWERFORMANYYEARS,WHILEHISOLDMOTHERKEPTHOUSEFORHIMSHEWASACLEVERWOMAN,BUTPROUDOFHERRANK,SOSHEWORETWELVEOYSTERSONHERTAIL,WHILETHEOTHERGREATPEOPLEWEREONLYALLOWEDTOWEARSIXBEYONDTHISSHEWASDESERVINGOFGREATPRAISE,ESPECIALLYBECAUSESHEWASVERYFONDOFHERGRANDDAUGHTERS,THELITTLESEAPRINCESSESTHESEWERESIXPRETTYCHILDRENBUTTHEYOUNGESTWASTHEMOSTBEAUTIFULOFALLHERSKINWASASCLEARANDASFINEASAROSELEAF,HEREYESWEREASBLUEASTHEDEEPESTSEA,BUT,LIKEALLTHEREST,SHEHADNOFEET,FORHERBODYENDEDINAFISHTAIL海王下面有一個做了好多年的鰥夫,而他的老母親一直在為他的房子。她是一個聰明的女人,但她自豪等級,因此她的尾巴上老戴著一打的牡蠣,而其他偉大的人只允許穿6。除此之外她是值得大稱贊的,特別是因為她非常喜歡她的孫女,小海公主。這些都是六個漂亮的孩子,但最年輕的是最漂亮的。她的皮膚又光又得一樣好一個玫瑰花瓣,她的眼睛是蔚藍色的,像最深的海,但是,就像其他的一切,她沒有腳,因為她的身體結(jié)束于一個魚尾巴。ALLDAYLONGTHEYCOULDPLAYINTHECASTLE,DOWNINTHEHALLS,WHERELIVINGFLOWERSGREWOUTOFTHEWALLSTHEGREATAMBERWINDOWSWEREOPENED,ANDTHENTHEFISHESSWAMINTOTHEM,JUSTASTHESWALLOWSFLYINTOUSWHENWEOPENOURWINDOWSBUTTHEFISHESSWAMSTRAIGHTUPTOTHEPRINCESSES,ATEOUTOFTHEIRHANDS,ANDLETTHEMSELVESBESTROKED他們可以玩一整天在城堡里,下面的大廳,那里的生活花長出來的墻壁。偉大的琥珀色的窗戶被打開,然后魚游在他們,就像燕子飛在給我們當我們打開我們的窗戶不過魚兒游直向公主,吃了脫離他們的手,讓自己被撫摸。OUTSIDETHECASTLEWASAGREATGARDENWITHBRIGHTREDANDDARKBLUEFLOWERSTHEFRUITGLOWEDLIKEGOLD,ANDTHEFLOWERSLIKEFLAMESOFFIREANDTHEYCONTINUALLYKEPTMOVINGTHEIRSTALKSANDLEAVESTHEEARTHITSELFWASTHEFINESTSAND,BUTBLUEASTHEFLAMEOFBRIMSTONEAPECULIARBLUERADIANCELAYUPONEVERYTHINGDOWNTHEREONEWOULDHAVETHOUGHTONESELFHIGHINTHEAIR,WITHTHECANOPYOFHEAVENABOVEANDAROUND,RATHERTHANATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEDEEPSEADURINGACALMTHESUNCOULDBESEENITAPPEAREDLIKEAPURPLEFLOWER,FROMWHICHALLLIGHTSTREAMEDOUT3在明年的一個姐妹是十五歲,但每一年的其他人是小于第二因此,最年輕的有充分的五年之前需要等待她能來從海底,了解我們的世界的模樣。但一個承諾要告訴別人她什么都看到了和她所認為最美麗的第一天的訪問,為他們的祖母不能告訴他們足夠的有那么多關(guān)于是他們WANTD信息。NOONEWASMOREANXIOUSABOUTTHESETHINGSTHANTHEYOUNGEST－JUSTTHATONEWHOHADTHELONGESTTIMETOWAIT,ANDWHOWASALWAYSQUIETANDTHOUGHTFULMANYANIGHTSHESTOODBYTHEOPENWINDOW,ANDLOOKEDUPTHROUGHTTHEDARKBLUEWATERATTHEFISHESSPLASHINGWITHTHEIRFINSANDTAILSMOONANDSTARSSHECOULDSEETHEYCERTAINLYSONEQUITEFAINTLY,BUTTHROUGHTHEWATERTHEYLOOKEDMUCHLARGERTHANTHEYAPPEARINOUREYESWHENSOMETHINGLIKEABLACKCLOUDPASSEDAMONGTHEM,SHEKNEWTHATITWASEITHERAWHALESWIMMINGOVERHERHEAD,ORASHIPWITHMANYPEOPLETHEYCERTAINLYDIDNOTTHINKTHATAPRETTYLITTLESEAMAIDWASSTANDINGDOWNBELOWSTRETCHINGUPHERWHITEHANDSTOWARDSTHEKEELOFTHEIRSHIP沒有人更擔心這些事情比年輕的只是,一個得最久等,和那些總是安靜和周到。許多個夜晚她站在開著的窗子,抬起頭通過深藍色的水濺的魚類與它們的鰭和尾巴。她能看到月亮和星星他們肯定宋相當微弱,但透過一層水,它們看起來遠遠大于他們出現(xiàn)在我們的眼睛。當一些像黑色云之間傳遞它們,她知道這不是一條鯨魚在她的頭,或游泳一艘載有許多人他們當然不認為一個漂亮的小人魚站在下面延伸到她的白的手向龍骨的船。NOWTHEELDESTPRINCESSWASFIFTEENYEARSOLD,ANDMIGHTMOUNTUPTOTHESURFACEOFTHESEAWHENSHECAMEBACK,SHEHADAHUNDREDTHINGSTOTELL－BUTTHEFINESTTHING,SHESAID,WASTOLIEINTHEMOONSHINEONASANDBANKINTHEQUIETSEA,ANDTOLOOKATTHENEIGHBOURINGCOAST,WITHTHELARGETOWN,WHERETHELIGHTSTWINKLEDLIKEAHUNDREDSTARS,ANDTOHEARTHEMUSICANDTHENOISEANDCLAMOUROFCARRIAGESANDMEN,TOSEETHEMANYCHURCHSTEEPLES,ANDTOHEARTHESOUNDOFTHEBELLSJUSTBECAUSESHECOULDNOTGETUPTOTHESE,SHELONGEDFORTHEMMORETHANFORANYTHING現(xiàn)在最大的那位公主已經(jīng)到了十五歲,可以升到水面大海。當她回來時,她有一百件事情告訴,但最好的事情,她說,就是躺在一堆沙丘里的月光在安靜的海,看看鄰近的海岸,大的城鎮(zhèn),那里的燈光閃爍如一百顆恒星,和聽音樂和噪音和喧鬧的車廂和男人,看到許多教堂尖頂和聽的鐘聲。僅僅因為她無法得到這些,她渴望他們超過一切。OH,HOWTHEYOUNGESTSISTERLISTENEDANDAFTERWARDSWHENSHESTOODATTHEOPENWINDOWANDLOOKEDUPTHROUGHTHEDARKBLUEWATER,SHETHOUGHTOFTHEGREATCITYWITHALLITSBUSTLEANDNOISEANDTHENSHETHOUGHTSHECOULDHEARTHECHURCHBELLSRINGING,EVENDOWNTOTHEDEPTHWHERESHEWAS哦,最小的妹妹聽然后當她站在開著的窗子,抬頭透過深藍色的水,她認為偉大的城市,所有的喧囂和噪聲然后她認為她能聽到教堂鐘聲,甚至深入到深度,在那里她。INTHEFOLLOWINGYEAR,THESECONDSISTERRECEIVEDPERMISSIONTOMOUNTUPWARDTHROUGHTHEWATERANDTOSWIMWHITHERSHEPLEASEDSHEROSEUPJUSTASTHESUNWASSETTINGANDTHISSPECTACLE,SHESAID,WASTHEMOSTBEATUTIFULTHEWHOLESKYLOOKEDLIKEGOLD,SHESAID,ANDASTOTHECLOUDS,SHECOULDNOTPROPERLYDESCRIBETHEIRBEAUTYTHEYSAILEDAWAYOVERHERHEAD,PURPLEANDVIOLETCOLOURED,BUTFARQUICKERTHANTHECLOUDSTHEREFLEWAFLIGHTOFWILDSWANS,LIKEALONGWHITEVEIL,OVERTHEWATERTOWARDSWHERETHESUNSTOODSHESWAMTOWARDSTHEMBUTTHESUNSANK,ANDTHEROSEATEHUEFADEDONTHESEAANDINTHECLOUDS在接下來的一年,第二個姐姐得到許可,可以掛載向上穿過水和游到哪里她高興。她起來就像太陽落山了,這景象,她說,是最白衣。整個天空看起來像黃金一樣,她說,和以云,她不能正確地描述自己的美麗。他們頭上啟航,紫色和紫羅蘭色,但速度遠甚于云有一只野天鵝飛航班的,就像一個長長的白紗,在水面上朝著太陽站。她游向他們但太陽沉沒,粉紅色調(diào)褪色的海洋和在云層中。INTHEFOLLOWINGYEARTHENEXTSISTERWENTUPSHEWASTHEBOLDESTOFTHEMALL,ANDTHEREFORE

簡介：1文言文翻譯訓練題文言文翻譯訓練題（附答案）（附答案）遼寧省營口開發(fā)區(qū)熊岳高中丁君2003年10月30日1列子學射，中矣，請于關(guān)尹子。尹于曰“子知子之所以中者乎”對曰“弗知也?！标P(guān)尹子曰“未可?！蓖硕曋?，又報以關(guān)尹子。尹子曰“子知子之所以中乎”列子曰；“知之矣?！标P(guān)尹子曰“可矣。守而勿失也。非獨射也，為國與身亦皆如之?！绷凶诱f符篇2．王元澤即王雱，王安石的兒子數(shù)歲時，客有以一獐一鹿同籠以問雱“何者是獐何者為鹿”雱實未識，良久，對曰“獐邊者是鹿，鹿邊者是獐?！笨痛笃嬷粝P談3．先公指歐陽修四歲而孤，家貧無資。太夫人以荻畫地，教以書字。多誦古人篇章，使學為詩。及其稍長，而家無書讀，就閭里士人家借而讀之，或因而抄錄。抄錄未畢，已能誦其書。以至晝夜忘寢食，惟讀書是務。自幼所作詩賦文字，下筆已如成人。歐陽發(fā)歐陽公事跡4．賈島初赴舉，在京師。一日，于驢上得句云“鳥宿池邊樹，僧敲月下門。”又欲“推”字，煉之未定。于驢上吟哦。引手作推敲之勢，觀者訝之。時韓退之權(quán)京兆尹，車騎方出；島不覺，行至第三節(jié)，尚為手勢未已。俄為左右擁至尹前。島具對所得詩句“‘推’字與‘敲’字未定，神游象外，不知回避?！蓖酥ⅠR久之，謂島曰“‘敲’字佳。”遂并轡而歸，共論詩道，留連累日，因與島為布衣之交。宋詩話總龜推敲5．李超，宇魁吾，淄之西鄙人。豪爽好施。偶一僧來托缽，李飽啖之。僧甚感荷，乃曰“吾少林出也。有薄技，請以相授。”李喜，館之客舍，豐其給，旦夕從學。三月，藝頗精，意甚得。僧問“汝益乎”曰“益矣。師所能者，我已盡能之?！鄙α罾钤嚻浼肌＠钅私庖峦偈?，如猿飛，如鳥落，騰躍移時，詡詡?cè)唤徊娑?。僧又笑曰“可矣，于即盡吾能，請一角低昂?！崩钚廊?，即各交臂作勢。既而技撐格拒，李時時蹈僧瑕。僧忽一腳挪，李已仰跌丈余。僧撫掌曰“子尚未盡吾能也”聊齋志異3之下，羊相呼藏于深林之中。太平御覽符子12．莊宗好田獵。獵于中牟，踐民田。中牟縣令當馬切諫為民請。莊宗怒叱縣令去，將殺之。伶人敬新磨知其不可，乃率諸伶走追縣令，擒至馬前，責之曰“汝為縣令，獨不知吾天子好獵邪奈何縱民稼穡，以供賦稅何不饑汝縣民，而空此地，以備吾天子之馳騁汝罪當死?！币蚯罢堌叫行?，諸伶共倡和之。莊宗大笑，縣令乃得免去。五代史伶官傳13．明季吳縣洞庭山鄉(xiāng)有樵子者，貌髯而偉，姓名不著，絕有力，目不知書，然好聽人談古今事。常激于義，出言辨是非，儒者無以難。嘗荷薪至演劇所觀精忠記所謂秦檜者出，髯怒，飛躍上臺，摔秦檜毆，流血幾斃。眾驚救，髯曰“若為丞相，奸似此，不毆殺何待”眾曰“此戲也，非真檜。”髯曰“吾亦知戲，故毆；若真檜，膏吾斧矣”明顧彩髯樵傳14．宋濂嘗與客飲，帝密使人偵視。冀日，問濂昨日飲酒否，坐客為誰，饌何物。濂具以實對。笑曰“誠然，卿不朕欺?！遍g召，問群臣藏否，濂惟舉其善者對，曰”善者與臣交，臣知之；其不善者，不能知也。”明史15．后漢司馬徽不談人短，與人語美惡皆言“好”。有人問徽安否，答曰“好?！庇腥俗躁愖铀溃鹪弧按蠛??！逼挢熤弧叭艘跃械?，故此相告，何聞人子死，反言好”徽曰“如卿言亦大好?！瘪T夢龍古今譚概16．客有為齊王畫者，齊王問曰“畫孰最難者”曰“犬馬最難”?！笆胱钜渍摺痹弧肮眵茸钜住７蛉R人所知也，旦暮罄于前，不可類之，故難；鬼魅無形者，不罄于前，故易之也。”17．客有教燕王為不死之道者，王使人學之，所使學者未及學而客死。王大怒，誅之。王不知

簡介：文言文翻譯強化訓練題將文中劃線的句子翻譯成現(xiàn)代漢語。（每題8分）1．顏淵季路侍。子曰“盍各言爾志?！弊勇吩弧霸杠囻R衣輕①裘，與朋友共，敝之而無憾?！鳖仠Y曰“愿無伐善，無施勞?！弊勇吩弧霸嘎勛又??！弊釉弧袄险甙仓?，朋友信之，少者懷②之。”（論語公冶長）注①“輕”可能是多出的字。②懷歸依。子曰“盍各言爾志?！弊g文愿車馬衣輕裘，與朋友共，敝之而無憾。譯文子曰“老者安之，朋友信之，少者懷之?！弊g文2．厲王虐，國人謗王。邵公告王曰“民不堪命矣。”王怒。得衛(wèi)巫，使監(jiān)謗者。以告，則殺之。國人莫敢言，道路以目。王喜，告邵公曰“吾得弭謗矣，乃不敢言”邵公曰“是障之也。防民之口甚于防川。川壅而潰，傷人必多，民亦如之。是故為川者決之使導，為民者宣之使言。夫民慮之于心而宣之于口，成而行之。胡可壅也若壅其口，其與能幾何”王不聽。于是國人莫敢言，三年，乃流王于彘。（國語周語）（1）國人莫敢言，道路以目。譯文（2）是故為川者決之使導，為民者宣之使言。譯文（3）若壅其口，其與能幾何譯文3．季文子相宣成①，無衣帛之妾②，無食粟之馬。仲孫它諫曰“子為魯上卿，相二君矣，妾不衣帛，馬不食粟，人其以子為愛，且不華國乎”文子曰“吾亦愿之。然吾觀國人，其父兄之食粗而衣惡者猶多矣，吾是以不敢。”人之父兄食粗衣惡，而我美妾與馬，無乃非相人者乎且吾聞以德榮為國華，不聞以妾與馬。（國語魯語）注①宣成指春秋時期魯宣公和魯成公。②妾指婢女。（1）妾不衣帛，馬不食粟，人其以子為愛，且不華國乎譯文（2）人之父兄食粗衣惡，而我美妾與馬，無乃非相人者乎譯文4．龐蔥與太子質(zhì)于邯鄲。謂魏王曰“今一人言市有虎，王信之乎”王曰“否?！薄岸搜允杏谢?，王信之乎”王曰“寡人疑之矣?！薄叭搜允杏谢?，王信之乎”王曰“寡人信之矣?！睂櫴[曰“①夫市之無虎，明矣，然而三人言而成虎。今邯鄲去大梁注①咻喧嘩打擾。②莊岳之間指齊國國都臨淄著名的鬧市和居民區(qū)。（1）欲其子之齊語也，則使齊人傅諸使楚人傅諸譯文（2）雖日撻而求其齊也，不可得矣。譯文（3）王誰與為善譯文8．莊周家貧，故往貸粟于監(jiān)河侯。監(jiān)河侯曰“諾。我將得邑金，將貸子三百金，可乎”莊周忿然作色曰“周昨來，有中道而呼者，周顧視，車轍中有鮒魚焉。周問之曰‘鮒魚，來子何為者邪’對曰‘我，東海之波臣也。君豈有斗升之水而活我哉’周曰‘諾。我且南游吳越之王，激西江之水而迎子，可乎’鮒魚忿然作色曰‘吾失我常與，我無所處，吾得斗升之水然活耳。君乃言此，曾不如早索我于枯魚之肆?！保ㄇf子雜篇）（1）莊周家貧，故往貸粟于監(jiān)河侯。譯文（2）周昨來，有中道而呼者，周顧視，車轍中有鮒魚焉。譯文（3）吾失我常與，我無所處，吾得斗升之水然活耳。譯文9．曾子之妻之市，其子隨之而泣。其母曰“女還，顧反為女殺彘?！逼捱m市來，曾子欲捕彘而殺之。妻止之曰“特與嬰兒戲耳。”曾子曰“嬰兒非與戲也。嬰兒非有知也，待父母而學者也，聽父母之教。今子欺之，是教子欺也。母欺子而不信其母，非以成教也?！彼炫脲橐病＃n非子外儲說左上）（1）女還，顧反為女殺彘。譯文（2）妻止之曰“特與嬰兒戲耳?！弊g文（3）母欺子而不信其母，非以成教也?！彼炫脲橐?。譯文10．臣聞地廣者粟多，國大者人眾，兵強則士勇。是以泰山不讓土壤，故能成其大；河海不擇細流，故能就其深；王者不卻眾庶，故能明其德。是以地無四方，民無異國，四時充美，鬼神降福此五帝三王之所以無敵也。今乃棄黔首①以資敵國，卻賓客以業(yè)諸侯，使天下之士退而不敢西向，裹足不入秦，此所謂藉寇兵而赍②盜糧者也。（史記李斯列傳）注①黔首秦稱百姓為黔首。②赍（Jī）送東西給別人。（1）是以泰山不讓土壤，故能成其大；河海不擇細流，故能就其深。譯文（2）今乃棄黔首以資敵國，卻賓客以業(yè)諸侯，使天下之士退而不敢西向，裹足不入

簡介：外文文獻外文文獻THEPROJECTMANAGEMENTOFFICEASANORGANISATIONALINNOVATIONBRIANHOBBS,MONIQUEAUBRY,DENISTHUILLIERUNIVERSITYOFQUEBECATMONTREAL,DEPARTMENTOFMANAGEMENTANDTECHNOLOGY,POBOX8888,DOWNTOWNSTATION,MONTREAL,QUE,CANADAH3C3P8RECEIVED15MAY2008ACCEPTED20MAY2008ABSTRACTTHEPAPERPRESENTSANINVESTIGATIONOFTHECREATIONANDTHERECONFIGURATIONOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTOFFICESPMOSASANORGANIZATIONALINNOVATIONTHEANALYSISOF11ORGANISATIONALTRANSFORMATIONSCENTREDONTHEIMPLEMENTATIONORRECONFIGURATIONOFPMOSISPRESENTEDTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPAPERISTOCONTRIBUTETOABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFPMOSANDOFTHEDYNAMICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROJECTMANAGEMENTANDTHEORGANISATIONALCONTEXTTHEAIMISALSOTOINTEGRATETHEEXAMINATIONOFPMOSASANORGANISATIONALINNOVATIONINTOTHEMAINSTREAMOFRESEARCHONTHEPLACEOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTINORGANISATIONSANDMOREWIDELYTOTHE‘‘RETHINKINGOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT”1INTRODUCTIONQUITEOFTENOVERTHELASTDECADE,THEOBSERVATIONHASBEENMADETHATORGANISATIONSAREFACINGANEWCONTEXTCHARACTERIZEDBYINCREASEDCOMPETITION,INCREASEDRATESOFPRODUCT,SERVICEANDPROCESSINNOVATIONANDANINCREASINGEMPHASISONTIMETOMARKETORGANISATIONSHAVERESPONDEDTOTHESECHALLENGESBYDEVELOPINGNEW,MOREFLEXIBLEORGANISATIONALFORMS1INWHICHPROJECTSAREBOTHMORENUMEROUSANDMORESTRATEGICALLYIMPORTANT2ASPARTOFTHERESPONSETOTHESENEWCHALLENGESANDASPARTOFTHEMOVEMENTTOINCREASEBOTHTHENUMBERANDTHESTRATEGICIMPORTANCEOFPROJECTSMANYORGANISATIONSHAVEIMPLEMENTEDANEWORGANISATIONALENTITYTHEMOSTCOMMONNAMEFORWHICHISTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTOFFICEORPMOTHEPMOHASBEENADDRESSEDEXTENSIVELYINTHEPROFESSIONALLITERATURE3–5HOWEVER,THEREHASBEENVERYLITTLETHEORETICALOREMPIRICALRESEARCHONTHETOPICINADDITION,THISORGANISATIONALINNOVATIONHASNOTBEENEXAMINEDEXTENSIVELYWITHINTHELITERATURESTREAMDESCRIBEDABOVEWITHTHECONTRIBUTIONOFNEWKNOWLEDGESTEMMINGFROMAVARIETYOFSOURCESECONOMICS9–11,ORGANISATIONALMANAGEMENT12,SOCIOLOGY13ANDSOCIALECOLOGY14OTHERSPROVIDEACATEGORIZATIONOFINNOVATIONBASEDONPRODUCT,PROCESSORARCHITECTURE15,16INTHISPERSPECTIVE,ORGANISATIONSARECONSIDEREDTOBEVERYSIMILAR,RESPONDINGTOTHESAMEINCENTIVESTHEOBJECTIVESOFRESEARCHAREOFTENTOPROVIDEORGANISATIONSWITHPRACTICALSOLUTIONSDETERMININGFACTORSTOINNOVATIVESUCCESSINNOVATIONTHEORYISNOWSHIFTINGTOASOCIALINNOVATIONAPPROACH,BROADENINGTHECONCEPTOFTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONTOASOCIALSYSTEM‘‘THESOCIOLOGICALCRUCIALPOINTISTHATORGANISATIONSHAVENOTONLYBECOMEPROMINENTACTORSINSOCIETY,THEYMAYHAVEBECOMETHEONLYKINDOFACTORWITHSIGNIFICANTCULTURALANDPOLITICALINFLUENCEYET,RECENTORGANISATIONTHEORYHASSURPRISINGLYLITTLETOSAYABOUTHOWORGANISATIONSAFFECTTHESOCIETY”13,P148NEWQUESTIONSHAVEEMERGEDWHICHLEADTOMOTIVATIONTHEORYANDTOTHECONTEXTOFINNOVATIONTHATREHABILITATESHISTORYALONGWITHINNOVATION,THUSINTRODUCINGTHETEMPORALELEMENTTOTHESOCIALINNOVATIONSYSTEM17,18THISHISTORICALPERSPECTIVEWASANATURALSTEPAFTERTHEECOLOGICALMODELWHICHDEMONSTRATEDTHEUSEFULNESSOFTHEBIOLOGICALMETAPHORWITHTHECONCEPTSOFEVOLUTIONANDCOEVOLUTION19THISSOCIALAPPROACHPAVEDTHEWAYFORLOOKINGATORGANISATIONSASPARTOFTHESOCIALINNOVATIONSYSTEMANDNEWFORMSOFSTRUCTUREASINNOVATIONSALONGTHISLINEOFTHOUGHT,INNOVATIONISVIEWEDASANARTOR,MOREEXACTLY,ASACRAFT18INNOVATIONTHENBECOMESACREATIVEACT,THEDYNAMICCONSTRUCTIONOFSOMETHINGNEWINWHICHITCANBEDIFFICULTTODISCERNANYREGULARPATTERN12032FROMEVOLUTIONARYTHEORYTOCOEVOLUTIONTHEEVOLUTIONARYTHEORYWASDEVELOPEDINTHETHEORYOFORGANIZATIONSBASEDONABIOLOGICALMETAPHORABASICEVOLUTIONARYMODELOFANORGANISATIONENVISIONSITASACOLLECTIONOFROUTINESORSTABLEBUNDLESOFACTIVITIESWITHTIME,VARIATIONOCCURSWITHINTHESEROUTINESWITHTHERESULTTHATANYGIVENSETOFROUTINESEVOLVES,WHETHERINTENTIONALLYORNOTACERTAINNUMBEROFNEWROUTINESARETHENADOPTEDASTEMPORARILYPERMANENTPRACTICESTHISSIMPLEVARIATION–SELECTION–RETENTIONREPEATSCONTINUOUSLY21,P76EVOLUTIONARYTHEORIESAREMADEUPOFTWOMAJORGROUPSCONTINGENCYTHEORIESANDSOCIALTHEORIESCONTINGENCYTHEORIESCONSIDERTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEASANEXOGENOUSPHENOMENONWHICHTRIGGERSORGANISATIONALEVOLUTION8,22THISDETERMINISTICAPPROACHMAKESSTRUCTURAL

簡介：工程項目管理中的造價管理工程項目管理中的造價管理COSTMANAGEMENTINTHEENGINEERINGPROJECTMANAGEMENT論文摘要工程造價控制是工程建設管理工作的重要組成部分，如何合理確定和有效控制工程投資，是工程項目管理的一大難題。本文系統(tǒng)地分析了工程項目整個過程的造價控制的主要影響因素，并提出了有效的、切實可行的造價管理措施。ABSTRACTTHEPROJECTCOSTCONTROLISANIMPORTANTPARTOFPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTWORK,HOWTODETERMINEAREASONABLEANDEFFECTIVECONTROLOFPROJECTINVESTMENT,ISABIGPROBLEMINTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTTHISPAPERSYSTEMATICALLYANALYZESTHEMAININFLUENCEFACTORSOFCOSTCONTROLOFTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFENGINEERINGPROJECT,ANDPROPOSESEFFECTIVE,FEASIBLECOSTMANAGEMENTMEASURES論文關(guān)鍵詞工程；項目管理；造價管理KEYWORDSPROJECTPROJECTMANAGEMENTENGINEERINGCOSTMANAGEMENT在工程項目建立和實施過程中，如何有效地利用投入建設工程的人力、物力、財力，以盡量少的勞動和物質(zhì)消耗，取得較高的經(jīng)濟和社會效益，是工程項目管理中的一個十分重要的問題。工程造價管理。工程造價管理的目的不僅在于控制項目投資不超過批準的造價限額，更在于從項目的整體利益出發(fā)，合理地使用人力、物力、財力，以取得最大的投資效益。ESTABLISHMENTANDIMPLEMENTATIONPROCESSINTHEPROJECT,HOWTOEFFECTIVELYUSETHEINPUTOFCONSTRUCTIONENGINEERINGOFTHEHUMAN,MATERIALANDFINANCIALRESOURCES,TOMINIMIZETHECONSUMPTIONOFLABORANDMATERIAL,TOACHIEVEGOODECONOMICANDSOCIALBENEFITS,ISAVERYIMPORTANTPROBLEMINENGINEERINGPROJECTMANAGEMENTPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENTTHEPURPOSEOFPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENTISNOTONLYTHECOSTQUOTACONTROLPROJECTINVESTMENTDOESNOTEXCEEDTHEAPPROVED,BUTFROMTHEOVERALLINTERESTSOFTHEPROJECT,THERATIONALUSEOFHUMAN,MATERIALANDFINANCIALRESOURCES,,TOOBTAINTHEMAXIMUMINVESTMENTBENEFIT一個建設項目從醞釀、規(guī)劃、設計到建成投產(chǎn)包括以下程序即項目建議書階段、可行性評估階段、設計階段、施工階段、竣工驗收階段。相應地，工程造價的確定與工程建設階段性工作相適應，一般分為以下幾個階段一是決策階段的造價管理；二是設計與計劃階段的造價管理；三是實施階段的造價管理；四是竣工階段的造價管理。ACONSTRUCTIONPROJECTFROMTHEBREWING,PLANNING,DESIGNTOPUTINTOOPERATIONINCLUDESTHEFOLLOWINGPROCEDURESTHEPROJECTPROPOSALSTAGE,FEASIBILITYEVALUATIONSTAGE,DESIGNSTAGE,CONSTRUCTIONSTAGE,THECOMPLETIONACCEPTANCESTAGEACCORDINGLY,TODETERMINETHEPROJECTCOSTANDPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONSTAGEWORK,GENERALLYDIVIDEDINTOTHEFOLLOWINGSTAGESONEISTHECOSTMANAGEMENTDECISIONMAKINGSTAGETWOISTHECOSTMANAGEMENTINDESIGNANDPLANNINGSTAGETHREEISTOIMPLEMENTTHECOSTMANAGEMENTFOURISTHECOMPLETIONOFTHECONSTRUCTIONCOSTMANAGEMENT一、決策階段的造價管理I,DECISIONMAKINGPHASEOFTHECOSTMANAGEMENT決策階段的投資估算是項目建設前期編制項目建議書和可行性研究報告的重要組成部分，是進行投資方案選擇的重要依據(jù)之一。決策階段影響工程造價的主要因素有建設標準水平的確定；建設地區(qū)的選擇；建設地點（廠址）的選擇；項目的經(jīng)濟規(guī)模；工藝評選；設備選用。ESTIMATEDINVESTMENTDECISIONMAKINGSTAGEISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHEEARLIERSTAGEOFPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTPROPOSALANDFEASIBILITYSTUDYREPORT,ANDISONEOFTHEIMPORTANTBASISFORINVESTMENTOPTIONSTHEDECISIONSTAGEOFTHEMAINFACTORSAFFECTINGTHEPROJECTCOSTIDENTIFYTHELEVELOFCONSTRUCTIONSTANDARDSCONSTRUCTIONAREASELECTIONCONSTRUCTIONSITESITESCHOICEDEVELOPMENTTECHNOLOGYSELECTIONEQUIPMENTSELECTION總體工程造價控制打好基礎。在設計過程中，可以利用價值工程對設計方案進行經(jīng)濟性比較分析，對不合理的設計方案提出意見，從而達到控制造價、節(jié)約投資的目的。在工程項目中，針對該階段，我們可采取以下措施對工程項目進行造價管理THUS,NOTONLYINTHEDESIGNWORK,DESIGNDRAWINGSHASNOTDELIVEREDFORUSEBEFORETHEPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENTISTHEFIRSTPASS,INORDERTOLAYAGOODFOUNDATIONFORTHEOVERALLPROJECTCOSTCONTROLINTHEDESIGNPROCESS,YOUCANUSETHEVALUEENGINEERINGTOTHEDESIGNOFECONOMICCOMPARISONANALYSIS,PUTFORWARDOPINIONSONTHEDESIGNUNREASONABLE,SOASTOCONTROLTHECOST,SAVETHEINVESTMENTOBJECTIVEINTHEPROJECT,AIMINGATTHISSTAGE,WECANTAKETHEFOLLOWINGMEASURESFORCOSTMANAGEMENTOFENGINEERINGPROJECTS（一）建立必要的規(guī)章制度，明確各部門及崗位的權(quán)責，分工明確，獎懲分明AESTABLISHINGTHENECESSARYRULESANDREGULATIONS,CLEARTHEVARIOUSDEPARTMENTSANDJOBRESPONSIBILITIES,ACLEARDIVISIONOFLABOR,REWARDSANDPUNISHMENTS只有明晰的文件管理制度，把工程技術(shù)人員和經(jīng)濟技術(shù)人員的責、權(quán)、利與工程造價管理掛上鉤，才能調(diào)動他們的積極性，才能把設計與計劃階段的造價管理工作做細致、準確。ONLYCLEARTHEFILEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,THEENGINEERINGANDTECHNICALPERSONNELANDECONOMICANDTECHNICALPERSONNELOFTHERESPONSIBILITY,RIGHT,BENEFITANDCOSTMANAGEMENTOFPROJECTOFHANGINGHOOK,TOMOBILIZETHEIRENTHUSIASM,CANTHEDESIGNANDPLANNINGPHASEOFTHECOSTMANAGEMENTWORKTODOMETICULOUS,ACCURATE（二）加強技術(shù)培訓，不斷提高各方面人員的綜合素質(zhì)BTOSTRENGTHENTHETECHNICALTRAINING,ANDCONTINUOUSLYIMPROVETHECOMPREHENSIVEQUALITYOFTHESTAFF設計與計劃階段工程造價管理是一項綜合性的工作，設計人員和經(jīng)濟技術(shù)人員要具備較好的綜合素質(zhì)才行。THEDESIGNANDPLANNINGSTAGEOFPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENTISACOMPREHENSIVEWORK,DESIGNSTHEPERSONNELANDTHEECONOMICANDTECHNICALPERSONNELSHOULDPOSSESSGOODCOMPREHENSIVEQUALITY（三）把限額設計作為工程造價管理的重要手段CTHEQUOTADESIGNASANIMPORTANTMEANSOFPROJECTCOSTMANAGEMENT要求設計單位在工程設計中推行限額設計，凡是能進行定量分析的設計內(nèi)容，均要通過計算，技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟相結(jié)合用數(shù)據(jù)說話，在設計時應充分考慮施工的可能性和經(jīng)濟性，要和技術(shù)水平和管理水平相適應。DESIGNUNITSTOCARRYOUTQUOTADESIGNINENGINEERINGDESIGN,WHICHCANDESIGNTHECONTENTOFQUANTITATIVEANALYSIS,BOTHBYCALCULATION,THECOMBINATIONOFTECHNOLOGYANDECONOMICDATATOSPEAK,INTHEDESIGNSHOULDFULLYCONSIDERTHEPOSSIBILITYANDECONOMICCONSTRUCTION,ANDTHELEVELOFTECHNOLOGYANDMANAGEMENTTOADAPT三、實施階段的造價管理CTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHECOSTMANAGEMENT工程實施階段，在整個項目的建設周期中所占用的時間最長，投入的資金量最大，是建設項目價值和使用價值實現(xiàn)的主要階段，也是貨幣資金轉(zhuǎn)化為建筑實體的關(guān)鍵階段。實施階段影響工程造價的主要因素有工程招投標、合同的簽訂與管理、施工組織設計的審查、材料管理及竣工結(jié)算審核。THEPROJECTIMPLEMENTATIONSTAGE,OCCUPIEDINTHEWHOLEPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONPERIODOFTIMEISTHELONGEST,LARGESTFUNDSINTO,ISTHEMAINSTAGEOFTHECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTVALUEANDUSEVALUEREALIZATION,ITISALSOAKEYSTAGEOFMONETARYFUNDSINTOTHECONSTRUCTIONENTITYIMPLEMENTATIONSTAGESOFTHEMAINFACTORSAFFECTINGTHEPROJECTCOSTTHEPROJECTBIDDING,CONTRACTSIGNINGANDMANAGEMENT,THECONSTRUCTIONORGANIZATIONDESIGNREVIEW,MATERIALMANAGEMENTANDCOMPLETIONSETTLEMENTAUDIT盡管工程實施階段節(jié)約投資的比例相對較小，但由于種種原因造成浪費投資的可能性卻很大，因為建筑實體的形成過程是不可逆的，如果在此階段未能實現(xiàn)對工程造價的有效控制，造成的經(jīng)濟損失將無法挽回和彌補。在這一階段，我們可采取以下措施對工程項目進行造價管理ALTHOUGHTHEPROJECTIMPLEMENTATIONSTAGEOFSAVINGINVESTMENTRATIOISRELATIVELYSMALL,BUTTHEPOSSIBILITYDUETO

簡介：設計巴巴工作室WWW88DOC88COM設計巴巴工作室WWW88DOC88COMFIRST,OPTIMIZEDDESIGN,THEDESIGNOFEFFECTIVECONTROLOFPROJECTCOSTIFTHEQUALITYANDTRYTOMEETTHENATIONALREQUIREMENTS,FUNCTIONSAREUSEDTOMEETREQUIREMENTSRELATEDTOCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSONLYAONETIMEINVESTMENTTOMEETTHEAPPLICATIONREQUIREMENTS,NOTONLYCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSRELATEDTOTHENUMBEROFONETIMEINVESTMENT,BUTALSOINTHECOMPLETIONAFTERDELIVERYOFTHEIMPACTOFTHEECONOMICBENEFITSOFTHEPROJECTFOREIGNEXPERTSPOINTEDOUTTHATALTHOUGHTHEDESIGNOFTHEPROJECTCOSTSREPRESENTASMALLPROPORTIONOFTOTALINVESTMENT,LESSTHAN1,BUTTHEIMPACTOFITSPROJECTCOSTTOACHIEVETHELEVELOF75ITISCLEARTHATTHEPROJECTDESIGNSTAGETODOAGOODJOBOFCOSTCONTROLISCOSTEFFECTIVECONTROLOFTHEKEY,RECONSTRUCTION,LIGHTDESIGNCONCEPTMUSTBEOVERCOMETOCONTROLTHECOSTOFTHEPROJECTDESIGNSHOULDSTARTTHEREFORE,THECONSTRUCTIONUNITSANDDESIGNUNITSINTHEREVIEWOFTHEDESIGN,ATTENTIONSHOULDBEPAIDTODESIGNOPTIMIZATION,THEUSEOFVARIOUSINDICATORSOFTHEOVERALLPLANOFTHEFACTORY,INDUSTRIALBUILDINGDESIGNANALYSISOFSPACECOMPAREDTOTHEDESIGNOFTHESETWOASPECTSOFTHEPROJECTCOST,NOTONLYHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACT,ANDAFTERTHECONSTRUCTIONANDOPERATIONOFTHEPRODUCTION,MANAGEMENTHASASIGNIFICANTIMPACTSECOND,THEIMPLEMENTATIONOFPROJECTSDESIGNEDTOCONTROLPROJECTCOSTLIMIT,INTHEDESIGNPROCESSUSEDINTHEDESIGNLIMITTHESOCALLEDLIMITISINACCORDANCEWITHTHEAPPROVEDDESIGNOFTHEINVESTMENTFEASIBILITYSTUDYTOESTIMATETHEPRELIMINARYDESIGNOFTHECONTROL,INACCORDANCEWITHTHEAPPROVEDBUDGETFORTHEPRELIMINARYDESIGNOFTHETOTALCONTROLOFTHETECHNICALDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONDESIGN,ATTHESAMETIMEENSURETHATTHEGOALSOFTHEPROFESSIONUNDERTHEPREMISEOFTHEUSEOFFUNCTION,ACCORDINGTOTHEALLOCATIONOFINVESTMENTLIMITCONTROLDESIGN,ANDSTRICTLYCONTROLUNREASONABLECHANGETOENSURETHATTHETOTALAMOUNTOFINVESTMENTWILLNOTBEABREAKTHROUGHTHEPRELIMINARYDESIGNSTAGESHOULDBEINACCORDANCEWITHTHEAPPROVEDFEASIBILITYSTUDYSTAGEOFTHEINVESTMENTESTIMATEFORTHELIMITDESIGN,CONTROLOFBUDGETESTIMATESDONOTEXCEEDTHEINVESTMENT,MAINLYINENGINEERINGANDEQUIPMENTIS,THECONTROLMATERIALTOTHISEND,THEPRELIMINARYDESIGNPHASEOFTHELIMITAMOUNTOFDESIGNENGINEERINGPHASEOFTHEFEASIBILITYSTUDYSHOULDBEVALIDATEDANDEQUIPMENTDESIGNENGINEERING,MATERIALSTANDARDSASTHEBASIS,THEFEASIBILITYSTUDYSTAGEOFCERTAINTYPESOFPROJECTSISNOTEASYTODETERMINETHEAMOUNTOFLIGHTDESIGNANDUNIVERSALDESIGNORSIMILARPROJECTSHAVEBEENBUILTTODETERMINETHEAMOUNTOFPHYSICALWORKSQUOTAATTHEPRELIMINARYDESIGN,THEDESIGNOFTHEPROFESSIONALSTAFFTOENHANCEAWARENESSOFPROJECTCOST,INSTRICTACCORDANCEWITHTHEDECOMPOSITIONOFTHELIMITDESIGNANDCONTROLOFINVESTMENTPROJECTS,ASWELLASTOENSURETHATUNDERTHECONDITIONSOFTHEUSEOFFUNCTIONALDESIGN,SOUGHTTOPROJECTCOSTCONTROLANDENGINEERINGINTHELIMITCTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEOFPROJECTCOSTCONTROLPROJECTISTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEOFTHEFORMATIVESTAGESOFBUILDINGPHYSICAL,HUMAN,MATERIALANDFINANCIALRESOURCESOFTHEMAINSTAGEOFCONSUMPTIONLARGEPROJECTSINVOLVINGAWIDERANGEOFINFLUENCINGFACTORS,ANDCONSTRUCTIONCYCLES,POLICYCHANGES,MATERIALSANDEQUIPMENTPRICES,LARGEFLUCTUATIONSINMARKETSUPPLYANDDEMANDANDSOONTOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFTHECONSTRUCTION,CONTROLPROJECTCOST,INVESTMENTRETURNSTOPLAY,ITISNECESSARYTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEOFTHEPROJECTTOSTRENGTHENPROJECTMANAGEMENTANDOVERSIGHTFUNCTIONSINORDERTOENHANCETHEFULLRANGEOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS,THEWHOLEPROCESSOFCOSTCONTROLDUETOTHECOMPLEXITYOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS,THEIMPACTOFFACTORSOFVARIABILITYOFTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEOFPROJECTSOFTENHAVESOMEUNEXPECTEDCOSTSFIRST,THEEFFECTIVECONTROLOFENGINEERINGCHANGEANDECONOMICACCESSATTHEPROJECTSITECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS,ENGINEERINGANDONSITEVISACHANGEISINEVITABLE,BUTTHEREISCAPACITYTOCONTROLDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPLANSINORDERTOPREVENTLOOPHOLESINTHEDESIGN,WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHEAUDITCHECKSSHOULDPARTYBINAJOINTHEARINGOFTHEDRAWINGS,THETECHNICALADVICEANDDESIGNTOELIMINATE,INAWORD,SHOULDBESTARTEDPRIORTOTHEERADICATIONOFTHEDESIGNCHANGESSHOULDBEADVANCEDASFARASPOSSIBLE,CHANGEOCCURREDEARLIER,THESMALLERTHELOSS,THEGREATERTHECONTRASTTOTHISEND,THEDESIGNOFCHANGEMANAGEMENTMUSTBESTRENGTHENEDASMUCHASPOSSIBLETHEDESIGNCHANGECONTROLEARLYINTHEDESIGNPHASE,INPARTICULARTHEIMPACTOFTHEPROJECTCOSTFORMAJORDESIGNCHANGES,BUTALSOTOUSEACCOUNTSAFTERTHEFIRSTSOLUTIONTOCHANGE,SOTHATTHEEFFECTIVECONTROLOFPROJECTCOSTSECOND,ARIGOROUSEXAMINATIONOFTHEBUDGETINACCORDANCEWITHCONSTRUCTIONPLANTHEPROGRESSOFTHECONSTRUCTIONDESIGNPLANSANDTHEACTUALPROGRESSOFTHECONSTRUCTIONSITE,CONSTRUCTIONPLANSAPPROVEDBUDGETINTIMETHIRD,INDEPTHATTHESCENETOCOLLECTTHERELEVANTINFORMATIONANDMASTERTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONPROCESS,PRETRIALANDTHECOSTOFPRICECONTROLOFFICERSOFTENGOTOTHECONSTRUCTIONSITE,SEECONSTRUCTIONOFTHECONTROL

簡介：1這場給人類帶來巨大災難的戰(zhàn)爭對這樣一個詩人產(chǎn)生了什么影響HOWDIDTHEWAR,WHICHBROUGHTTERRIBLEDISASTERSTOMANKIND,IMPACTONSUCHAPOET2做母親的有時候不能察覺她們所深愛的孩子們的過錯，這樣做的結(jié)果回事孩子們再次犯錯。MOTHERSARESOMETIMESBLINDTOTHEFAULTSOFTHEIRBELOVEDCHILDRENWHICHWILLCAUSETHECHILDRENTOMAKETHESAMEMISTAKEAGAIN3做為一個在這個我完全陌生的新移民，她總是感覺到孤立無援。ASANEWIMMIGRANTINTHISCOMPLETELYSTRANGECOUNTRYSHEALWAYSFELTISOLATED4做事不先考慮常會導致失敗，因此我們應該三思而后行ACTINGBEFORETHINKINGOFTENRESULTSINFAILURESOWESHOULDTHINKBEFOREWELEAP5奢談的餓時候已經(jīng)過去了，我們必須積極行動起來保護我們的環(huán)境。THETIMEFORTAKINGISPASTWEMUSTTAKEAPOSITIVEACTIONTOPROTECTOURENVIRONMENT1年輕人有時會抱怨無法和父母溝通。YOUNGPEOPLESOMETIMESCOMPLAINOFNOTBEINGABLETOCOMMUNICATEWITHTHEIRPARENTS2瑪麗從小就盼望著能在中國云南的一個村莊住上幾年現(xiàn)在他終于夢想成真了。EVERSINCECHILDHOOD,MARYHASBEENLONGINGTOTAKEUPRESIDENCEINACHINESEVILLAGEFORAFEWYEARSNOWHERDREAMHASCOMETRUE3家養(yǎng)的動物習慣于依賴人因此很難在野外繼續(xù)生存。DOMESTICANIMALSAREUSEDTODEPENDINGONHUMANS,SOITISDIFFICULTFORTHEMTOSURVIVEINTHEWILD4他突然有種恐懼感覺得自己會因為經(jīng)濟不景氣而被公司裁員HEWASSUDDENLYOVERTAKENBYAFEARTHATHEWOULDBELAIDOFFBYTHECOMPANYBECAUSEOFBADECONOMY5我想他很快就會回來，因為他答應和我一起吃飯。IFIGUREHELLBEBACKSOONSINCEHEPROMISEDTOHAVEDINNERWITHME1記者敦促發(fā)言人就此次軍事打擊作出解釋1THEREPORTERPRESSEDTHESPOKESMANTOMAKEEXPLANATIONOFTHISMILITARYATTACK2他的競選演講未能使選民相信他就是參議員的合適人選HISELECTIONSPEECHFAILEDTOCONVINCETHEVOTERSTHATHEWASTHERIGHTPERSONFORTHESENATOR3盡管我承認有問題存在,但我并不認為這些問題不能解決WHIKEIADMITTHATTHEREAREPROBLEMS,IDONOTTHINKTHESEPROBLEMCANNOTBESAVED4他在電視上的第一次辯論給觀眾留下了深刻的印象HISFIRSHDEBATEONTVMADEADEEPIMPRESSIONONTHEAUDIENCE5一切事物都是相互聯(lián)系又相互作用的ALLTHINGSAREINTERRELATEDANDINTERACTWITHEACHOTHER1大會報告人原來是我的一位老朋友的女兒。THELECTURERATTHECONFERENCETURNEDOUTTOBETHEDAUGHTEROFANOLDFRIENDOFMINE2盡管他已經(jīng)退休5年了，但他在學術(shù)界仍然很活躍。ITIS5YEARSSINCEHISRETIREMENT,BUTHEHASREMAINEDACTIVEINTHEACADEMICCIRCLES3如果確實在經(jīng)濟上有困難，你可以申請助學金。IFYOUDOHAVEFINANCIALDIFFICULTIES,YOUCANAPPLYFORASTUDENTLOAN4這位科學家研制這種新材料達10年之久才有了突破。THISSCIENTISTHADWORKEDHARDATTHISNEWMATERIALFOR10YEARSBEFOREHEMADEHISOWNWAYINTHEEND5世界上主要的幾家飛機制造公司正竭力制造飛得更快，更遠的飛機，以爭得更大的市5如果你們的質(zhì)量沒有實質(zhì)性的增長，我認為你們在市場上不會有什么競爭力。IFYOURQUALITYISNTIMPROVINGFORREAL,IDONTTHINKYOUWILLBECOMPETITIVEINTHEMARKET1、知道原理是一回事，但要付諸實踐又是另外一回事。IT’SONETHINGTOUNDERSTANDTHEPRINCIPLE,IT’SANOTHERTHINGTOPUTITINTOPRACTICE2、據(jù)報道，慢跑（JOGGING）可將患心臟病的可能性減少三分之二。IT’SREPORTEDTHATJOGGINGMAKESYOUTHREETIMESLESSLIKELYTOSUFFERFROMAHEARTATTACK3、根據(jù)最新調(diào)查，半數(shù)英國人不清楚歐元和英鎊的比值。ALMOSTHALFOFTHEBRITISHPEOPLEHAVENOIDEAWHATTHEEUROISWORTHINRELATIONTOTHEPOUND,ACCORDINGTOTHELATESTSURVEY4、這片土地本應建成一個供大家享用的公園，但現(xiàn)在卻立起了幾棟公寓樓。THEAREASHOULDHAVEBEENMADEINTOAPARKFOREVERYONETOENJOYBUTNOWSOMEAPARTMENTBUILDINGSSTANDTHERE5、不知道所有這些相關(guān)信息能否湊成一幅關(guān)于他的清晰圖畫。I’MWONDERINGWHETHTERALLTHERELATEDINFORMATIONCOULDADDUPTOACLEARPICTUREOFHIM1他飲酒過量，對身體不好。HEDRINKSMOREWINETHANISGOODFORHISHEALTH2他知道這時父母親都在急切地等著他回家過年。HEKNEWTHATATTHISMOMENTHISPARENTSWEREEAGERLYWAITINGFORHIMTORETURNHOMEFORTHENEWYEAR3招我們喜歡的不僅是他的聰明，還有他的幽默。WHATAPPEALSTOUSISNOTONLYHISINTELLIGENCEBUTALSOHISSENCEOFHUMOR4這位國際知名導演拍攝的最新影片結(jié)果是徹底的失敗。THELATESTMOVIEMADEBYTHATINTERNATIONALLYFAMOUSDIRECTORTURNEDOUTTOBEATOTALFAILURE5有些年輕人似乎對一切事情都缺乏耐心。ITSEEMSTHATSOMEYOUNGSTERSDONTHAVEPATIENCEWITHANYTHING1、他悲嘆一聲，對我們說他年輕時也曾風光一時。HEBREATHED/HEAVEDASIGHOFSORROW,TELLINGUSTHATHEHADSEENABETTERDAYWHENHEWASAYOUNG2、他有極強的責任感，這就是為什么他被選中掌管這個項目。HEHASASTRONGSENSEOFRESPONSIBILITY,ANDTHAT’SWHYHEISCHOSENTOTAKECONTROLOFTHISPROJECT3、不管你去哪里，不管是出差還是去玩，盡量多了解那個地方總是一個不錯的主意。WHEREVERYOUGO,BEITFORBUSINESSOFENTERTAINMENT,ITISALWAYSAGOODIDEATOKNOWABOUTTHEPLACEASMUCHASYOUCAN4、我們得小心一點，同樣的情景可能就要出現(xiàn)。LET’SBECAREFULTHESITUATIONMAYBEABOUTTOREPEATITSELF5、事實上，室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量與兒童的健康密切相關(guān)，當然與成人的健康也有關(guān)系。INFACT,THEAIRQUALITYOFAHOUSEHASAGREATDEALTODOWITHCHILDREN’SHEALTH,ANDADULTS’HEALTHFORTHATMATTER1為什么人們要在旅行上花費這么多的時間和金錢呢WHYISITTHATPEOPLESPENDSOMUCHTIMEANDMONEYONTRAVELING2乘飛機旅行既快又安全，難怪是旅行者的首選。TRAVELINGBYAIRISQUICKANDSAFENOWONDERITISAPOPULARCHOICEFORTRAVELERS3我們學校的大部分學生都選了網(wǎng)頁設計這門課，計算機中心里白天晚上都擠滿了人。MOSTOFTHESTUDENTSINMYCOLLAGEHAVEENROLLEDINTHECOURSEOFWEBPAGEDESIGNANDTHE

簡介：塑料注射成型塑料注射成型塑料模具專業(yè)外文文獻翻譯中英文塑料模具專業(yè)外文文獻翻譯中英文翻譯、外文翻譯翻譯、外文翻譯外文翻譯原文INJECTIONMOLDINGMANYDIFFERENTPROCESSESAREUSEDTOTRANSFORMPLASTICGRANULES,POWDERS,ANDLIQUIDSINTOPRODUCTTHEPLASTICMATERIALISINMOLDABLEFORM,ANDISADAPTABLETOVARIOUSFORMINGMETHODSINMOSTCASESTHERMOSETTINGMATERIALSREQUIREOTHERMETHODSOFFORMINGTHISISRECOGNIZEDBYTHEFACTTHATTHERMOPLASTICSAREUSUALLYHEATEDTOASOFTSTATEANDTHENRESHAPEDBEFORECOOLINGTHEROMOSETS,ONTHEOTHERHANDHAVENOTYETBEENPOLYMERIZEDBEFOREPROCESSING,ANDTHECHEMICALREACTIONTAKESPLACEDURINGTHEPROCESS,USUALLYTHROUGHHEAT,ACATALYST,ORPRESSUREITISIMPORTANTTOREMEMBERTHISCONCEPTWHILESTUDYINGTHEPLASTICSMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESANDPOLYMERSUSEDINJECTIONMOLDINGISBYFARTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDPROCESSOFFORMINGTHERMOPLASTICMATERIALSITISALSOONEOFTHEOLDESTCURRENTLYINJECTIONMOLDINGACCOUNTSFOR30OFALLPLASTICSRESINCONSUMPTIONSINCERAWMATERIALCANBECONVERTEDBYASINGLEPROCEDURE,INJECTIONMOLDINGISSUITABLEFORMASSPRODUCTIONOFPLASTICSARTICLESANDAUTOMATEDONESTEPPRODUCTIONOFCOMPLEXGEOMETRIESINMOSTCASES,FINISHINGISNOTINJECTIONCYLINDERWHERETHEYARECARRIEDFORWARDBYTHEROTATINGSCREWTHEROTATIONOFTHESCREWFORCESTHEGRANULESUNDERHIGHPRESSUREAGAINSTTHEHEATEDWALLSOFTHECYLINDERCAUSINGTHEMTOMELTASTHEPRESSUREBUILDINGUP,THEROTATINGSCREWISFORCEDBACKWARDUNTILENOUGHPLASTICHASACCUMULATEDTOMAKETHESHOTTHEINJECTIONRAMORSCREWFORCESMOLTENPLASTICFROMTHEBARREL,THROUGHTHENOZZLE,SPRUEANDRUNNERSYSTEM,ANDFINALLYINTOTHEMOLDCAVITIESDURINGINJECTION,THEMOLDCAVITYISFILLEDVOLUMETRICALLYWHENTHEPLASTICCONTACTSTHECOLDMOLDSURFACES,ITSOLIDIFIESFREEZESRAPIDLYTOPRODUCETHESKINLAYERSINCETHECOREREMAINSINTHEMOLTENSTATE,PLASTICFOLLOWSTHROUGHTHECORETOCOMPLETEMOLDFILLINGTYPICALLY,THECAVITYISFILLEDTO9598DURINGINJECTIONTHENTHEMOLDINGPROCESSISSWITCHEDOVERTOTHEPACKINGPHASEEVENASTHECAVITYISFILLED,THEMOLTENPLASTICBEGINSTOCOOLSINCETHECOOLINGPLASTICCONTRACTSORSHRINKS,ITGIVESRISETODEFECTSSUCHASSINKMARKS,VOIDS,ANDDIMENSIONALINSTABILITIESTOCOMPENSATEFORSHRINKAGE,ADDITIONPLASTICISFORCEDINTOTHECAVITYONCETHECAVITYISPACKED,PRESSUREAPPLIEDTOTHEMELTPREVENTSMOLTENPLASTICINSIDETHECAVITYFROMBACKFLOWINGOUTTHROUGHTHEGATETHEPRESSUREMUSTBEAPPLIEDUNTILTHEGATESOLIDIFIESTHEPROCESSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOSTEPSPACKINGANDHOLDINGORMAYBEENCOMPASSEDINONESTEPHOLDINGORSECONDSTAGEDURINGPACKING,MELTFORCEDINTOTHECAVITYBYTHEPACKING

簡介：1中考英語閱讀理解訓練1WEKNOWTHEMOSQUITOVERYWELLMOSQUITOESFLYEVERYWHERETHEYCANBEFOUNDALMOSTALLOVERTHEWORLD,ANDTHEREAREMORETHAN2,500KINDSOFTHEMNOONELIKESTHEMOSQUITOBUTTHEMOSQUITOMAYDECIDETHATSHELOVESYOUSHEYES,SHEIT’STRUETHATMALEMOSQUITODOESN’TBITE咬ANDONLYTHEFEMALEMOSQUITOBITESBECAUSESHENEEDSBLOODTOLAYEGGSSHEISALWAYSLOOKINGFORTHINGSORPEOPLESHEWANTSTOBITEIFSHELIKESWHATSHEFINDS,SHEBITESBUTIFSHEDOESN’TLIKEYOURBLOOD,SHEWILLTURNTOSOMEONEELSEFORMOREDELICIOUSBLOODNEXTTIMEAMOSQUITOBITESYOU,JUSTREMEMBERYOUARECHOSENYOU’REDIFFERENTFROMTHEOTHERSIFTHEMOSQUITOLIKESYOU,SHELANDSONYOURBODYWITHOUTLETTINGYOUKNOWSHEBITESYOUSOQUICKLYANDQUIETLYTHATYOUMAYNOTFEELANYTHINGDIFFERENTAFTERSHEBITES,YOUWILLHAVEANITCH癢ONYOURBODYBECAUSESHEPUTSSOMETHINGFROMHERMOUTHTOGETHERWITHYOURBLOODBYTHETIMETHEITCHINGBEGINS,ANDSHEHASFLOWNAWAYANDTHENWHATHAPPENSWELL,AFTERHERDELICIOUSDINNER,THEMOSQUITOFEELSTIREDSHEJUSTWANTSTOFINDAPLACETOHAVEAGOODRESTTHERE,ONALEAFORAWALL,SHEBEGINSTOLAYEGGS,HUNDREDSOFEGGSANDTHENWHATHAPPENS1“MOSQUITO”MEANS_______INCHINESEA蒼蠅B蜻蜓C跳蚤D蚊子2WEKNOWMOSQUITOESVERYWELLBECAUSE___________ATHEYCANBEFOUNDEASILYBTHEYFLYHEREANDTHERECTHEREAREMANYKINDSOFTHEMDTHEYCANFLY3IFTHEMOSQUITODOESN’TBITEYOU,ITWILL________AGETANGRYWITHYOUBBEAFRAIDOFYOUCMAKEALOTOFNOISEDCHOOSEANOTHERONE4THEMOSQUITOBITESYOU_________AWHENYOU’REASLEEPBBECAUSEYOUHAVECHOOSEITCTOOQUICKLYTOLETYOUKNOWDBUTDOESN’TLIKEYOU5WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCESISWRONGATHEITCHINGBEGINSAFTERTHEMOSQUITOBITESYOUBYOUFEELTERRIBLEWHENTHEMOSQUITOBITESYOUCMOSQUITOESUSEBLOODTOLAYEGGSDALLTHEMOSQUITOESDON’TLIKETOBITEPEOPLEFORBLOOD2ATTHESHOPPINGMALL,YOUPROBABLYTHINKABOUTSPENDING,NOTSAVINGTHINKABOUTALLTHELIGHTSTHATKEEPTHEMALLBRIGHTTHINKABOUTALLTHEWATERFAUCETS水龍頭INTHETOILETTHINKABOUTALLTHEAIRCONDITIONINGINSUMMERSAVINGENERGYISAHOTTOPICFORSUCHABIGPLACEMANYTHINGSATTHEMALLUSEENERGYELECTRICLIGHTS,INFRARED紅外感應FAUCETSANDAIRCONDITIONERSNEEDELECTRICITYTOWORK．ONEWAYTOSAVEENERGYISBYKEEPINGLIGHTSCLEANMOREANDMOREDUSTANDDIRTMAKETHELIGHTSLESSBRIGHTWHENMALLSKEEPLIGHTSCLEAN,THEYCANUSEFEWERLIGHTSANDKEEPTHEAREAJUSTASBRIGHTUSINGFEWERLIGHTSMEANSUSINGLESSENERGYYOUSTEPUPTOTHEWATERFAUCETTHEWATERSTARTSTOFLOWYOUDON’THAVETOTOUCHATHINGWHYDOMALLSHAVESUCHFANCYFAUCETSTHEANSWERISSIMPLETHEYSAVEWATERSOMETIMESPEOPLEFORGETTOTURNTHEWATEROFFAFTERTHEYWASHINFRAREDFAUCETSTURNTHEMSELVESOFF1_____ISAHOTTOPICFORABIGMALL．A．TOSPENDMONEYB．TOSAVEENERGYC．TOKEEPTHEMALLBRIGHTD．TOBUYTHINGS2．WHATWILLTHEFOURTHPARAGRAPHPROBABLYTALKABOUTA．HOWTOSAVEWATERWHENUSINGINFRAREDFAUCETSIRLTHEMALL．BHOWTOSAVEENERGYWHENUSINGAIRCONDITIONERSINTHEMAIL．C．HOWTOSAVEMONEYWHENSHOPPINGINTHEMAIL．3．THEBESTTITLEFORTHEPASSAGEIS_______32．MOVEAGAINSTAWALLIFINAHIGHBUILDINGWITHNOPROTECTIVEDESKORTABLENEARBYCOVERYOURHEADANDNECKWITHYOURARMS3．TRYTOGETINTOANOPENAREAAWAYFROMTREES,BUILDINGS,WALLS,ANDPOWERLINES電桿IFOUTDOORS。4．PULLOVER?？縏OTHESIDEOFTHEROADAWAYFROMOVERPASSES天橋ANDPOWERLINESIFDRIVINGSTAYINYOURCARUNTILTHESHAKINGENDS5．GETAWAYFROMSHELVESOROTHERAREASWHEREOBJECTSMAYFALLIFINACROWDEDSTOREORPUBLICAREADONOTRUNFORTHEDOORLOWERYOURBODYCLOSETOTHEGROUNDANDCOVERYOURHEADANDNECKWITHYOURHANDSANDARMS6．STAYINYOURSEATIFINACINEMAORATHEATERGETBELOWTHELEVELOFTHEBACKOFTHESEATANDCOVERYOURHEADANDNECKWITHYOURARMS．7．IFYOUTAKECOVER躲避UNDERASTRONGPIECEOFFURNITURE，HOLDONTOITANDBEPREPAREDTOMOVEWITHIT．8．TRYTOSTAYAWAYFROMKITCHENS,WHERETHEREAREOFTENMANYOBJECTSTHATMIGHTFALLORGETBURNT1．THEUNDERLINEDWORD“DUCK”INTIP1MEANS____A．AWATERBIRDWITHSHORTLEGSBSOMEKINDOFMEATFOREATINGC．WALKLIKEADUCKDLOWERYOURHEADORBODYVERYQUICKLY2．_______SHOULDBETHEMOSTIMPORTANTPARTSTOBEPROTECTEDINANEARTHQUAKEA．YOURHEADANDARMSB．YOURARMSC．YOURNECKANDARMSD．YOURHEADANDNECK3TIP3ANDTIP4GIVEYOUSOMEADVICEONWHATYOUSHOULDDOWHENYOUARE____AINSIDEABUILDINGBOUTSIDEABUILDINGCINYOURHOUSEDINASTORE5MYPARENTSTAUGHTMENOTTOWASTEFOODMYMUMALWAYSFOUNDWAYSTOMAKELEFTOVERS剩余食物TASTEGOODIWENTTOI1ANTOLEARNABOUTSOMEOFTHEIRSPECIALFOODASIWASTHERE,ILEARNEDABOUTTHEFOODANDTHEHISTORYOFTHEAREAILEARNEDTHATTHEYDON’TWASTEFOOD,EITHER,ANDTHEYUSELEFTOVERSMANYYEARSAGO,THEREWASNOTENOUGHFOODFOREVERYONEPEOPLELEARNEDTOCOOKANDEATALMOSTEVERYTHINGTHEYHADTOTHINKOFWAYSTOMAKESPECIALDISHESONEOFTHESEDISHESISKAOZHAIT’SMADEWITHLEFTOVERSLIKEMEAT,SOUP,OILANDFATTHATMIGHTNOTSOUNDVERYGOOD,BUTITDOESTASTEGOODTODAY,KAOZHAISASPECIALDISHATBIGBANQUETS宴會ANOTHERFAMOUSDISHISCALLEDZAOBINGIT’SMADEWITHFRUIT,MEATANDOTHERTHINGSIREALLYLIKEDITBUTIDIDN’TWANTTOEATTOOMUCHITHASALOTOFFATINITISMELLEDSOMETHINGBURNINGANDISAWSMOKE,SOIFOUNDANOTHERSPECIALFOODOFTHEI1ANAREADUCKMEATTHEDUCKMEATISPUTINABIGOVEN爐子TOCOOKITSMOKEKEEPSTHEMEATFRESHIDON’TUSUALLYEATMEAT,BUTTHISDUCKMEATWASDELICIOUSITTASTEDSWEETILANISAGREATPLACEWITHDELICIOUSFOODIHOPEICANCOMEBACKAGAIN1THEWRITERLEARNSFROMHERPARENTS_______ANOTTOEATLEFTOVERSBTOEATGOODFOODCNOTTOWASTEFOODDTOMAKEGOODFOOD2．SHEFINDSTHATPEOPLEINILAN____AALWAYSWASTEFOODB．DON’TUSELEFTOVERSCDON’THAVEENOUGHFOODDCANCOOKSPECIALFOOD3．KAOZHAISAGOODDISHTHATISMADEWITH____AFRUIT,MEATANDOTHERTHINGSBFRESHANDSWEETDUCKMEATCSOMEDIFFERENTLEFTOVERSDMEAT,SOUPANDFRUIT4．THEREARE___KINDSOFSPECIALFOODSMENTIONEDINTHEPASSAGE．ATWOBTHREECFOURDFIVE6NOWSATELLITESA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簡介：本科畢業(yè)論文（設計）外文翻譯原文原文INSURANCE,BONDCOVENANTS,ANDUNDEROROVERINVESTMENTWITHRISKYASSETRECONSTITUTIONABSTRACTTRADITIONALTHEORYPREDICTSTHATTHESHAREHOLDERSOFALIMITEDLIABILITYCOMPANYFINANCEDPARTLYBYBONDSMAYUNDERINVESTBYNOTREPLACINGDAMAGEDCOMPANYASSETSITALSOPRECLUDESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFOVERINVESTMENTBYRELAXINGTHERESTRICTIVEASSUMPTIONMAINTAINEDUNDERTRADITIONALTHEORY,NAMELY,THATTHEEFFECTSOFRECONSTITUTINGDAMAGEDASSETSARENONSTOCHASTIC,THISARTICLESHOWSTHATBOTHOVERANDUNDERINVESTMENTAREPOSSIBLEITISSHOWNTHATTHESEMORALHAZARDPROBLEMSCANBEMITIGATEDBYINCORPORATINGAPPROPRIATEINSURANCEREQUIREMENTSINTOBONDCOVENANTSMOREOVER,ITISSHOWNTHATTHEINSURANCEREQUIREMENTSFORALLEVIATINGUNDERINVESTMENTANDOVERINVESTMENTAREQUITEDIFFERENTPARTICULARLY,FORUNDERINVESTMENT,THEREQUIREDINSURANCEONLYNEEDSTOMAKETHEBONDSRISKLESSINTHEBESTASSETRECONSTITUTIONSTATESOFTHELOSSSTATESINWHICHTHECOMPANYVALUEFALLSSHORTOFTHEPROMISEDBONDREPAYMENTHOWEVER,FOROVERINVESTMENT,THEREQUIREDINSURANCESHOULDMAKETHEBONDSTOTALLYRISKLESSTHEDIFFERENCEININSURANCEREQUIREMENTSISESPECIALLYIMPORTANTWHENINSURANCEISACTUARIALLYUNFAVORABLESUCHTHATMORETHANREQUIREDINSURANCEISALWAYSUNDESIRABLEINTRODUCTIONITISWELLKNOWNINTHEFINANCEANDECONOMICSLITERATURETHATTHEPRESENCEOFASYMMETRICINFORMATIONBETWEENSTOCKHOLDERSANDBONDHOLDERSMAYLEADTOSUBOPTIMALCORPORATEINVESTMENTDECISIONSTWOCOMMONEXAMPLESARETHEASSETSUBSTITUTIONPROBLEMANDTHEUNDERINVESTMENTPROBLEMINTRODUCEDBYJENSENANDMECKLING1976ANDMYERS1977THESEMINALARTICLEOFMAYERSANDSMITH1987WHICHARELIKELYTOBEINSUFFICIENTINTHECASEOFLARGEPROPERTYDAMAGE,THELIQUIDITYNEEDEDFORASSETRECONSTITUTIONOFTENHASTOBEEXTRACTEDFROMOTHERIMPORTANTOPERATIONSORPRODUCTIONACTIVITIESWITHLARGEPROPERTYDAMAGE,ASSETRECONSTITUTIONMAYUSEUPASIGNIFICANTPORTIONOFPREARRANGEDCREDITORBUFFERCASHINITIALLYPLANNEDFORCOPINGWITHOTHERPRODUCTIONANDMARKETSHOCKS,INTRODUCINGADDITIONALRISKTOTHEVALUEOFACOMPANYPOSSIBLELIQUIDITYPROBLEMSMAYHAVESIGNIFICANTLYNEGATIVEIMPACTONCOMPANYVALUETHEREFORE,ASSETRECONSTITUTIONCANBERISKY,POSSIBLYRESULTINGINPOSITIVEORNEGATIVENETPRESENTVALUESINDIFFERENTSTATESOFNATUREMOREOVER,THEEXPECTEDNETPRESENTVALUEOFASSETRECONSTITUTIONCANBEPOSITIVEORNEGATIVETHISARTICLESHOWSTHATBOTHOVERANDUNDERINVESTMENTPROBLEMSMAYARISEWHENASSETRECONSTITUTIONISRISKYWITHRISKYASSETRECONSTITUTION,GIVENACERTAINLEVELOFASSETDAMAGE,SHAREHOLDERSMAYNOTCHOOSETORECONSTITUTEDAMAGEDASSETSEVENTHOUGHDOINGSOGENERATESAPOSITIVEEXPECTEDNETPRESENTVALUE,GIVINGRISETOTHEUNDERINVESTMENTPROBLEMTHISHAPPENSWHENTHEVALUEOFACOMPANYFALLSSHORTOFTHEPROMISEDBONDREPAYMENTAMOUNTEVENINTHEBESTASSETRECONSTITUTIONSTATESINTHISCASE,ASSETRECONSTITUTIONWILLONLYBENEFITBONDHOLDERS,BUTNOTSHAREHOLDERSWHOAREALREADYPROTECTEDBYTHELIMITEDLIABILITYPROVISIONTHEUNDERINVESTMENTPROBLEMWILLNOTARISEINTHEABSENCEOFLIMITEDLIABILITYBECAUSEARISEINCOMPANYVALUEDUETOASSETRECONSTITUTIONWILLRELIEVESOMESHAREHOLDERS’DEBTRESPONSIBILITIESITALSOWILLNOTARISEWHENEVERCOMPANYVALUEEXCEEDSTHEPROMISEDBONDREPAYMENTAMOUNTINSOMEASSETRECONSTITUTIONSTATES,BECAUSEASSETRECONSTITUTIONRAISESSHAREHOLDERS’WEALTHINTHESESTATESONTHECONTRARY,GIVENACERTAINLEVELOFASSETDAMAGE,SHAREHOLDERSMAYOPTFORRISKYASSETRECONSTITUTIONWITHANEGATIVEEXPECTEDNETPRESENTVALUE,GIVINGRISETOTHEOVERINVESTMENTPROBLEMTHISHAPPENSWHENTHEVALUEOFACOMPANYISHIGHERTHANTHEBONDREPAYMENTAMOUNTINSOME,BUTNOTALL,ASSETRECONSTITUTIONSTATESSHAREHOLDERS,WHOAREPROTECTEDBYTHELIMITEDLIABILITYPROVISION,WILLENGAGEINRISKYASSETRECONSTITUTIONTORAISETHEIROWNWEALTHINSOLVENTSTATES,KNOWINGTHATDOINGSOLOWERSCOMPANYVALUEANDBONDHOLDERS’WEALTHININSOLVENTSTATES,GIVINGRISETOAN

簡介：形形不需要翻譯的世界語不需要翻譯的世界語教學設計高中美術(shù)平江第二中學龔堅一、導入新課一、導入新課教師拿一蘋果讓學生用不同的語言回答這是什么有中國話、英語還有等等。當談及法語、俄語時，同學可能就無語了老師畫一蘋果，同學都能說出。人類之間的交流與表達除了語言、文字、肢體、音樂等。還有圖形。從而導出今天的課題圖形不需要翻譯的世界語。（板書課題）二、教學過程二、教學過程展示本課的教學目標重難點隨后展示標準的男女公共廁所的標志，百度圖片HTTP//WWWNIPICCOM/SHOW/4/79/CEF095F814C496EAHTML讓同學們分辨出哪是男廁哪是女廁。此時學生的興致很高，爭先恐后發(fā)表自己的意見。當老師把世界各地的充滿了趣味性男女廁所標記展現(xiàn)在大家面前時。百度圖片_百度圖片搜索比比看哪組最快最好的能分辨出哪個是“男”、哪個是“女”廁所的標記。1、圖形會說話，圖形能表意，圖形能傳情。、圖形會說話，圖形能表意，圖形能傳情。（總結(jié)并板書）（總結(jié)并板書）展示兩張學生熟悉的圖片甲骨文百度圖片百度圖片搜索受傷的公牛百度圖片_百度圖片搜索讓其分析以上兩張圖片，說明遠古人類怎么用圖形表意傳情的。（此時學生對用圖形表意傳情有一初步的了解）當同樣一句話，加兩個不同的QQ表情表達的情緒就大相徑庭。把我惹毛了，你就完蛋啦（威脅、氣憤）把我惹毛了，你就完蛋啦（開個玩笑、撒嬌）想必一組較為常見的QQ表情，同學們都很眼熟。百度圖片_百度圖片搜索網(wǎng)絡交流作為現(xiàn)代人生活的一種新型的重要的交流形式，可愛的QQ表情簡潔明了地傳遞著我們的情感狀態(tài)。導入以實物更加直觀導入以實物更加直觀用趣味圖形吸引學生用趣味圖形吸引學生注意力注意力,調(diào)動學生積極調(diào)動學生積極性和討論熱情。性和討論熱情。向?qū)W生發(fā)起號召，激向?qū)W生發(fā)起號召，激發(fā)他們參予嘗試的興發(fā)他們參予嘗試的興趣。趣。選取學生感興趣，有選取學生感興趣，有切身體會的話題，容切身體會的話題，容易產(chǎn)生共鳴。易產(chǎn)生共鳴。鍛煉學生用圖形“說鍛煉學生用圖形“說話”的意識。通過活話”的意識。通過活動增加互動效果，激動增加互動效果，激勵學生動手動腦。勵學生動手動腦。

簡介：FORMOFSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITATTHEREQUESTOF__________________________HEREUNDERREFEREDTOAS“THEAPPLICANT”,WEHEREBYISSUEOURIRREVOCABLESTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITNO_________________INFAVOUROFINDUSTRIALBANKCO,LTDTIANJINBRANCHFORFACILITIESUNDERLOANAGREEMENTNO_____________GRANTEDTO________________________________________“BORROWER”ANDFORUPTOTHEAGGREGATEAMOUNTOFUSDOLLARSINWORD____________________USDAVAILABLEFORPAYMENTAGAINSTYOURTESTEDTELEXORAUTHENTICATEDSWIFTTOUSSTATINGASFOLLOWSTHEAMOUNTOFSUCHCLAIMSREPRESENTSANDCOVERSTHEUNPAIDINDEBTEDNESSINCLUSIVEOFACCRUEDINTERESTS,CHARGESANDOTHEREXPENSESDUETOUSBY_____________________“BORROWER”UNDERTHELOANAGREEMENTNO________________INRESPECTOFLOANFACILITYGRANTEDBYUSTOTHEBORROWER”“WEHEREBYCERTIFYTHATTHESELLINGRATEOFUSDOLLARSTORENMINBIQUOTEDBYINDUSTRIALBANK,TIANJINBRANCHONTHEDATEOFYOURDRAWINGSHALLBEUSEDFORTHECALCULATIONOFYOURDRAWINGAMOUNTALLBANKCHARGESRELATINGTOTHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITAREFORAPPLICANTACCOUNTPARTIALDRAWINGSAREACCEPTABLETHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITISNONTRANSFERABLETHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITISEFFECTIVEFROM____________ANDEXPIREON_________________ATTHECOUNTEROFINDUSTRIALBANKCO,LTDTIANJINBRANCH,ALLCLAIMSHEREUNDERMUSTREACHTOUSNOTLATERTHANTHEABOVEMENTIONEDEXPIRYDATEANDAFTERTHEEXPIRYDATETHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITAUTOMATICALLYBECOMESNULLWEHEREBYAGREEANDUNDERTAKETHATYOURCLAIMSUNDERANDINCOMPLICANCEWITHTHETERMSANDCONDITIONSOFTHISCREDITWILLBEDULYHONOUREDUPONPRESENTATIONTHISSTANDBYLETTEROFCREDITISSUBJECTTOTHEUNIFORMCUSTOMSANDPRACTICEFORDOCUMENTARYCREDITS2007REVISIONINTERNATIONALCHAMBEROFCOMMERCEPUBLICATIONNO600該備用信用證適用國際商會跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例（2007修訂版），國際商會出版號NO600。

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題SOMEQUESTIONSABOUTTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCE外文作者CAIXIA,DENGDASONG文獻出處2019INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONSYSTEMSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGINFORMATIZATION如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3891單詞，24169字符字符就是印刷符，中文5707漢字。SOMEQUESTIONSABOUTTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEABSTRACTTHEESTABLISHMENTOFNEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCESYSTEMENDSOFTHEHISTORYOFFARMERSWHODIDNOTHAVEOLDAGESECURITYITHASAHISTORICMEANINGTOCHANGETHEFARMERSCANONLYRELYONTHETRADITIONALFAMILYPENSIONITISALSOMEANSTHATWEHAVEAKEYSTEPTOWARDSTHEGOALOFOTHE“UNIVERSALSENSEOFSECURITY“THEREARESOMEASPECTSWORTHIMPROVEMENTOFTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTFROMSYSTEMDESIGNINGTOIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHERESULTSTHISPAPERATTEMPTSTOSUMMARIZETHEPROBLEMSOFTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEFROMTHESUSTAINABILITYOFSYSTEM,INCREASINGTHEVALUEOFPENSIONS,ADDRESSINGPOPULATIONAGING,WHETHERCOPEWITHTHEACTUALSITUATIONINRURALAREASANDOTHERPROBLEMSONTHISBASIS,THEPAPERPUTFORWARDSSOMECOMMENTSABOUTHOWTOSETUPANDIMPROVETHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEKEYWORDSNEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCESUSTAINABILITYPRESERVEORINCREASETHEVALUEEQUITYIINTRODUCTIONTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTSTARTEDTHEEXPLORATIONOFTHERURALPENSIONINSURANCESYSTEMIN1986,ANDHASPROMULGATED“COUNTYLEVELRURALCOMMUNITYOLDAGEINSURANCEBASICSCHEME“IN1992BUTTHERESOMEPROBLEMSINTHEPREVAILINGSOCIALCONDITIONS,LACKSOFSTABILITYBUTOURCOUNTRYPOLICYFORMULATIONISALWAYS“HASAHEADACHEABOUTMEDICAL,THEFOOTTOHURTTHEMEDICALFOOT”WHICHISTHESTOPGAPPOLICYIFTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCECONTINUESMERELYINTHEADMINISTRATIVEREGULATIONSFORMS,WHATCANNOTFUNDAMENTALLYGUARANTEETHISSYSTEMDOESNOTCHANGEALONGWITHTHELEADERSHIP’SWILINESSONTHEOTHERHAND,THEFORMULATIONANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFPOLICYGENERALLYFOLLOWSTHEPRINCIPLEOF“EXPERIMENT,PROMOTIONANDPOPULARIZATION”THISWAYMAYREDUCE“THELABORPAIN”WHICHFROMTHEREFORMANDAVOIDSERIOUSDISTURBANCESINSOCIETYATTHESAMETIMEBUTONTHEOTHERHANDTHEREAREMANYUNFAVORABLE,FIRSTOFALL“SYSTEMOFGRADUAL“ECONOMICLOSSESCAUSEDBYACCUMULATIONMAYBEHIGHERTHANTHE“SYSTEMCATASTROPHIC“LOSSESFROMTHEPOINTVIEWOFSYSTEMECONOMISTS,ANYSYSTEMHASTHEPATHDEPENDENCE,ITONCEIMPLEMENTSTHESOCIALECONOMYCOSTWHICHCHANGESOROVERTHROWSCOMESAGAINTOBEHIGHANDAREVISEDSYSTEMAFTERREPEATEDEXPERIMENTSWOULDSERIOUSLYAFFECTTHESCIENTIFICANDAUTHORITATIVETHEREARESOMEPROBLEMSINTHEESTABLISHMENTOFNEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEINORDERTOAVOIDA“GRADIENTSYSTEM“BROUGHTTHELOSSISTOOLARGE,THENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEPOLICYMUSTACCURATELYGRASPTHETRENDFORTHEFUTUREDEVELOPMENTOFURBANANDRURALSOCIAL,ANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMACROANDCOMPLIESWITHTHISTENDENCYHOWEVER,THE“GUIDANCE“INTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEREFLECTTHERELEVANTCONTENTSOFTHECOMINGURBANRURALINTEGRATIONISLIMITED,HIGHLIGHTINGTHEEMPHASISISSTILLONTHEMAJORITYOFFARMERSWHOHAVENOTTHEOLDAGEINSURANCEATPRESENTWILETHETRENDFORTHEFUTUREISNOTCLEARLYENOUGHBHOWTODEALWITHTHEISSUESOFPENSIONFUNDPRESERVATIONANDINCREMENTINTHENEWRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCELWHETHERTHERURALOLDAGEPENSIONSFACEDWITHTHEDIFFICULTYOFPRESERVINGANDINCREASINGINORDERTOENSURETHESECURITYOFPENSIONFUNDS,THELIQUIDITYOFPENSIONFUNDSANDTHEPROFITABILITYOFPENSIONFUNDSTHATIS,PRESERVATIONANDINCREMENTOFPENSIONFUNDSTHEMANAGEMENTOFOLDAGESECURITYFUNDSHOULDFOLLOWTHEPRINCIPLEABOUTTHECOLLECTION,MANAGEMENTANDAPPLICATIONWHATMUSTSEPARATEHOWEVER,ITISDIFFICULTTOCARRYTHROUGHTHISPRINCIPLEINRURALENDOWMENTINSURANCEINTHEPASTTHECIVILSECTORTOOKCHARGEOFMANAGEMENT,COLLECTION,ANDAPPLICATIONOFTHEPENSIONFUNDSINRURALBUTWHATRESULTSINMISAPPROPRIATEDORSQUANDEREDEVENCORRUPTIONWASWIDESPREAD

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題DESIGNCONCEPTOFTHENEWINTERNATIONALTEACHINGBUILDINGSINMODERNUNIVERSITIES外文作者DAIFEI文獻出處INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCOMPUTERAIDEDINDUSTRIALDESIGNPUBLICINTEGRATIONPEOPLEFRIENDLYCOMPLEXDEMANDSOFMODEMEDUCATIONANDPROVIDESTUDENTSWITHMORESPACETOCOMMUNICATEANDSOCIALIZETHEPUBLICSPACEDESIGNFORSOCIALIZATIONINTEACHINGBUILDINGSCANBEINDIFFERENTFORMSSOMEARESPECIALLYDESIGNEDPARTSWITHINTHEBUILDINGS,SOMEARETHECONNECTINGPARTSAMONGATEACHINGBUILDINGGROUPANDSOMEAREPARTSCONNECTINGANOLDBUILDINGANDANEWONEOTHERSARETHETRANSITIONALPARTSWITHINTHEBUILDINGSUCHASCORRIDORSTAKETHETEACHINGBUILDINGDESIGNOFJIANGHANUNIVERSITYINHUBEIPROVINCEFOREXAMPLEAWALKWAYWITHTOPCAP,WHICHRUNSTHROUGHTHETEACHINGBUILDINGAREA,HASATTRACTEDMOSTOFTHEACTIVITIESTOBEHELDWITHINTHEMAINRINGROADANDGREATLYLESSENEDTHETRAFFICINTHEMAINVEHICLEROADTHELONGANDWINDEDCORRIDORAMONGTHETEACHINGBUILDINGGROUPISDESIGNEDFORPUBLICACTIVITIES,ANDWASTHEMEDFLYANDPASSIONTHEPUBLICSPACEFORSOCIALIZATIONINTHENEWTYPEOFTEACHINGBUILDINGSCANBECATEGORIZEDASTHEFLOWINGFOURKINDSATHESHAREDSPACETYPETHISFORMCOMESFROMTHEUSUALLYSPACEFORMSOFCHINESEHOUSESTHESHAREDINDOORSPACEALSOSERVESASTHECROSSROADFORTHEINTERNALTRAFFICOFTHETEACHINGBUILDINGFOREXAMPLE,THEDESIGNOFTHEATRIUMOFTHECOMPLEXTEACHINGBUILDINGHUBENORMALUNIVERSITYTHEDESIGNOFITSNOTONLYMEETSTHENEEDSOFTRAFFICOFPOPULATIONBYPROPERLYHANDLINGTHEGATHERINGANDFLOWINGOFCROWDS,ANDALSOHASENRICHEDTHESPACEFORMS,THUSMAKINGTHEBUILDINGMOREDISTINCTIVEBTHETRAFFICSPACETYPETRAFFICSPACEISALSOATRANSITIONALSPACEUSUALLYTRAFFICSPACEINTEACHINGBUILDINGSSUCHASTHESTAIRS,COULDMAKEPEOPLEBOREDORIRRITABLEWHILECLIMBINGUPTHESTAIRSBUTIFTHECONNECTINGANDTRANSITIONALPARTSINTHESEBUILDINGSAREREDESIGNEDALITTLE,THETRAFFICSPACECANBECOMEAPLACEWHEREPEOPLEWOULDLOVETOGOANDSOCIALIZEASWELLVARIOUSSPACEFORMSANDTYPESANDTHEHAVEMADETHECORRIDORSNOMORETHEDARKENCLOSURETHEYHAVEMADETHESPACEANDTHESOCIALIZINGANDACTIVITIESINTEGRATEDASONEFOREXAMPLE,THESTANFORDUNIVERSITYINTHEUSHASPUTBOOKSHELVESALONGTHECORRIDORINTHESCHOOLOFENGINEERINGTOPROVIDETHEFACULTYMOREOPPORTUNITIESTOSTAYANDRELAX

簡介：蜀道難重點字詞及翻譯1翻譯多么險峻，多么高蜀道難走，比上天還難。蠶叢和魚鳧兩個蜀王，開國的事情多么渺茫不清。從那以后經(jīng)過四萬八千年，才和秦地的人有交通。西邊擋著太白山，只有鳥道，高飛的鳥才可以橫渡峨嵋山頂。直到地崩山塌壯士都被壓死，然后才有了天梯與石棧相互連接。上面有即使是拉車的六龍也要繞彎的最高峰，下面有沖激高濺的波浪逆折的漩渦。高飛的黃鶴尚且飛不過去，猿猴想過去，發(fā)愁沒有地方可以攀援。青泥山迂回曲折，很短的路程內(nèi)要轉(zhuǎn)很多彎，盤繞著山峰。屏住呼吸伸手可以摸到星星，用手摸著胸口空嘆息。問你西游什么時侯回來可怕的路途，陡峭的山巖難以攀登。只見鳥兒叫聲凄厲，在古樹上悲鳴，雌的和雄的在林間環(huán)繞飛翔。又聽見杜鵑在月夜里啼叫，哀愁充滿空山。蜀道難走啊，比上天還難，讓人聽了這話紅顏衰謝。連綿的山峰離天不到一尺，枯松靠著陡直的絕壁倒掛著。急流瀑布爭著喧囂而下，撞擊山崖使石頭翻滾發(fā)出雷鳴般聲響。就是這么危險，你這遠道的人，為什么來到這里劍閣高峻崎嶇而突兀不平，一個人守住關(guān)口，萬人也打不開。守關(guān)的如果不可靠，就會變成當?shù)赖牟蚶恰Ｔ绯恳惚苊突?，晚上要提防長蛇，磨著牙齒吸人血，殺的人數(shù)不清。錦城雖然是個安樂的地方，還是不如回家好。蜀道難走啊，比上天還難，側(cè)過身向西望著，長長地嘆息。2重點字詞一、虛詞1、于（1）用在形容詞后表比較蜀道之難，難于上青天。（2）表處所得復見將軍于此。（3）表對象故燕王欲結(jié)于君。2、何（1）副詞，表示程度深，“多么”、“怎么”、“怎么這樣”蠶叢及魚鳧，開國何茫然。青泥何盤盤，百步九折縈巖巒。（2）表反問“為什么”“怎么”徐公何能及君也（3）用作疑問代詞。予嘗求古仁人之心，或異二者之為，何哉（4）作賓語，“哪里”“什么”。大王來何操二、古今異義1危乎高哉古高現(xiàn)危險2但見悲鳥號古木古只現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折但是3爾來四萬八千歲古那現(xiàn)你，如此4連峰去天不盈尺相隔現(xiàn)到三、通假字2所守或匪親“匪”通“非”不是四、詞類活用1、調(diào)朱顏。調(diào)，使動用法，使凋謝，這里指臉色由紅潤變成鐵青。2、砯崖轉(zhuǎn)石萬壑雷砯，名詞用作動詞，原指水沖擊石壁發(fā)出的響聲，這里作動詞用，沖擊的意思。轉(zhuǎn)，使動用法，使?jié)L動。3、猿猱欲度愁攀援愁，為動用法，為發(fā)愁。4、側(cè)身西望長咨嗟西，名作狀，向西。5、上有六龍回日之高標回，使動用法，使回轉(zhuǎn)回旋。五、特殊句式賓短語后置句蜀道之難，難于上青天。省略句①不與秦塞通人煙。（主）②上有六龍回日之高標，下有沖波逆折之回川。（定）六、文學常識本文是一首七言樂府詩。作者李白，字太白，號青蓮居士。李白與杜甫合稱李杜。世稱“詩仙”。浪漫主義詩人，有李太白集。