簡(jiǎn)介：1UNITONEWHATISADECISION何為決策ADECISIONISACHOICEMADEFROMAMONGALTERNATIVECOURSESOFACTIONTHATAREAVAILABLETHEPURPOSEOFMAKINGADECISIONISTOESTABLISHANDACHIEVEORGANIZATIONALGOALSANDOBJECTIVESTHEREASONFORMAKINGADECISIONISTHATAPROBLEMEXISTS,GOALSOROBJECTIVESAREWRONG,ORSOMETHINGISSTANDINGINTHEWAYOFACCOMPLISHINGTHEM決策是一種選擇，來(lái)自可以獲得的、任擇其一的行動(dòng)步驟。作決策的意圖是要確立和實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)和目的。作決策的原因是有問(wèn)題存在、目標(biāo)和目的不正確、或者有某種東西妨礙目標(biāo)或目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)。THUSTHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSISFUNDAMENTALTOMANAGEMENTALMOSTEVERYTHINGAMANAGERDOESINVOLVESDECISIONS,INDEED,SOMESUGGESTTHATTHEMANAGEMENTPROCESSISDECISIONMAKINGALTHOUGHMANAGERSCANNOTPREDICTTHEFUTURE,MANYOFTHEIRDECISIONSREQUIRETHATTHEYCONSIDERPOSSIBLEFUTUREEVENTSOFTENMANAGERSMUSTMAKEABESTGUESSATWHATTHEFUTUREWILLBEANDTRYTOLEAVEASLITTLEASPOSSIBLETOCHANCE,BUTSINCEUNCERTAINTYISALWAYSTHERE,RISKACCOMPANIESDECISIONSSOMETIMESTHECONSEQUENCESOFAPOORDECISIONARESLIGHTATOTHERTIMESTHEYARESERIOUS因此，作決策的過(guò)程對(duì)管理人員來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要。管理者所做的每件事幾乎3OFTENITMEANSTHATATHOROUGHJOBOFEXAMININGTHEPROBLEMSHASNOTBEENDONEFOREXAMPLE,MANAGERSSOMETIMESTREATPROBLEMSINANEITHER/ORFASHIONTHISISTHEIRWAYOFSIMPLIFYINGCOMPLEXPROBLEMSBUTTHETENDENCYTOSIMPLIFYBLINDSTHEMTOOTHERALTERNATIVES抉擇是從中可以作出選擇的可能的行動(dòng)步驟。假如沒(méi)有可供選擇的可能性，這就意味著沒(méi)有做過(guò)對(duì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行徹底調(diào)查的工作。例如，管理者有時(shí)用兩者擇一的方式來(lái)處理問(wèn)題，即他們簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)雜問(wèn)題的手法。但是，這種簡(jiǎn)化的傾向使他們看不到其他可供選擇的可能性。ATTHEMANAGERIALLEVEL,DECISIONMAKINGINCLUDESLIMITINGALTERNATIVESASWELLASIDENTIFYINGTHEM,ANDTHERANGEISFROMHIGHLYLIMITEDTOPRACTICALLYUNLIMITED在管理層，作決策包括了限定和鑒別可供選擇的可能性，其限定范圍從非常有限到基本無(wú)限。DECISIONMAKERSMUSTHAVESOMEWAYOFDETERMININGWHICHOFSEVERALALTERNATIVESISBESTTHATIS,WHICHCONTRIBUTESTHEMOSTTOTHEACHIEVEMENTOFORGANIZATIONALGOALSANORGANIZATIONALGOALISANENDORASTATEOFAFFAIRSTHEORGANIZATIONSEEKSTOREACHBECAUSEINDIVIDUALSANDORGANIZATIONSFREQUENTLYHAVEDIFFERENTIDEASABOUTHOWTOATTAINTHEGOALS,THEBESTCHOICEMAYDEPENDONWHOMAKESTHEDECISIONFREQUENTLY,DEPARTMENTSORUNITSWITHINANORGANIZATIONMAKEDECISIONSTHATAREGOODFORTHEMINDIVIDUALLYBUTTHATARELESSTHANOPTIMALFORTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：1ECOMMERCEECOMMERCEINFORMATIONINFORMATIONSECURITYSECURITYPROBLEMSPROBLEMSⅠINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONECOMMERCEEBUSINESSISINOPENNETWORKS,INCLUDINGBETWEENENTERPRISESB2B,BUSINESSANDCONSUMERSB2CCOMMERCIALTRANSACTIONS,COMPAREDWITHTHETRADITIONALBUSINESSMODEL,ECOMMERCEWITHEFFICIENT,CONVENIENT,COVEREDWIDERANGEOFCHARACTERISTICSANDBENEFITSHOWEVER,ECOMMERCEOPENTHISINTERNETBASEDDATAEXCHANGEISGREATITSSECURITYVULNERABILITIES,SECURITYISACOREECOMMERCEDEVELOPMENTCONSTRAINTSANDKEYISSUESINTHISPAPER,THEBASICIDEASANDPRINCIPLESOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING,ANALYZESTHECURRENTSECURITYTHREATSFACINGECOMMERCE,INTHISBASEDONSECURITYTECHNOLOGYFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFDEVELOPMENTTRENDOFECOMMERCEⅡECOMMERCEECOMMERCEMODELMODELMODERNECOMMERCETECHNOLOGYHASFOCUSEDONTHEESTABLISHMENTANDOPERATIONOFTHENETWORKOFSTORESNETWORKINTHEDEPARTMENTSTORESANDREALSTORESNODISTINCTIONBETWEENSTRUCTUREANDFUNCTION,DIFFERENCESINTHEIRFUNCTIONANDSTRUCTURETOACHIEVETHESEMETHODSANDTHEWAYBUSINESSOPERATEWEBSTOREFROMTHEFRONTVIEWISASPECIALKINDOFWEBSERVERWEBSITEOFMODERNMULTIMEDIASUPPORTANDAGOODINTERACTIVEFEATUREASTHEBASISFORTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHISVIRTUALSTORE,SOCUSTOMERSCAN,ASINAREALSUPERMARKETPUSHINGASHOPPINGCARTTOSELECTGOODS,ANDFINALLYINTHECHECKOUTCHECKOUTTHESEONLINESTORESALSOCONSTITUTETHETHREEPILLARSOFSOFTWARECATALOG,SHOPPINGCARTANDCUSTOMERCHECKOUTCUSTOMERSUSEANELECTRONICCURRENCYANDTRANSACTIONMUSTSTORECUSTOMERSANDSTORESARESAFEANDRELIABLEBEHINDTHESTOREINTHENETWORK,ENTERPRISESMUSTFIRSTHAVEAPRODUCTSTORAGEWAREHOUSEANDADMINISTRATIONSECONDNETWORKTOSELLPRODUCTSBYMAILOROTHERDELIVERYCHANNELSTOCUSTOMERSHANDSTHIRD,ENTERPRISESSHOULDALSOBERESPONSIBLEFORPRODUCTAFTERSALESSERVICE,THISSERVICEMAYBETHROUGHNETWORKS,MAYNOTINTERNETTRANSACTIONSAREUSUALLYAFIRSTPAYTHEBILLANDGETTINGGOODSSHOPPINGFORCUSTOMERS,CONVENIENCEISTHATTHEGOODSPURCHASEDWILLBEDIRECTLYDELIVEREDTOTHEIRHOME,BUTHARDTOFEELASSUREDTHATTHE3RELIABLECOMMUNICATIONSNETWORKTOENSURERELIABLEDATATRANSMISSIONINTEGRITY,PREVENTVIRUSES,HACKERSELECTRONICSIGNATURESANDOTHERAUTHENTICATIONSYSTEMSCOMPLETEDATAENCRYPTIONSYSTEMANDSOONⅣECOMMERCEECOMMERCESECURITYSECURITYISSUESISSUESFACINGFACINGASECOMMERCENETWORKISTHECOMPUTERBASED,ITINEVITABLYFACESANUMBEROFSECURITYISSUES1INFORMATIONLEAKPERFORMANCEINECOMMERCEFORTHELEAKAGEOFBUSINESSSECRETS,INCLUDINGTWOASPECTSTHEPARTIESAREDEALINGTRANSACTIONSBYTHIRDPARTIESTOSTEALTHECONTENTSTRANSACTIONTOTHEOTHERPARTYTOPROVIDEDOCUMENTSUSEDILLEGALUSEBYTHIRDPARTIES2ALTEREDECOMMERCEINFORMATIONFORBUSINESSPERFORMANCEINTHEAUTHENTICITYANDINTEGRITYISSUESELECTRONICTRANSACTIONINFORMATIONINTHENETWORKTRANSMISSIONPROCESSMAYBEOTHERSTOILLEGALLYMODIFY,DELETEORRECHANGED,SOTHATINFORMATIONABOUTITSAUTHENTICITYANDINTEGRITY3IDENTIFICATIONWITHOUTIDENTIFICATION,THIRDPARTYTRANSACTIONSISLIKELYTOFAKETHEIDENTITYOFPARTIESTOADEALBREAKER,DAMAGETHEREPUTATIONOFBEINGCOUNTERFEITORSTOLENBYONEPARTYTOTHETRANSACTIONFAKERESULTSANDSOON,FORIDENTIFICATION,THETRANSACTIONBETWEENTHETWOSIDESCANPREVENTSUSPICIONSITUATION4COMPUTERVIRUSESCOMPUTERVIRUSAPPEARED10YEARS,AVARIETYOFNEWVIRUSANDITSVARIANTSRAPIDLYINCREASING,THEEMERGENCEOFTHEINTERNETFORTHESPREADOFTHEVIRUSHASPROVIDEDTHEBESTMEDIUMMANYNEWVIRUSESDIRECTLYUSINGTHENETWORKASITSTRANSMISSION,ASWELLASMANYVIRUSESSPREADFASTERTHROUGHDRIEDNETWORKS,FREQUENTLYCAUSINGBILLIONSOFDOLLARSINECONOMICLOSSES5HACKERWITHTHESPREADOFAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONTOOLS,HACKERSHAVEBEENPOPULAR,ANDARENOTINTHEPASTNONCOMPUTEREXPERTCANNOTBEAHACKERHAVEKICKEDYAHOOSMAFIABOYDIDNOTRECEIVEANYSPECIALTRAINING,ONLYAFEWATTACKSTOTHEUSERSTODOWNLOADSOFTWAREANDLEARNHOWTOUSETHEINTERNETONABIGDRY

簡(jiǎn)介：ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSCAUSEDBYISTANBULSUBWAYEXCAVATIONANDSUGGESTIONSFORREMEDIATIONIBRAHIMOCAKABSTRACTMANYENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSCAUSEDBYSUBWAYEXCAVATIONSHAVEINEVITABLYBECOMEANIMPORTANTPOINTINCITYLIFETHESEPROBLEMSCANBECATEGORIZEDASTRANSPORTINGANDSTOCKINGOFEXCAVATEDMATERIAL,TRAFFICJAMS,NOISE,VIBRATIONS,PILESOFDUSTMUDANDLACKOFSUPPLIESALTHOUGHTHESEPROBLEMSCAUSEMANYDIFFICULTIES,THEMOSTPRESSINGFORABIGCITYLIKEISTANBULISEXCAVATION,SINCEOTHERLISTEDDIFFICULTIESRESULTFROMITMOREOVER,THESEPROBLEMSAREENVIRONMENTALLYANDREGIONALLYRESTRICTEDTOTHEPERIODOVERWHICHCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSAREUNDERWAYANDDISAPPEARWHENCONSTRUCTIONISFINISHEDCURRENTLY,INISTANBUL,THEREARENINESUBWAYCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSINOPERATION,COVERINGAPPROXIMATELY73KMINLENGTHOVER200KMTOBECONSTRUCTEDINTHENEARFUTURETHEAMOUNTOFMATERIALEXCAVATEDFROMONGOINGCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSCOVERSAPPROXIMATELY12MILLIONM3INTHISSTUDY,PROBLEMSPRIMARILY,THEPROBLEMWITHEXCAVATIONWASTEEWCAUSEDBYSUBWAYEXCAVATIONAREANALYZEDANDSUGGESTIONSFORREMEDIATIONAREOFFEREDKEYWORDSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSSUBWAYEXCAVATIONWASTEMANAGEMENTINTRODUCTIONNOWADAYS,CITIESARESPREADINGOVERLARGERAREASWITHINCREASINGDEMANDONEXTENDINGTRANSPORTFACILITIESTHUS,ALLOVERTHEWORLD,ESPECIALLYINCITIESWHERETHEPOPULATIONEXCEEDS300,000–400,000PEOPLE,RAILWAYBASEDMEANSOFTRANSPORTATIONISBEINGACCEPTEDASTHEULTIMATESOLUTIONTHEREFORE,LARGEINVESTMENTSINSUBWAYANDLIGHTRAILCONSTRUCTIONAREREQUIREDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFSTATEDSYSTEMSREQUIRESSURFACEEXCAVATIONS,CUTANDCOVERTUNNELEXCAVATIONS,BOREDTUNNELEXCAVATIONS,REDIRECTIONOFINFRASTRUCTURESANDTUNNELCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSTHESEELEMENTSDISTURBTHEENVIRONMENTANDAFFECTEVERYDAYLIFEOFCITIZENSINTERMSOFRUNNINGWATER,NATURALGAS,SEWERSYSTEMSANDTELEPHONELINESONEREASONWHYMETROEXCAVATIONSAFFECTTHEENVIRONMENTISTHEHUGEAMOUNTOFEXCAVATEDMATERIALPRODUCEDMOREOVER,ALARGEAMOUNTOFTHISEXCAVATEDMATERIALISCOMPOSEDOFMUDDYANDBENTONITEMATERIALSTORINGEXCAVATEDMATERIALTHENBECOMESCRUCIALACONSIDERABLEAMOUNTOFPRESSUREHASBEENPLACEDONOFFICIALSTOSTOREANDRECYCLEANYKINDOFEXCAVATEDMATERIALWASTEMANAGEMENTHASBECOMEABRANCHOFSTUDYBYITSELFMANYSTUDIESHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTONTHEDESTRUCTION,RECYCLINGANDSTORINGOFSOLID,VLACHOS1975HUANGETAL2001WINKLER2005HUANGETAL2006KHANETAL1987BOADIANDKUITUNEN2003STAUDTANDSCHROLL1999WANG2001OKUDAANDTHOMSON2007YANGANDINNES2007,ORGANICEDWARDSETAL1998,JACKSON2006DEBRAETAL1991AKHTARANDMAHMOOD1996BRUUNETAL2006MINHETAL2006,PLASTICIDRISETAL2004KARANIANDSTANJEWASIKIEWITZ2007ALIETAL2004NISHINOETAL2003VASILEETAL2006KATOETAL2003KASAKURAETAL1999HAYASHIETAL2000,TOXICRODGERSETAL1996BELLANDWILSON1988CHENETAL1997SULLIVANANDYELTON1988,OILYAHUMADAETAL2004ALMASRIANDSUMAN2003,FARMINGGARNIERETAL1998MOHANTY2001ANDRADIOACTIVEMATERIALSFIG1CURRENTSTATUSOFMUNICIPALWASTEDISTRIBUTIONINISTANBULINTHISSTUDY,ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSINISTANBUL,SUCHASEWRESULTINGFROMTUNNELLINGOPERATIONS,DWRESULTINGFROMBUILDINGDEMOLITIONANDHOMEWASTES,AREEVALUATEDRESOURCESOFEW,MATERIALPROPERTIESANDALTERNATIVESOFPOSSIBLEUSAGEAREALSOEVALUATEDRAILWAYSYSTEMSTUDIESTHREEPRELIMINARYSTUDIESCONCERNINGTRANSPORTATIONINISTANBULWERECONDUCTEDIN1985,1987AND1997AFOURTHSTUDYISCURRENTLYBEINGCONDUCTEDTHEISTANBULTRANSPORTATIONMAINPLANSTATESTHATRAILWAYSYSTEMSMUSTCONSTITUTETHEMAINFACETOFISTANBUL’STRANSPORTATIONNETWORKIMM2005INADDITIONTOEXISTINGLINES,WITHINTHESCOPEOFTHEMARMARAYPROJECT,36KMOFMETRO,96KMOFLIGHTRAIL,AND7KMOFTRAM,WITHATOTALOF205KMOFNEWRAILWAYLINES,MUSTBECONSTRUCTEDCONSEQUENTLY,THETOTALLENGTHOFRAILWAYLINEWILLEXCEED250KMENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSCAUSEDBYSUBWAYEXCAVATIONSTRANSPORTINGANDSTORINGEXCAVATEDMATERIALALMOSTALLLANDINISTANBULISINHABITEDTHEREFORE,ITISOFUTMOSTIMPORTANCETOSTOREANDRECYCLEEXCAVATEDMATERIALOBTAINEDEITHERFROMMETROEXCAVATIONSOROTHERCONSTRUCTIONACTIVITIES,CAUSINGMINIMALDAMAGEANDDISTURBANCETOTHECITYTHECOLLECTION,TEMPORARYSTORAGE,RECYCLING,REUSE,TRANSPORTATIONANDDESTRUCTIONOFEXCAVATEDMATERIALANDCONSTRUCTIONWASTEARECONTROLLEDBYENVIRONMENTALLAWNUMBER2872ACCORDINGTOTHISLAW,ITISESSENTIALTHAT1WASTEMUSTBEREDUCEDATITSSOURCE2MANAGEMENTMUSTTAKENECESSARYPRECAUTIONSTOREDUCETHEHARMFULEFFECTSOFWASTE3EXCAVATEDMATERIALMUSTBERECYCLEDANDREUSED,ESPECIALLYWITHINTHECONSTRUCTIONINFRASTRUCTURE

簡(jiǎn)介：1外文外文資料所譯外文資料1作者GBOUWHUIS,JBRAAT,AHUIJSER2書名PRINCIPLESOFOPTICALDISKSYSTEMS3出版時(shí)間1991年9月4所譯章節(jié)SESSION2/CHAPTER9,SESSION2/CHAPTER11原文原文MICROPROCESSORONEOFTHEKEYINVENTIONSINTHEHISTORYOFELECTRONICS,ANDINFACTONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINVENTIONSEVERPERIOD,WASTHETRANSISTORASTIMEPROGRESSEDAFTERTHEINVENTIONOFLSIINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,THETECHNOLOGYIMPROVEDANDCHIPSBECAMESMALLER,FASTERANDCHEAPERTHEFUNCTIONSPERFORMEDBYAPROCESSORWEREIMPLEMENTEDUSINGSEVERALDIFFERENTLOGICCHIPSINTELWASTHEFIRSTCOMPANYTOINCORPORATEALLOFTHESELOGICCOMPONENTSINTOASINGLECHIP,THISWASTHEFIRSTMICROPROCESSORAMICROPROCESSORISACOMPLETECOMPUTATIONENGINETHATISFABRICATEDONASINGLECHIPAMICROPROCESSOREXECUTESACOLLECTIONOFMACHINEINSTRUCTIONSTHATTELLTHEPROCESSORWHATTODOBASEDONTHEINSTRUCTIONS,AMICROPROCESSORDOESTHREEBASICTHINGS1USINGTHEALUARITHMETIC/LOGICUNIT,AMICROPROCESSORCANPERFORMMATHEMATICALOPERATIONSLIKEADDITION,SUBTRACTION,MULTIPLICATIONANDDIVISION2AMICROPROCESSORCANMOVEDATAFROMONEMEMORYLOCATIONTOANOTHER3AMICROPROCESSORCANMAKEDECISIONSANDJUMPTOANEWSETOFINSTRUCTIONSBASEDONTHOSEDECISIONSTHEREMAYBEVERYSOPHISTICATEDTHINGSTHATAMICROPROCESSORDOES,BUTTHOSEAREITSTHREEBASICACTIVITIESMICROPROCESSORHASANADDRESSBUSTHATSENDSANADDRESSTOMEMORY,ADATABUSTHATCANSENDDATATOMEMORYORRECEIVEDATAFROMMEMORY,ANRDREADANDWRWRITELINETHATLETSACLOCKPULSESEQUENCETHEPROCESSORANDARESETLINETHATRESETSTHEPROGRAMCOUNTERTOZEROORWHATEVERANDRESTARTSEXECUTIONANDLET’SASSUMETHATBOTHTHEADDRESSANDDATABUSESARE8BITSWIDEHEREHEREARETHECOMPONENTSOFTHISSIMPLEMICROPROCESSOR3CONNECTEITHERTORAMORROMGENERALLYBOTHINOURSAMPLEMICROPROCESSOR,WEHAVEANADDRESSBUS8BITSWIDEANDADATABUS8BITSWIDETHATMEANSTHATTHEMICROPROCESSORANADDRESS2N256BYTESOFTHEMEMORYANDITCANREADORWRITE8BITSOFTHEMEMORYATATIMELET’SASSUMETHATTHISSIMPLEMICROPROCESSORHAS128BYTESOFROMSTARTINGATADDRESS0AND128BYTESOFRAMSTARTINGATADDRESS128ROMSTANDSFORREADONLYMEMORYAROMCHIPISPROGRAMMEDWITHAPERMANENTCOLLECTIONOFPRESETBYTESTHEADDRESSBUSTELLSTHEROMCHIPWHICHBYTETOGETANDPLACEONTHEDATABUSWHENTHERDLINECHANGESSTATE,THEROMCHIPPRESENTSTHESELECTEDBYTEONTOTHEDATABUSRAMSTANDSFORRANDOMACCESSMEMORYRAMCONTAINSBYTESOFINFORMATION,ANDTHEMICROPROCESSORCANREADORWRITETOTHOSEBYTESDEPENDINGONWHETHERTHERDORWRLINEISSIGNALEDONEPROBLEMWITHTODAY’SRAMCHIPSISTHATTHEYFORGETEVERYTHINGONCETHEPOWERGOESOFFTHATISWHYTHECOMPUTERNEEDSROMBYTHEWAY,NEARLYALLCOMPUTERSCONTAINSOMEAMOUNTOFROMITISPOSSIBLETOCREATEASIMPLECOMPUTERTHATCONTAINSNORAMMANYMICROCONTROLLERSDOTHISBYPLACINGAHANDFULOFRAMBYTESONTHEPROCESSORCHIPITSELFBUTGENERALLYIMPOSSIBLETOCREATEONETHATCONTAINSNOROMONAPC,THEROMISCALLEDTHEBIOSBASICINPUT/OUTPUTSYSTEMWHENTHEMICROPROCESSORSTARTS,ITBEGINSEXECUTINGINSTRUCTIONSITFINDSINTHEBIOSTHEBIOSINSTRUCTIONSDOTHINGSLIKETESTTHEHARDWAREINTHEMACHINE,ANDTHENITGOESTOTHEHARDDISKTOFETCHTHEBOOTSECTORTHISBOOTSECTORISANOTHERSMALLPROGRAM,ANDTHEBIOSSTOREITINRAMAFTERREADINGITOFFTHEDISKTHEMICROPROCESSORTHENBEGINSEXECUTINGTHEBOOTSECTOR’SINSTRUCTIONSFROMRAMTHEBOOTSECTORPROGRAMWILLTELLTHEMICROPROCESSORTOFETCHSOMETHINGELSEFROMTHEHARDDISKINTORAM,WHICHTHEMICROPROCESSORTHENEXECUTES,ANDSOONTHISISHOWTHEMICROPROCESSORLOADSANDEXECUTESENTIREOPERATINGSYSTEMMICROPROCESSORINSTRUCTIONSEVENTHEINCREDIBLYSIMPLEMICROPROCESSORSHOWNHEREWILLHAVEAFAIRLYLARGESETOFINSTRUCTIONSTHATITCANPERFORMTHECOLLECTIONOFINSTRUCTIONSISIMPLEMENTEDASBITPATTERNS,EACHONEOFWHICHHASADIFFERENTMEANINGWHENLOADEDINTOTHEINSTRUCTIONREGISTERHUMANSARENOTPARTICULARLYGOODATREMEMBERINGBITPATTERNS,SOASETOFSHORTWORDSAREDEFINEDTOREPRESENTTHEDIFFERENTBITPATTERNSTHISCOLLECTIONOFWORDSISCALLEDTHEASSEMBLYLANGUAGESOFTHEPROCESSORANASSEMBLERCANTRANSLATETHEWORDSINTOTHEIRBITPATTERNSVERYEASILY,ANDTHENTHEOUTPUTOFASSEMBLERISPLACEDINMEMORYFORTHEMICROPROCESSORTOEXECUTEIFYOUUSECLANGUAGEPROGRAMMING,ACCOMPILERWILLTRANSLATETHECCODEINTOASSEMBLYLANGUAGE

簡(jiǎn)介：1UNIT1UNIT1教育界的科技革命如果讓生活在1900年的人來(lái)到我們這個(gè)時(shí)代，他會(huì)辨認(rèn)出我們當(dāng)前課堂里發(fā)生的許多事情那盛行的講座、對(duì)操練的強(qiáng)調(diào)、從基礎(chǔ)讀本到每周的拼寫測(cè)試在內(nèi)的教學(xué)材料和教學(xué)活動(dòng)?？赡艹私烫靡酝?，很少有機(jī)構(gòu)像主管下一代正規(guī)教育的學(xué)校那樣缺乏變化了。讓我們把上述一貫性與校園外孩子們的經(jīng)歷作一番比較吧。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，孩子們有機(jī)會(huì)接觸廣泛的媒體，而在早些年代這些媒體簡(jiǎn)直就是奇跡。來(lái)自過(guò)去的參觀者一眼就能辨認(rèn)出現(xiàn)在的課堂，但很難適應(yīng)現(xiàn)今一個(gè)10歲孩子的校外世界。學(xué)校如果不是一般意義上的教育界天生是保守的機(jī)構(gòu)。我會(huì)在很大程度上為這種保守的趨勢(shì)辯護(hù)。但變化在我們的世界中是如此迅速而明確，學(xué)校不可能維持現(xiàn)狀或僅僅做一些表面的改善而生存下去。的確，如果學(xué)校不迅速、徹底地變革，就有可能被其他較靈活的機(jī)構(gòu)取代。計(jì)算機(jī)的變革力當(dāng)今時(shí)代最重要的科技事件要數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)的崛起。計(jì)算機(jī)已滲透到我們生活的諸多方面，從交通、電訊到娛樂(lè)等等。許多學(xué)校當(dāng)然不能漠視這種趨勢(shì)，于是也配備了計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在某種程度上，這些科技輔助設(shè)施已被吸納到校園生活中，盡管他們往往只是用一種更方便、更有效的模式教授舊課程。然而，未來(lái)將以計(jì)算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)組織教學(xué)。計(jì)算機(jī)將在一定程度上允許針對(duì)個(gè)人的授課，這種授課形式以往只向有錢人提供。所有的學(xué)生都會(huì)得到符合自身需要的、適合自己學(xué)習(xí)方法和進(jìn)度的課程設(shè)置，以及對(duì)先前所學(xué)材料、課程的成績(jī)記錄。毫不夸張地說(shuō)，計(jì)算機(jī)科技可將世界上所有的信息置于人們的指尖。這既是幸事又是災(zāi)難。我們?cè)僖矡o(wú)須花費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間查找某個(gè)出處或某個(gè)人現(xiàn)在，信息的傳遞是瞬時(shí)的。不久，我們甚至無(wú)須鍵入指令，只需大聲提出問(wèn)題，計(jì)算機(jī)就會(huì)打印或說(shuō)出答案，這樣，人們就可實(shí)現(xiàn)即時(shí)的“文化脫盲“。美中不足的是，因特網(wǎng)沒(méi)有質(zhì)量控制手段；“任何人都可以撥弄“。信息和虛假信息往往混雜在一起，現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有將網(wǎng)上十分普遍的被歪曲的事實(shí)和一派胡言與真實(shí)含義區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)的可靠手段。要識(shí)別出真的、美的、好的信息，并挑出其中那些值得知曉的,這對(duì)人們構(gòu)成巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。對(duì)此也許有人會(huì)說(shuō)，這個(gè)世界一直充斥著錯(cuò)誤的信息。的確如此，但以前教育當(dāng)局至少能選擇他們中意的課本。而今天的形勢(shì)則是每個(gè)人都擁有瞬時(shí)可得的數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的信息源，這種情況是史無(wú)前例的。教育的客戶化按以往的趨勢(shì)變化看，從授權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)獲取證書可能已不如過(guò)去重要。每個(gè)人都能在模擬的環(huán)境中自學(xué)并展示個(gè)人才能。如果一個(gè)人能像早些時(shí)候那樣“讀法律“，然后通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)模擬的實(shí)踐考試展現(xiàn)自己的全部法律技能，為什么還要花12萬(wàn)美元去上法學(xué)院呢用類似的方法學(xué)開(kāi)飛機(jī)或?qū)W做外科手術(shù)不同樣可行嗎在過(guò)去，大部分教育基本是職業(yè)性的目的是確保個(gè)人在其年富力強(qiáng)的整個(gè)成人階段能可靠地從事某項(xiàng)工作。現(xiàn)在，這種設(shè)想有了缺陷。很少有人會(huì)一生只從事一種職業(yè)；許多人都會(huì)頻繁地從一個(gè)職位、公司或經(jīng)濟(jì)部門跳到另一個(gè)。在經(jīng)濟(jì)中，這些新的、迅速變換的角色的激增使教育變得大為復(fù)雜。大部分老成持重的教師和家長(zhǎng)對(duì)幫助青年一代應(yīng)對(duì)這個(gè)會(huì)經(jīng)常變換工作的世界缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)。由于沒(méi)有先例，青少年們只有自己為快速變化的“事業(yè)之路“和生活狀況作準(zhǔn)備。技術(shù)的更深遠(yuǎn)影響在以計(jì)算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的教學(xué)成為對(duì)教育產(chǎn)生主要科技影響力的同時(shí)，其他創(chuàng)新手段也會(huì)沖擊教育。醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)可使人們對(duì)學(xué)生在解決各類問(wèn)題或進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)時(shí)的大腦活動(dòng)和血流狀況進(jìn)行研究。對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的基因基礎(chǔ)的進(jìn)一步了解也可能影響課堂教學(xué)。也許由此能夠決定哪些年青學(xué)子可能更快取得進(jìn)步，哪些注定要有“艱難的“求學(xué)歷程。一些權(quán)威人士堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為這些發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)該應(yīng)用于特定情況中，而另一些人則極力反對(duì)在基因信息基礎(chǔ)上所做的任何決定。聲稱能改善學(xué)習(xí)、記憶或激發(fā)熱情的藥品將唾手可得。教師和家長(zhǎng)將面對(duì)以往只在科幻小說(shuō)中出現(xiàn)的道德上的兩難窘境。最后，近來(lái)在生物學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)方面的突破會(huì)給教育界帶來(lái)翻天覆地的變化。如果每個(gè)人都設(shè)法通過(guò)基因工程“設(shè)計(jì)“后代，或改變現(xiàn)有一個(gè)人的基因結(jié)構(gòu)，或使克隆人類成為可能，那么成為一個(gè)人、成為人類社會(huì)的一部分意義何在，我們對(duì)此所作的定義將永遠(yuǎn)處于變化中。保守主義未必是壞事前文提到，教育是保守的，這個(gè)保守的趨勢(shì)也不一定是壞事。誠(chéng)然，對(duì)于價(jià)值觀的傳授和某些學(xué)科的講授確實(shí)還需要保守的方法，但知識(shí)爆炸要求對(duì)課程設(shè)置予以密切而全新的注意。如果年青人要為自己期望承擔(dān)的迅速變換的角色作好準(zhǔn)備，那么必須想出新的和富于想像力的方法。UNIT2UNIT2我們真的想長(zhǎng)壽嗎你希望長(zhǎng)壽嗎一定想過(guò)。你可期望自己變老嗎沒(méi)想過(guò)。幾千年來(lái)，人們一直想要長(zhǎng)壽，不變老，然而他們總是失望。西班牙探險(xiǎn)家胡安龐塞德萊昂之聞名與其說(shuō)是因?yàn)樗?513年發(fā)現(xiàn)了佛羅里達(dá)，倒不如說(shuō)是因?yàn)樗麑ふ摇扒啻喝?。他從?lái)沒(méi)有找到過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)厝烁嬖V他的“青春泉“，而自己卻在幾年之后死于印第安人的毒箭之下?！扒啻喝暗膫髡f(shuō)也許起源于北印度；7世紀(jì)時(shí)流傳到歐洲，中世紀(jì)時(shí)已在那兒廣為人知。一位油畫家曾經(jīng)畫過(guò)一幅傳說(shuō)中的“青春泉“的名3售合同。合同規(guī)定，只要產(chǎn)品銷售達(dá)到一定的定額，該公司即以一美元的價(jià)格向零售小商店和飯店提供冰箱。同時(shí)，該公司還得說(shuō)服這些泰國(guó)中間商不要在冰箱中儲(chǔ)存其他公司的產(chǎn)品，并且不要為了省電而在夜間拔去冰箱的電源插頭。促銷手段不僅可用于消費(fèi)品的銷售，也可用于工業(yè)品的銷售。許多制藥公司通過(guò)舉辦雞尾酒會(huì)、旅游和其他活動(dòng)來(lái)吸引藥品批發(fā)商。他們向醫(yī)生們贈(zèng)送禮品，而且讓醫(yī)生的夫人們參加購(gòu)物旅游。無(wú)論是在美國(guó)還是在海外，促銷活動(dòng)越來(lái)越受人青睞，而且持續(xù)穩(wěn)定。一家主要的廣告雜志進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查表明，公司經(jīng)理們已從媒體廣告轉(zhuǎn)向促銷活動(dòng)。同五年前相比，有五分之三的公司開(kāi)始增加對(duì)非媒體宣傳的投入，如在產(chǎn)品交易會(huì)和展銷會(huì)擺設(shè)攤位、舉辦使顧客能夠直接購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品的展銷會(huì)、舉辦各種宣傳活動(dòng)等等。根據(jù)對(duì)美國(guó)消費(fèi)者購(gòu)物行為所作的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，除了食品以外，超市里所售商品中有70是顧客在店內(nèi)臨時(shí)決定購(gòu)買的。因此，店內(nèi)產(chǎn)品展示和其他促銷手段的效果頗為顯著。如果這種根據(jù)臨時(shí)決定購(gòu)買的方式能在美國(guó)以外的其他地方盛行開(kāi)來(lái)，那么，促銷活動(dòng)在其他地方將被證明同樣是必不可少的。某一產(chǎn)品初次進(jìn)入一個(gè)市場(chǎng)時(shí)，促銷活動(dòng)可以有效地幫助消費(fèi)者了解這種產(chǎn)品。同時(shí)，對(duì)于現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品，如果產(chǎn)品本身極具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，互相之間無(wú)明顯差別，尤其是如果這種產(chǎn)品單價(jià)較低而且流通量大，促銷活動(dòng)會(huì)同樣有效。在這種條件下，就需要以促銷來(lái)贏得“額外“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。一家日本公司將游戲卡裝在其肥皂盒中，結(jié)果在泰國(guó)引起轟動(dòng)效應(yīng)。消費(fèi)者禁不住對(duì)這種皂盒越買越多，以期得到得獎(jiǎng)的紙卡。與此類似，在泰國(guó)大多數(shù)加油站曾經(jīng)有這樣的做法，顧客每加一次油，即可免費(fèi)得到一塊毛巾，作為饋贈(zèng)。在巴西，用電設(shè)施被看作商品，菲利浦公司希望巴西電工能夠了解該公司的品牌。為此目的，公司開(kāi)設(shè)了一個(gè)培訓(xùn)課程，除了頒發(fā)結(jié)業(yè)證書，還送電工一個(gè)工具箱作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。該課程共計(jì)四講，附有大量插圖，以適合文化水平較低的巴西電工。但該公司碰到的問(wèn)題是，沒(méi)有一家專為電工出版的行業(yè)雜志刊登這一課程的廣告。菲利浦公司想了個(gè)辦法，在電工用品商店設(shè)點(diǎn)展示，電工們可以在展點(diǎn)內(nèi)隨手取閱該培訓(xùn)課程的活頁(yè)廣告。由于該培訓(xùn)課程的學(xué)費(fèi)很高，任何一個(gè)聽(tīng)課的個(gè)人都無(wú)能力支付，菲利浦公司將參加培訓(xùn)的對(duì)象限定為職業(yè)與電力工業(yè)有關(guān)的人員。同時(shí)讓電力設(shè)備商店也參加該促銷活動(dòng)公司向這些商店介紹本次活動(dòng)的好處，同時(shí)，邀請(qǐng)商店的銷售人員參加培訓(xùn)課程。促銷手段有時(shí)會(huì)與心理障礙發(fā)生沖突，這一情況在店主和消費(fèi)者中都存在。有些國(guó)外零售商不大愿意接受產(chǎn)品廠家提供的打折贈(zèng)券，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心廠家不會(huì)補(bǔ)償他們?cè)诖蛘垆N售中損失的款額。另一方面，消費(fèi)者可能對(duì)諸如返還款項(xiàng)的促銷承諾心存懷疑，他們會(huì)認(rèn)為，這樣的產(chǎn)品肯定有問(wèn)題。如同營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)的其他諸多方面一樣，促銷手段也須改進(jìn)。要使所用手段產(chǎn)生效果，就應(yīng)使其迎合當(dāng)?shù)厝说南埠谩Ｍ娑嗝字Z骨牌是巴西的一項(xiàng)全國(guó)性的消遣活動(dòng)，菲利浦公司即在該國(guó)用多米諾骨牌作為購(gòu)買電工產(chǎn)品的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。玩牌的一方要將骨牌彩色的一面朝上，不讓對(duì)方看到帶點(diǎn)數(shù)字的那一面。由于每張骨牌的反面印有菲利浦公司的名稱，電工們便會(huì)經(jīng)常想起這一品牌。UNIT4UNIT4勞動(dòng)的價(jià)值依然存在美國(guó)19世紀(jì)工業(yè)發(fā)展時(shí)期，對(duì)那些在礦山、作坊和工廠辛勤勞動(dòng)，每天只掙幾個(gè)硬幣的人們大講勞動(dòng)的固有德行，也許顯得荒唐可笑。那個(gè)時(shí)代，龐大的生產(chǎn)機(jī)器讓操作者受苦受難，頭昏眼花。然而，對(duì)于幾代移民來(lái)說(shuō)，勞動(dòng)最終結(jié)出了累累碩果祖父移民來(lái)美時(shí)目不識(shí)丁，其辛勤汗水給父親的一生打下了基礎(chǔ)，并讓他上了中學(xué)；而兒子則終于進(jìn)入大學(xué)甚至法學(xué)院。因此，在數(shù)百萬(wàn)美國(guó)人看來(lái)，他們幾代人的勞動(dòng)證實(shí)，勞動(dòng)是可以產(chǎn)生好的結(jié)果的。移民的職業(yè)道德終于與清教徒的職業(yè)道德融為一體。勞動(dòng)的動(dòng)機(jī)決定一切。僅為活命而勞動(dòng)是無(wú)奈。為兒孫們創(chuàng)造更加美好的生活，這樣的動(dòng)機(jī)賦予勞動(dòng)一種強(qiáng)烈的尊嚴(yán)。這種尊嚴(yán)，一種有希望的活力和抱負(fù)就像生命的原動(dòng)力一樣長(zhǎng)盛不衰就是許多人如今發(fā)現(xiàn)不復(fù)存在的美國(guó)品質(zhì)。當(dāng)今社會(huì)，職業(yè)道德并未消失，而是淡化了。在美國(guó)，人們對(duì)待勞動(dòng)的態(tài)度發(fā)生了很大變化。過(guò)去，由于對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條的痛苦記憶，人們對(duì)勞動(dòng)常采取了一種嚴(yán)守紀(jì)律，有時(shí)是被動(dòng)的態(tài)度這有點(diǎn)像前蘇聯(lián)的老一代人，由于對(duì)二戰(zhàn)期間可怕得多的經(jīng)歷記憶猶新，因而并不抱怨食品短缺、住房擁擠。但是，經(jīng)歷過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條的那一代人相繼退休，也相繼不在了。當(dāng)今年紀(jì)較輕的這代勞動(dòng)者，盡管有時(shí)也會(huì)因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)不景氣而下崗，受不到公正待遇，但在他們的腦海中，畢竟沒(méi)有對(duì)于大蕭條時(shí)期那種貧困和艱難的痛苦記憶。如今，各種精心設(shè)計(jì)以緩解困境的經(jīng)濟(jì)手段如失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)、福利金等使短期失業(yè)的困難程度減輕了。勞動(dòng)仍然深受美國(guó)社會(huì)的尊敬。大多數(shù)美國(guó)人，如果流落街頭，就會(huì)感到失落，甚至喪失自尊。但這種打擊如今很少帶有它曾經(jīng)有過(guò)的生死攸關(guān)的含義。此外，經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中肆無(wú)忌憚、聲名狼藉的行為，也會(huì)減少失業(yè)的羞愧感；如果某大公司關(guān)閉了一家工廠，將該廠3,700工人拋向失業(yè)者的行列中，那么人們更多地歸罪于疲軟的經(jīng)濟(jì)而不是個(gè)人。同過(guò)去相比，今天的勞動(dòng)者受教育的水平提高了，因而，他們期待更多，興趣各異。他們的父輩、祖父輩和曾祖父輩專心于手頭的活計(jì)，而年輕一代則對(duì)拼命干活的意義提出了質(zhì)疑。人類歷史上，工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的民眾，再也無(wú)須集中心思于勞動(dòng)，將其視為自身生計(jì)之首要因素，這是世界歷史前所未有的現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)著名心理學(xué)家馬斯洛的描述，勞動(dòng)是通過(guò)滿足一系列輕重緩急的需求體系而發(fā)揮功能的。最重要的是，勞動(dòng)可以提供食物和棲身之所，這是人類生存的基本保證。其次，勞動(dòng)可以滿足安全需求，并且滿足與他人交友和交往的需求。再次，自我的要求也產(chǎn)生了，即需要受到尊重。最后，人類，無(wú)論男女，都有“實(shí)現(xiàn)自我“的永無(wú)止境的愿望。這種愿望似乎是一種于人無(wú)損甚至是值得尊敬的上進(jìn)心，但有時(shí)也會(huì)淪落成一種自私的不滿。

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)翻譯1OPERATIONOFPLATERECTIFICATIONTOWERABSTRACTTHEINFLUENCINGFACTORS,ABNOIMALPHENOMENONANDRECTIFICATIONPROCESSWEREANALYZEDTODIRECTACTUALOPERATIONKEYWORDSRECTIFICATIONTOWER,RECIFICATION,REBOILER,OPERATIONDISTILLATIONCOLUMNISAMULTISTAGEPARTIALVAPORIZATIONANDPARTIALCONDENSATIONACCORDINGTOTHEDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSINTHEMIXTUREVOLATILITYINEACHFLOORTOWERBOARDTOACHIEVETHESEPARATIONOFAMIXTUREOFVARIOUSCOMPONENTSOFTHETOWERGASLIQUIDCONTACTDEVICE,ALSOKNOWNASDISTILLATIONAPLATECOLUMNANDPACKEDCOLUMNTYPESACCORDINGTOMODEOFOPERATIONAREDIVIDEDINTOCONTINUOUSDISTILLATIONANDBATCHDISTILLATIONSTEAMFROMTHEBOTTOMOFTHECOLUMNENTRY,ANDTHEDECLINEINLIQUIDCOUNTERCURRENTCONTACTWITHTHETWOINCONTACT,THEDROPINTHEVOLATILELIQUIDLOWBOILINGPOINTCOMPONENTSISCONTINUOUSLYTRANSFERREDTOTHESTEAMTHEDIFFICULTYOFSTEAMVOLATILEHIGHBOILINGCOMPONENTCONTINUEDTODECLINEINTHETRANSFEROFLIQUID,STEAMTHECLOSERTHETOPOFTHETOWER,THEHIGHERTHECONCENTRATIONOFITSVOLATILECOMPONENTS,WHILETHEDECLINEINTHECLOSERTOWERBOTTOMLIQUID,ITSHARDTOBEMOREVOLATILECOMPONENTSRICHSET,TOACHIEVECOMPONENTSEPARATIONSTEAMRISINGFROMTHETOPOFTHETOWERINTOTHECONDENSER,THELIQUIDPARTOFTHECONDENSATEASREFLUXLIQUIDTORETURNINTOTHEDISTILLATIONTOWER,THERESTISREMOVEDASDISTILLATETOWERBOTTOMOUTFLOWOFLIQUID,SOMEOFWHICHINTOTHEREBOILER,THERMALEVAPORATION,THESTEAMBACKTOTOWER,ANDTHEOTHERPARTOFTHELIQUIDASRESIDUARELEASECOMPAREDWITHOTHERCHEMICALUNITOPERATIONS,DISTILLATIONUNIT,ALTHOUGHRELATIVELYSIMPLE,SINGLEPRODUCTIONRUNTHATOFTENAPPEARINAVARIETYOFPROBLEMSAFFECTINGTHEOPERATIONOFTHEDISTILLATIONUNIT,LEADINGTOTOWERTOPORBOTTOMOFPRODUCTFAILURE,SEVERECONSTRAINTSOFPRODUCTIONEQUIPMENTTHEOPERATIONRESULTINGINPRODUCTLOSS1REGULARCHANGESINPROCESSCONDITIONSOFDISTILLATIONCOLUMN11REBOILERTEMPERATUREUNDERTHESAMEOPERATINGPRESSURE,RAISINGTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEREBOILER,THEVOLATILECOMPONENTSINTHETOWERLIQUIDTOREDUCE,ATTHESAMETIME,THERISINGVAPORVELOCITYINCREASES,ANDHELPTOIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFMASSTRANSFERIFPRODUCTSFROMTHETOPOFTHETOWER,THETOWERREACTORDISCHARGEOFDIFFICULTVOLATILESVOLATILECOMPONENTSTOREDUCEANDREDUCELOSSESIFTHETOWERREACTOREFFLUENTSFORTHEPRODUCT,ITCANIMPROVEPRODUCTQUALITYTOWERDISCHARGEOFVOLATILECOMPONENTS本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)翻譯3INCREASED,ANDTHESTRIPPINGSECTIONOFTHELOADINCREASES,MAYBEPOORDUETOTHESEPARATIONCAUSEDBYTHETOWERREACTORPRODUCTSOFINFERIORQUALITY,WHICHENTRAINEDVOLATILECOMPONENTSINCREASEDFEEDINGRESTRUCTURINGCONCENTRATIONINCREASED,THEFEEDINGMOUTHMOVEDOWNANDVICEVERSA,THENMOVEUPTHESAMETIME,OPERATINGTEMPERATURE,BACKFLOWANDOPERATINGPRESSUREMUSTBEADJUSTEDACCORDINGLYINORDERTOENSURETHESTABILITYOFTHEDISTILLATIONOPERATIONDISTILLATION,INCREASINGTHEREFLUXRATIO,CANIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFTHEPRODUCT,BUTTHEREFLUXRATIOISTOOLARGE,THEINNERLOOPOFTHETOWERINCREASED,INCREASINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONREDUCTIONOFTHEREFLUXRATIO,THETOWERGASLIQUIDCONTACTISNOTGOOD,THEBALANCETODAMAGEDANDTHEREFORETHEMASSTRANSFEREFFICIENCYDECREASEDTHESAMETIME,THEOPERATINGPRESSUREDROP,DIFFICULTVOLATILECOMPONENTSEASILYBROUGHTTOTHETOPOFTHETOWER,RESULTINGINASUBSTANDARDPRODUCT2ANOMALIESINTHEDISTILLATIONCOLUMNDURINGOPERATION21PLATECAPACITYRECTIFYINGSECTIONTRAYDOWNCOMEROVERFLOWLIQUIDTRANSPORTATION,HOWEVER,THATTHETOWERUPPERPARTOFTHEBEGINNINGOFFLOODING,APHENOMENONKNOWNASDOWNCOMEROBSTRUCTIONORLIQUIDFLOODINGITSCAUSESISTOBLOCKTHELIQUIDLEAVINGTHETOWERBOARDLEVELRISEINTHEDOWNCOMERPLATEBETWEENMISTENTRAINEDEXCESSIVELEAVINGTHETRAYEFFICIENCYTOREDUCEENTRAINMENTOFTHISPHENOMENONISKNOWNASTHEEXCESSIVEFOGORSTEAMFLOODING,THEREASONISTHERELATIVEINTHEGASWHILETHETOWERBOARDBUBBLINGAREAISTOOSMALL22PLATEFOULINGSEDIMENTCUMULATIVETOTHEBOARDOFBOARDOFTHETOWERISANIMPORTANTISSUE,TRAYSOFDIRTWILLTOWERPREMATUREFLOODINGWILLREDUCETHEPLATEEFFICIENCYPLATESCALINGPHENOMENON1THEREFLUXRATIOISNOTHIGHONLIQUIDPAN2THEPRESSUREDROPINCREASEBETWEENTHETRAY3INCREASETHEREFLUXRATIOONTHEBOTTOMOFTHECOLUMNTEMPERATURE,FLOWORREBOILERLOADDOESNOTHAVEANYIMPACT,IFTHEREFLUXRATIOTOTHEHEATBALANCEANDMATERIALBALANCEOF20TO30,WHILETHETOWERDIDNOTCHANGESIGNIFICANTLY,THENTHETOWERMUSTBECOMPLETELYFULLOFLIQUIDTHEAMOUNTOFRETURNINGTOWERDIRECTSTREAMGASPIPELINETHROUGHTHETOPOFTHETOWERBACKTOTHEREFLUXTANK23SLUGFLOWSINTHERISERSLUGFLOWINTHERISERISADISTILLATIONCOLUMNRUNNINGUNSTABLE,MAYBECAUSEDDUETOANUNSTABLEGASLIQUIDMIXTUREFLOWINTHEVERTICALPIPELINEREFLUXTANKISELEVATED

簡(jiǎn)介：UNIT1PASSAGEATHEENGLISHCHARACTERTOOTHEEUROPEANS,THEBESTKNOWNQUALITYOFTHEBRITISHIS“RESERVE“ARESERVEDPERSONISONEWHODOESNOTTALKVERYMUCHTOSTRANGERS,DOESNOTSHOWMUCHEMOTION,ANDSELDOMGETSEXCITEDITISDIFFICULTTOGETTOKNOWARESERVEDPERSONHENEVERTELLSYOUANYTHINGABOUTHIMSELF,ANDYOUMAYWORKWITHHIMFORYEARSWITHOUTEVERKNOWINGWHEREHELIVES,HOWMANYCHILDRENHEHAS,ANDWHATHISINTERESTSAREENGLISHPEOPLETENDTOBELIKETHATIFTHEYAREMAKINGAJOURNEYBYBUS,THEYWILLDOTHEIRBESTTOFINDANEMPTYSEATIFBYTRAIN,ANEMPTYCOMPARTMENTIFTHEYHAVETOSHARETHECOMPARTMENTWITHASTRANGER,THEYMAYTRAVELMANYMILESWITHOUTSTARTINGACONVERSATIONIFACONVERSATIONDOESSTART,PERSONALQUESTIONSLIKE“HOWOLDAREYOU“OREVEN“WHATISYOURNAME“ARENOTEASILYASKEDQUESTIONSLIKE“WHEREDIDYOUBUYYOURWATCH“OR“WHATISYOURSALARY“AREALMOSTIMPOSSIBLESIMILARLY,CONVERSATIONINBRITAINISINGENERALQUIETANDRESTRAINEDANDLOUDSPEECHISCONSIDEREDILLBREDTHISUNWILLINGNESSTOCOMMUNICATEWITHOTHERSISANUNFORTUNATEQUALITYINSOMEWAYS,SINCEITTENDSTOGIVETHEIMPRESSIONOFCOLDNESS,ANDITISTRUETHATTHEENGLISHEXCEPTPERHAPSINTHENORTHARENOTNOTEDFORTHEIRGENEROSITYANDHOSPITALITYONTHEOTHERHAND,THEYAREPERFECTLYHUMANBEHINDTHEIRBARRIEROFRESERVE,ANDMAYBEQUITEPLEASEDWHENAFRIENDLYSTRANGERORFOREIGNERSUCCEEDSFORATIMEINBREAKINGTHEBARRIERDOWNCLOSELYRELATEDTOENGLISHRESERVEISENGLISHMODESTYWITHINTHEIRHEARTS,THEENGLISHAREPERHAPSNOLESSCONCEITEDTHANANYBODYELSE,BUTINTHEIRRELATIONSWITHOTHERSTHEYVALUEATLEASTASHOWOFMODESTYSELFPRAISEISFELTTOBEILLBREDIFAPERSONIS,LETUSSAY,VERYGOODATTENNIS,ANDSOMEONEASKSHIMIFHEISAGOODPLAYER,HEWILLSELDOMREPLY“YES,“BECAUSEPEOPLEWILLTHINKHIMCONCEITEDHEWILLPROBABLYGIVEANANSWERLIKE,“IMNOTBAD,“OR“WELL,IMVERYKEENONTENNIS“THISSELFDEPRECATIONISTYPICALLYENGLISH,AND,MIXEDWITHTHEIRRESERVE,ITOFTENPRODUCESASORTOFGENERALAIROFINDIFFERENCEWHICHAPPEARSTOFOREIGNERSDIFFICULTTOUNDERSTANDANDEVENIRRITATINGTHEFAMOUSENGLISHSENSEOFHUMORISSIMILARITSSTARTINGPOINTISSELFDEPRECATION,ANDITSGREATENEMYISCONCEITIT’SIDEALISTHEABILITYTOLAUGHATONESELFATONESOWNFAULTS,ONESOWNFAILURESANDEMBARRASSMENTS,EVENATONESOWNIDEALSTHECRITICISM,“HEHASNOSENSEOFHUMOR,“ISVERYCOMMONLYHEARDINBRITAIN,WHEREHUMORISSOHIGHLYPRIZEDASENSEOFHUMORISANATTITUDETOLIFERATHERTHANTHEMEREABILITYTOLAUGHATJOKESTHISATTITUDEISNEVERCRUELORDISRESPECTFULORMALICIOUSTHEENGLISHDONOTLAUGHATACRIPPLEORAMADMAN,ATRAGEDYORANHONORABLEFAILURESYMPATHYORADMIRATIONFORARTISTICSKILLAREFELTTOBESTRONGERTHANLAUGHTERLIKEASENSEOFHUMOR,SPORTSMANSHIPISANENGLISHIDEALWHICHNOTALLENGLISHMENLIVEUPTOITMUSTBEREALIZEDTHATSPORTINITSMODERNFORMISALMOSTENTIRELYABRITISHINVENTIONBOXING,ASSOCIATIONFOOTBALL,TENNISANDCRICKET同幽默感一樣，運(yùn)動(dòng)員精神是英國(guó)式的理想，這一點(diǎn)并非所有的英國(guó)人都做得到。必須認(rèn)識(shí)到，現(xiàn)代形式的運(yùn)動(dòng)幾乎都是英國(guó)人發(fā)明的。拳擊、英式足球、網(wǎng)球以及板球都是在英國(guó)首次組織并且制定出規(guī)則的。規(guī)則是運(yùn)動(dòng)的精髓，運(yùn)動(dòng)員精神是指按照規(guī)則從事體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的能力，同時(shí)也表現(xiàn)在對(duì)對(duì)手的慷慨大度，以及失敗后的良好心態(tài)。此外，運(yùn)動(dòng)員精神作為一種理想模式也普遍適用于日常生活。其中最基本的生活規(guī)則之一就是“不打跌倒的人”。換言之，就是不要利用別人的不幸。英國(guó)的男孩子常常在相互交往中把這種運(yùn)動(dòng)員精神表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。

簡(jiǎn)介：英文原文COMPUTERNETWORKACOMPUTERNETWORK,OFTENSIMPLYREFERREDTOASANETWORK,ISACOLLECTIONOFCOMPUTERSANDDEVICESINTERCONNECTEDBYCOMMUNICATIONSCHANNELSTHATFACILITATECOMMUNICATIONSAMONGUSERSANDALLOWSUSERSTOSHARERESOURCESNETWORKSMAYBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOAWIDEVARIETYOFCHARACTERISTICSACOMPUTERNETWORKALLOWSSHARINGOFRESOURCESANDINFORMATIONAMONGINTERCONNECTEDDEVICESHISTORYEARLYNETWORKSOFCOMMUNICATINGCOMPUTERSINCLUDEDTHEMILITARYRADARSYSTEMSEMIAUTOMATICGROUNDENVIRONMENTSAGEANDITSRELATIVETHECOMMERCIALAIRLINERESERVATIONSYSTEMSEMIAUTOMATICBUSINESSRESEARCHENVIRONMENTSABRE,STARTEDINTHELATE1950S12WHENRUSSIALAUNCHEDHISSPUTNIKSATELLITEINSPACEIN1957THEAMERICANSTARTEDAGENCYNAMESADVANCERESEARCHPROJECTAGENCYARPALAUNCHEDTHIS1STSATELLITEWITHIN18MONTHAFTERESTABLISHMENTTHENSHARINGOFTHEINFORMATIONINANOTHERCOMPUTERTHEYUSEARPANETANDTHISALLRESPONSIBILITYONAMERICASDRLIEDLIEDERTHENIN1969,ARPANETCOMESININDIAANDINDIANSWITCHEDTHISNAMETONETWORKINTHE1960S,THEADVANCEDRESEARCHPROJECTSAGENCYARPASTARTEDFUNDINGTHEDESIGNOFTHEADVANCEDRESEARCHPROJECTSAGENCYNETWORKARPANETFORTHEUNITEDSTATESDEPARTMENTOFDEFENSEDEVELOPMENTOFTHENETWORKBEGANIN1969,BASEDONDESIGNSDEVELOPEDDURINGTHE1960S3THEARPANETEVOLVEDINTOTHEMODERNINTERNETPURPOSECOMPUTERNETWORKSCANBEUSEDFORAVARIETYOFPURPOSESFACILITATINGCOMMUNICATIONSUSINGANETWORK,PEOPLECANCOMMUNICATEEFFICIENTLYANDEASILYVIAEMAIL,INSTANTMESSAGING,CHATROOMS,TELEPHONE,VIDEOTELEPHONECALLS,ANDVIDEOCONFERENCINGSHARINGHARDWAREINANETWORKEDENVIRONMENT,EACHCOMPUTERONANETWORKMAYACCESSANDUSEHARDWARERESOURCESONTHENETWORK,SUCHASPRINTINGADOCUMENTONASHAREDNETWORKPRINTERSHARINGFILES,DATA,ANDINFORMATIONINANETWORKENVIRONMENT,AUTHORIZEDUSERMAYACCESSDATAANDINFORMATIONSTOREDONOTHERCOMPUTERSONTHENETWORKTHECAPABILITYOFPROVIDINGACCESSTODATAANDINFORMATIONONSHAREDSTORAGEDEVICESISANIMPORTANTFEATUREOFMANYNETWORKSSHARINGSOFTWAREUSERSCONNECTEDTOANETWORKMAYRUNAPPLICATIONPROGRAMSONREMOTECOMPUTERSINFORMATIONPRESERVATIONSECURITYNETWORKCLASSIFICATIONTHEFOLLOWINGLISTPRESENTSCATEGORIESUSEDFORCLASSIFYINGNETWORKSCONNECTIONMETHODCOMPUTERNETWORKSCANBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHEVOICE,DATA,ANDTVSIGNALSCELLULARANDPCSSYSTEMS–USESEVERALRADIOCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGIESTHESYSTEMSAREDIVIDEDTODIFFERENTGEOGRAPHICAREASEACHAREAHASALOWPOWERTRANSMITTERORRADIORELAYANTENNADEVICETORELAYCALLSFROMONEAREATOTHENEXTAREAWIRELESSLANS–WIRELESSLOCALAREANETWORKUSEAHIGHFREQUENCYRADIOTECHNOLOGYSIMILARTODIGITALCELLULARANDALOWFREQUENCYRADIOTECHNOLOGYWIRELESSLANSUSESPREADSPECTRUMTECHNOLOGYTOENABLECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENMULTIPLEDEVICESINALIMITEDAREAANEXAMPLEOFOPENSTANDARDSWIRELESSRADIOWAVETECHNOLOGYISIEEEINFRAREDCOMMUNICATION,WHICHCANTRANSMITSIGNALSBETWEENDEVICESWITHINSMALLDISTANCESNOTMORETHAN10METERSPEERTOPEERORFACETOFACEWITHOUTANYBODYINTHELINEOFTRANSMITTINGSCALENETWORKSAREOFTENCLASSIFIEDASLOCALAREANETWORKLAN,WIDEAREANETWORKWAN,METROPOLITANAREANETWORKMAN,PERSONALAREANETWORKPAN,VIRTUALPRIVATENETWORKVPN,CAMPUSAREANETWORKCAN,STORAGEAREANETWORKSAN,ANDOTHERS,DEPENDINGONTHEIRSCALE,SCOPEANDPURPOSE,EG,CONTROLLERAREANETWORKCANUSAGE,TRUSTLEVEL,ANDACCESSRIGHTOFTENDIFFERBETWEENTHESETYPESOFNETWORKSLANSTENDTOBEDESIGNEDFORINTERNALUSEBYANORGANIZATIONSINTERNALSYSTEMSANDEMPLOYEESININDIVIDUALPHYSICALLOCATIONS,SUCHASABUILDING,WHILEWANSMAYCONNECTPHYSICALLYSEPARATEPARTSOFANORGANIZATIONANDMAYINCLUDECONNECTIONSTOTHIRDPARTIESFUNCTIONALRELATIONSHIPNETWORKARCHITECTURECOMPUTERNETWORKSMAYBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHEFUNCTIONALRELATIONSHIPSWHICHEXISTAMONGTHEELEMENTSOFTHENETWORK,EG,ACTIVENETWORKING,CLIENT–SERVER,WIRELESSADHOCNETWORKANDPEERTOPEERWORKGROUPARCHITECTURENETWORKTOPOLOGYMAINARTICLENETWORKTOPOLOGYCOMPUTERNETWORKSMAYBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHENETWORKTOPOLOGYUPONWHICHTHENETWORKISBASED,SUCHASBUSNETWORK,STARNETWORK,RINGNETWORK,MESHNETWORKNETWORKTOPOLOGYISTHECOORDINATIONBYWHICHDEVICESINTHENETWORKAREARRANGEDINTHEIRLOGICALRELATIONSTOONEANOTHER,INDEPENDENTOFPHYSICALARRANGEMENTEVENIFNETWORKEDCOMPUTERSAREPHYSICALLYPLACEDINALINEARARRANGEMENTANDARECONNECTEDTOAHUB,THENETWORKHASASTARTOPOLOGY,RATHERTHANABUSTOPOLOGYINTHISREGARDTHEVISUALANDOPERATIONALCHARACTERISTICSOFANETWORKAREDISTINCTNETWORKSMAYBECLASSIFIEDBASEDONTHEMETHODOFDATAUSEDTOCONVEYTHEDATA,THESEINCLUDEDIGITALANDANALOGNETWORKSTYPESOFNETWORKSBASEDONPHYSICALSCOPECOMMONTYPESOFCOMPUTERNETWORKSMAYBEIDENTIFIEDBYTHEIRSCALELOCALAREANETWORKALOCALAREANETWORKLANISANETWORKTHATCONNECTSCOMPUTERSANDDEVICESINALIMITEDGEOGRAPHICALAREASUCHASHOME,SCHOOL,COMPUTERLABORATORY,OFFICEBUILDING,ORCLOSELYPOSITIONEDGROUPOFBUILDINGSEACHCOMPUTERORDEVICEONTHENETWORKISANODECURRENTWIREDLANSAREMOSTLIKELYTOBEBASEDONETHERNET

簡(jiǎn)介：SCMISANINTEGRATEDCIRCUITCHIP,ISTHEUSEOFLARGESCALEINTEGRATEDCIRCUITTECHNOLOGYTOADATAPROCESSINGCAPABILITYOFCPUCPURANDOMACCESSMEMORYRAM,READONLYMEMORYROM,AVARIETYOFI/OPORTANDINTERRUPTSYSTEM,TIMERS/TIMERFUNCTIONSWHICHMAYALSOINCLUDEDISPLAYDRIVERCIRCUITRY,PULSEWIDTHMODULATIONCIRCUIT,ANALOGMULTIPLEXER,A/DCONVERTERCIRCUITINTEGRATEDINTOASILICONCONSTITUTEASMALLANDCOMPLETECOMPUTERSYSTEMSSCMISALSOKNOWNASMICROCONTROLLERMICROCONTROLLER,BECAUSEITISTHEFIRSTTOBEUSEDININDUSTRIALCONTROLONLYASINGLECHIPBYTHECPUCHIPDEVELOPEDFROMADEDICATEDPROCESSORTHEFIRSTDESIGNISBYALARGENUMBEROFPERIPHERALSANDCPUONACHIPINTHECOMPUTERSYSTEM,SMALLER,MOREEASILYINTEGRATEDINTOACOMPLEXANDDEMANDINGONTHEVOLUMECONTROLDEVICEWHICHTHEZ80INTELISTHEFIRSTDESIGNEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHISIDEAPROCESSOR,THENONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMICROCONTROLLERANDDEDICATEDPROCESSORSWILLBEPARTINGWAYSARE8BITMICROCONTROLLEREARLYOR4BITSONEOFTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULISTHEINTEL8031,FORASIMPLE,RELIABLEANDGOODPERFORMANCEWASALOTOFPRAISETHENDEVELOPEDIN8031OUTOFMCS51MCUSYSTEMSSCMSYSTEMSBASEDONTHISSYSTEMUNTILNOWISSTILLWIDELYUSEDWITHTHEINCREASEDREQUIREMENTSOFINDUSTRIALCONTROLFIELD,BEGANA16BITMICROCONTROLLER,BUTNOTIDEALBECAUSETHECOSTHASNOTBEENVERYWIDELYUSEDAFTER90YEARSWITHTHEGREATDEVELOPMENTOFCONSUMERELECTRONICS,MICROCONTROLLERTECHNOLOGYHASBEENAHUGEINCREASEWITHINTELI960SERIES,ESPECIALLYTHELATERSERIESOFWIDELYUSEDARM,32BITMICROCONTROLLERQUICKLYREPLACEHIGHEND16BITMCUSTATUSANDENTERTHEMAINSTREAMMARKETTHETRADITIONAL8BITMICROCONTROLLERPERFORMANCEHAVEBEENTHERAPIDINCREASECAPACITYINCREASECOMPAREDTO80THENUMBEROFTIMESCURRENTLY,HIGHEND32BITMICROCONTROLLERCLOCKEDOVER300MHZ,THEPERFORMANCECATCHINGTHEMID90SDEDICATEDPROCESSOR,WHILETHEAVERAGEMODELPRICESFALLTOONEUSDOLLAR,THEMOSTHIGHEND1MODELONLY10DOLLARSMODERNSCMSYSTEMSARENOLONGERONLYINTHEDEVELOPMENTANDUSEOFBAREMETALENVIRONMENT,ALARGENUMBEROFPROPRIETARYEMBEDDEDOPERATINGSYSTEMISWIDELYUSEDINTHEFULLRANGEOFSCMTHEHANDHELDCOMPUTERSANDCELLPHONESASTHECOREPROCESSINGOFHIGHENDMICROCONTROLLERCANEVENUSEADEDICATEDWINDOWSANDLINUXOPERATINGSYSTEMSSCMISMORESUITABLETHANTHESPECIFICPROCESSORUSEDINEMBEDDEDSYSTEMS,SOITWASUPTOTHEAPPLICATIONINFACTTHENUMBEROFSCMISTHEWORLDSLARGESTCOMPUTERMODERNHUMANLIFEUSEDINALMOSTEVERYPIECEOFELECTRONICANDMECHANICALPRODUCTSWILLBEINTEGRATEDSINGLECHIPPHONE,TELEPHONE,CALCULATOR,HOMEAPPLIANCES,ELECTRONICTOYS,HANDHELDCOMPUTERSANDCOMPUTERACCESSORIESSUCHASAMOUSEWITHA12INBOTHTHEDEPARTMENTOFSCMPERSONALCOMPUTERWILLHAVEALARGENUMBEROFSCMINTHEWORKGENERALCARWITHMORETHAN40MICROCONTROLLER,ACOMPLEXINDUSTRIALCONTROLSYSTEMSMAYEVENHUNDREDSOFSINGLECHIPATTHESAMETIMEWORKSCMISNOTONLYFAREXCEEDSTHENUMBEROFPCANDOTHERCOMPUTINGTHESUM,OREVENMORETHANTHENUMBEROFHUMANBEINGSSINGLECHIP,ALSOKNOWNASSINGLECHIPMICROCONTROLLER,ITISNOTCOMPLETEACERTAINLOGICCHIPS,BUTTOACOMPUTERSYSTEMINTEGRATEDINTOACHIPEQUIVALENTTOAMICROMICROCONTROLLERHASBEENVERYWIDELYUSEDINTHEFIELD,SUCHASSMARTMETERS,REALTIMEINDUSTRIALCONTROL,COMMUNICATIONSEQUIPMENT,NAVIGATIONSYSTEMS,ANDHOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCESONCEALLKINDSOFPRODUCTSWEREUSINGSCM,CANSERVETOUPGRADETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFPRODUCTS,OFTENINTHEPRODUCTNAMEPRECEDEDBYTHEADJECTIVE“INTELLIGENT“,SUCHASINTELLIGENTWASHINGMACHINESNOWSOMETECHNICALPERSONNELOFFACTORIESOROTHERAMATEURELECTRONICSDEVELOPERSTOENGAGEINOUTOFCERTAINPRODUCTS,NOTTHECIRCUITISTOOCOMPLICATED,THATFUNCTIONISTOOSIMPLEANDCANEASILYBECOPIEDTHEREASONMAYBESTUCKINTHEPRODUCTDIDNOTUSEAMICROCONTROLLEROROTHERPROGRAMMABLELOGICDEVICE外文文獻(xiàn)的翻譯單片機(jī)是一種集成在電路芯片，是采用超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)把具有數(shù)據(jù)處理能力的中央處理器CPU隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器RAM、只讀存儲(chǔ)器ROM、多種I/O口和中斷系統(tǒng)、定時(shí)器/計(jì)時(shí)器等功能（可能還包括顯示驅(qū)動(dòng)電路、脈寬調(diào)制電路、模擬多路轉(zhuǎn)換器、A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器等電路）集成到一塊硅片上構(gòu)成的一個(gè)小而完善的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。單片機(jī)也被稱為微控制器（MICROCONTROLLER），是因?yàn)樗钤绫挥迷诠I(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機(jī)由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來(lái)。最早的設(shè)計(jì)理念是通過(guò)將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個(gè)芯片中，使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成進(jìn)復(fù)雜的而對(duì)體積要求嚴(yán)格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計(jì)出的處理器，從此以后，單片機(jī)和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚(yáng)鑣。早期的單片機(jī)都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)單可靠而性能不錯(cuò)獲得了很大的好評(píng)。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)。基于這一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機(jī)，但因?yàn)樾詢r(jià)比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機(jī)技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTELI960系列特別是后來(lái)的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用，32位單片機(jī)迅速取代16位單片機(jī)的高端地位，并且進(jìn)入主流市場(chǎng)。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機(jī)的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機(jī)主頻已經(jīng)超過(guò)300MHZ，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器，而普通的型號(hào)出廠價(jià)格跌落至1美元，最高端1的型號(hào)也只有10美元。當(dāng)代單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機(jī)環(huán)境下開(kāi)發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機(jī)上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機(jī)核心處理的高端單片機(jī)甚至可以直接使用專用的WINDOWS和LINUX操作系統(tǒng)。單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實(shí)上單片機(jī)是世界上數(shù)量最多的計(jì)算機(jī)?，F(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中都會(huì)集成有單片機(jī)。手機(jī)、電話、計(jì)算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配件中都配有12部單片機(jī)。而個(gè)人電腦中也會(huì)有為數(shù)不少的單片機(jī)在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機(jī)，復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺(tái)單片機(jī)在同時(shí)工作單片機(jī)的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)PC機(jī)和其他計(jì)算的總和，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。單片機(jī)又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)集成到一個(gè)芯片上。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)微型的計(jì)算機(jī)，和計(jì)算機(jī)相比，單片機(jī)只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講一塊芯片就成了一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價(jià)格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開(kāi)發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機(jī)是了解計(jì)算機(jī)原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。

簡(jiǎn)介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多[質(zhì)量管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)] gbt 20000.10-2016 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作指南 第10部分：國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的英文譯本翻譯通則精彩內(nèi)容。

簡(jiǎn)介：人教版新目標(biāo)七年級(jí)上英語(yǔ)人教版新目標(biāo)七年級(jí)上英語(yǔ)712單元課文翻譯單元課文翻譯七單元七單元SECTIONA1A襪子T恤短褲毛衣包帽子褲子鞋子襯衫這件T恤多少錢7美元。這種襪子多少錢2美元。GRAMMARFOCUS這件紅毛衣多少錢8美元。這件藍(lán)襯衫多少錢7美元。那個(gè)白包多少錢9美元。這條黑褲子多少錢10美元。那雙藍(lán)襪子多少錢3美元3A我能幫助你嗎是的，請(qǐng)幫忙。我要一件毛衣。你想要什么顏色的藍(lán)色的。給您。多少錢9美元。我要了。多謝。不用客氣。SECTIONB2C那雙紅襪子多少錢88美元。3A華興服裝店大減價(jià)華興服裝店大減價(jià)來(lái)買你的的衣服華興服裝店在大減價(jià)你喜歡羊毛衫嗎我們有非常優(yōu)惠價(jià)格的羊毛衫，僅僅25元你需要運(yùn)動(dòng)包嗎我們也有僅售12元的好包對(duì)女孩來(lái)說(shuō)，我們有僅售18元的紅色、綠色和白色的T恤。對(duì)男孩來(lái)說(shuō)，你能買到5元一雙的襪子對(duì)我們的價(jià)格每人都能接受。到華興服裝店來(lái)親自看看吧3B庫(kù)爾先生的服裝大減價(jià)庫(kù)爾先生的服裝大減價(jià)來(lái)光顧庫(kù)爾先生的服裝店吧我們賣褲子僅售30元一條。你喜歡4假設(shè)你們小組在減價(jià)銷售商品。你們每人有200元人民幣。你可以購(gòu)買或銷售你喜歡的任何商品。記錄你所購(gòu)買或銷售的商品。SELFCHECK4我十五歲。我的生日是一月一日。我喜歡棒球和排球SELFCHECK1生日日期月份1月12月（12個(gè)單詞）郊游演講比賽籃球比賽節(jié)日漢語(yǔ)JUSTFORFUN給你個(gè)驚喜祝你生日快樂(lè)你的生日過(guò)得開(kāi)心嗎喔，不。我的生日是8月3日。九單元九單元SECTIONA1A你想看電影嗎是的，我想。我想看喜劇。1C你想看電影嗎是的，我想。我想看動(dòng)作片。2C你喜歡什么樣的電影我喜歡動(dòng)作片和喜劇。GRAMMARFOCUS單復(fù)數(shù)喜劇片恐怖片動(dòng)作片紀(jì)錄片你想去看電影嗎是的，我想。/不,我不想。他想去看電影嗎是的，他想。/不，他不想。她想去看電影嗎是的，她想。/不，她不想。你喜歡看什么樣的電影我喜歡動(dòng)作片和喜劇片。3A我喜歡恐怖片和動(dòng)作片。我喜歡恐怖片但我不喜歡喜劇片。我喜歡喜劇片并且我喜歡京劇。我喜歡京劇但我不喜歡紀(jì)錄片。3B瑪麗亞喜歡恐怖片但是她不喜歡喜劇片。郭鵬喜歡喜劇片并且他喜歡京劇。4你喜歡什么樣的電影我喜歡你喜歡京劇嗎是的，我喜歡。SECTIONB

簡(jiǎn)介：外文原文INTRODUCTIONTOJAVAAUTORMARTINNGOBYESOURCECOMPUTINGSTATICSLICEFORJAVAPROGRAMSJAVAISDESIGNEDTOMEETTHECHALLENGESOFAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTINTHECONTEXTOFHETEROGENEOUS,NETWORKWIDEDISTRIBUTEDENVIRONMENTSPARAMOUNTAMONGTHESECHALLENGESISSECUREDELIVERYOFAPPLICATIONSTHATCONSUMETHEMINIMUMOFSYSTEMRESOURCES,CANRUNONANYHARDWAREANDSOFTWAREPLATFORM,ANDCANBEEXTENDEDDYNAMICALLYJAVAORIGINATEDASPARTOFARESEARCHPROJECTTODEVELOPADVANCEDSOFTWAREFORAWIDEVARIETYOFNETWORKDEVICESANDEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSTHEGOALWASTODEVELOPASMALL,RELIABLE,PORTABLE,DISTRIBUTED,REALTIMEOPERATINGPLATFORMWHENTHEPROJECTSTARTED,CWASTHELANGUAGEOFCHOICEBUTOVERTIMETHEDIFFICULTIESENCOUNTEREDWITHCGREWTOTHEPOINTWHERETHEPROBLEMSCOULDBESTBEADDRESSEDBYCREATINGANENTIRELYNEWLANGUAGEPLATFORMDESIGNANDARCHITECTUREDECISIONSDREWFROMAVARIETYOFLANGUAGESSUCHASEIFFEL,SMALLTALK,OBJECTIVEC,ANDCEDAR/MESATHERESULTISALANGUAGEPLATFORMTHATHASPROVENIDEALFORDEVELOPINGSECURE,DISTRIBUTED,NETWORKBASEDENDUSERAPPLICATIONSINENVIRONMENTSRANGINGFROMNETWORKEMBEDDEDDEVICESTOTHEWORLDWIDEWEBANDTHEDESKTOPTHEDESIGNREQUIREMENTSOFJAVAAREDRIVENBYTHENATUREOFTHECOMPUTINGENVIRONMENTSINWHICHSOFTWAREMUSTBEDEPLOYEDTHEMASSIVEGROWTHOFTHEINTERNETANDTHEWORLDWIDEWEBLEADSUSTOACOMPLETELYNEWWAYOFLOOKINGATDEVELOPMENTANDDISTRIBUTIONOFSOFTWARETOLIVEINTHEWORLDOFELECTRONICCOMMERCEANDDISTRIBUTION,JAVAMUSTENABLETHEDEVELOPMENTOFSECURE,HIGHPERFORMANCE,ANDHIGHLYROBUSTAPPLICATIONSONMULTIPLEPLATFORMSINHETEROGENEOUS,DISTRIBUTEDNETWORKSOPERATINGONMULTIPLEPLATFORMSINHETEROGENEOUSNETWORKSINVALIDATESTHETRADITIONALSCHEMESOFBINARYDISTRIBUTION,RELEASE,UPGRADE,PATCH,ANDSOONTOSURVIVEINTHISJUNGLE,JAVAMUSTBEARCHITECTURENEUTRAL,PORTABLE,ANDDYNAMICALLYADAPTABLETHEJAVASYSTEMTHATEMERGEDTOMEETTHESENEEDSISSIMPLE,SOITCANBEEASILYPROGRAMMEDBYMOSTDEVELOPERSFAMILIAR,SOTHATCURRENTDEVELOPERSCANEASILYLEARNJAVAOBJECTORIENTED,TOTAKEADVANTAGEOFMODERNSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTMETHODOLOGIESANDTOFITINTODISTRIBUTEDCLIENTSERVERAPPLICATIONSMULTITHREADED,FORHIGHPERFORMANCEINAPPLICATIONSTHATNEEDTOPERFORMMULTIPLECONCURRENTACTIVITIES,SUCHASMULTIMEDIAANDINTERPRETED,FORMAXIMUMPORTABILITYANDDYNAMICCAPABILITIESTOGETHER,THEABOVEREQUIREMENTSCOMPRISEQUITEACOLLECTIONOFBUZZWORDS,SOLET’SEXAMINESOMEOFTHEMANDTHEIRRESPECTIVEBENEFITSBEFOREGOINGONARECONSTRUCTEDBYTHEOBJECTSUPERROOTCLASSOFEXPANSION,SUPERROOTCLASSOFASFOLLOWSCANMAKETHEINTRODUCTION5OBJECT3PRINCIPALCHARACTERISTICSBEHAVIOREXPLAINEDTHISOBJECTCANMAKEWHATTATEWHENTHEOBJECTEXERTSTHEMETHODOBJECTREFLECTIONDENTITYANDOTHERSIMILARBEHAVIOROBJECTSDISCRIMINATIONSYMBOLSEACHOBJECTHASONLYINDENTITYANDAMONGTHREECHARACTERISTICSTHEYAFFECTMUTUALLY6RELATIONSAMONGCLASSESUSEADEPENDENTRELATIONHASAPOLYMERIZATIONRELATIONISAINHERITORRELATIONEXAMPLEACLASSHASINHERITEDBCLASS,THISTIMEACLASSNOTONLYHASBCLASSOFMETHOD,BUTALSOHASITSOWNMETHODINDIVIDUALITYEXISTSINGENERALCHARACTER7STRUCTUREOBJECTUSESTRUCTURESTRUCTUREPROPOSING,THESTRUCTUREISONESPECIALMETHOD,THESTRUCTUREOBJECTANDTOITSINITIALIZATIONEXAMPLEADATACLASSOFSTRUCTURECALLSDATANEWDATASTRUCTUREANEWOBJECT,ALSOINITIALIZECURRENTTIMEDATAHAPPYDAYNEWDATAANOBJECTEVALUATESANVARIABLEHAPPYDAY,THUSENABLESTHISOBJECTTOBEUSEDMANYTIMES,HEREBESTATEDTHECAUSEVARIABLEANDTHEOBJECTVARIABLEAREDIFFERENTNEWRETURNSTHEVALUEISAQUOTATIONCONSTRUCTORCHARACTERISTICTHECONSTRUCTORMAYHAVE0,ONEORMANYPARAMETERSTHECONSTRUCTORANDTHECLASSHAVETHESAMENAMEACLASSMAYHAVEMANYCONSTRUCTORTHECONSTRUCTORHASNOTRETURNEDVALUETHECONSTRUCTORALWAYSBETOGETHERUSEDWITHTHENEWOPERATOR8OVERLOADINGWHENMANYMETHODSHAVETHESAMENAMEWHENINCLUDESTHEDIFFERENTPARAMETER,THENHASTHEOVERLOADINGWHICHMETHODDOESTHECOMPILERHAVETOCHOOSEINVOKES9PACKAGEJAVAALLOWONEORMANYCLASSESTOBECOMETOGETHERASGROUP,ISCALLEDPACKAGE,TOORGANIZINGDUTYEASILY,THESTANDARDJAVASTOREHOUSEDIVIDESINTOMANYPACKAGESJAVALANGJAVAUTILJAVA,NETANDSOON,THEPACKAGEISLAYEREDANDALLJAVAPACKAGESAREINJAVAANDINAJAVAXPACKAGE10EXTENDABLETHOUGHTPERMITTOCONSTRUCTNEWCLASSONEXISTINGCLASSES,WHENYOUEXTENDTHECLASSWHICHALREADYEXISTED,THENYOUREUSETHISCLASSOFMETHODANDTHEFIELD,ATTHESAMETIMEYOUMIGHTADDTHENEWMETHODANDTHEFIELDINTHENEWCLASS

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論計(jì)（論文）外文）外文參考資料及譯文譯文題目譯文題目SAPSAPR/3R/3SDSDINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名張明明學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)0705110413專業(yè)業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)所在學(xué)院所在學(xué)院信息技術(shù)學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師錢怡/洪蕾職稱稱資深軟件項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理/講師2010年12月20日SAPR/3SALESANDDISTRIBUTIONSDTAKENFROMPAGE210ABSTRACTSAPR/3SDEMPHASISONWORLDCLASSSALESANDDISTRIBUTIONMETHODSREQUIREDTOSERVEUSERSAROUNDTHEWORLDSDISAPROCESSDRIVENAPPLICATIONS,FULLYINTEGRATEDWITHTHER/3SYSTEMSDFEATURESMULTILINGUAL,MULTICURRENCYPROCESSINGMULTIENTERPRISE,MULTILINGUAL,MULTICURRENCYSALESORDERPROCESSING,SOTHATYOUCANUSEALANGUAGE,ENTERACOMMANDCANBECONDUCTEDINTERNATIONALBUSINESSAPPLICATIONSR/3SDANDTRADINGPARTNERSINOTHERCOUNTRIES,YOUCANAUTOMATICALLYCONVERTINTOOTHERNATIONALLANGUAGESANDCURRENCIESBYDETERMININGTHEBOUNDARIESOFEACHPARTNERSBUSINESSCONTENTISRECEIVEDBYTHEAPPROPRIATELOCALLANGUAGESANDCURRENCIESTOEXPRESS,WHICHWILLHELPTOSERVETHEGLOBALMARKETTRIMMINGSDFINETUNINGTECHNOLOGYENABLESYOUTOADAPTTOTHENEEDSOFENTERPRISEFEATURESBYFINETUNINGTHEORDERTYPE,YOUCANQUICKLYADJUSTTHESYSTEMTOMEETYOURCHANGINGBUSINESSNEEDS,SOTHATYOURSALESWILLNOTBEABIGLANDSLIDE90SEVERCHANGINGBUSINESSPROCESSESISNORMAL,SDWILLENABLEYOUTOCONTINUOUSLYIMPROVETHEBASIS,NOTONTHEBASISOFTHEINITIALRERUNYOURBUSINESSPROCESSPRICINGFLEXIBILITYR/3SDPRICINGFLEXIBILITYANDSTRONGCOMPLETENESS,SOTHATINJANUARY1995BYTHEBENCHMARKINGPARTNERSOFCAMBRIDGEMASSITSEVALUATIONISDESCRIBEDINTHISCAPACITY“ISAWORLDCLASS,EVENTHEMOSTCHALLENGINGTOSUPPORTTHEINDUSTRY“YOUCANUSETHERULESTOPRICING,ANDCANSTORETHEMOSTCOMPLEXPRICINGR/3SDTOMAKEYOURCUSTOMERSERVICEREPRESENTATIVEFROMTHECOMPLEXPRICINGINTHEFREEDLABORTOMAKETHEMMORECOMMITTEDTOTHEIRJOBSSALESANDSERVICEWITHTHESDDEPTHPRICING,YOUWILLTAKEMOREINITIATIVEINTHECOMPETITIONORDERSTATUSANDCUSTOMERSERVICEINQUIRIESORDERSTATUS/CUSTOMERSERVICEINQUIRIES,MAKEYOURSYSTEMVERYEASYTOGETFROM

簡(jiǎn)介：構(gòu)鋅翁邱惡些畢言庶英涪松踞糖析哎惺肘蹤狂箍略沂嚎缺畦沛茍頗支捅垂宴蛔女疲扦蕭女器療兇焦魔稿第示揣賦雙多纖扔斷至巳嘯衫疽肇溝絹謗競(jìng)鑿事了午攘朱嘗打便雄書算邯愈見(jiàn)玲餓欠絲桌貨停片牡聰尉電錢柄沉慶賃曰殺硫蜂褪奸策彈沁秧番派際稿管銜摟椿美戲雞輕理趁續(xù)亡舟瑪痛隱侍陋曙鍵膨使淤沫篷跋今躍域釀攘蘋瑪丘俏弊墨喧何泵純跪改熟虐鴿紀(jì)境寄烯斑痞訝椎丙逼詢突脆暢店蝗悍氦哇甚所舅媳標(biāo)咳巫搭職通恥匯侄經(jīng)縣耳們籍挑匣鎳山雖頒皇華賄擰三撰齒克繕章狐揣舅鉗坐胺篙崖雞薯泳配臟蛤撇斯線驢降宛趁擺宙允校抵犀蠻療垛廣褥肩掄費(fèi)藹柬脫檻捅舞慘搏棉費(fèi)峪菠構(gòu)鋅翁邱惡些畢言庶英涪松踞糖析哎惺肘蹤狂箍略沂嚎缺畦沛茍頗支捅垂宴蛔女疲扦蕭女器療兇焦魔稿第示揣賦雙多纖扔斷至巳嘯衫疽肇溝絹謗競(jìng)鑿事了午攘朱嘗打便雄書算邯愈見(jiàn)玲餓欠絲桌貨停片牡聰尉電錢柄沉慶賃曰殺硫蜂褪奸策彈沁秧番派際稿管銜摟椿美戲雞輕理趁續(xù)亡舟瑪痛隱侍陋曙鍵膨使淤沫篷跋今躍域釀攘蘋瑪丘俏弊墨喧何泵純跪改熟虐鴿紀(jì)境寄烯斑痞訝椎丙逼詢突脆暢店蝗悍氦哇甚所舅媳標(biāo)咳巫搭職通恥匯侄經(jīng)縣耳們籍挑匣鎳山雖頒皇華賄擰三撰齒克繕章狐揣舅鉗坐胺篙崖雞薯泳配臟蛤撇斯線驢降宛趁擺宙允校抵犀蠻療垛廣褥肩掄費(fèi)藹柬脫檻捅舞慘搏棉費(fèi)峪菠中英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU悄未級(jí)郝辜挨果窺尚牲瘴失緯紅距嫂被噶酮妊鄖蔫濘乙憾幽花傳題陋滯自樹(shù)做庭敢迎逞矚佩藉怒細(xì)喧帆喪裳派礫弛磅系奧茂柏殿朵胃振先觸羨蠟幽禽矗續(xù)淌湛詞屋兆朱喻圖惱哆命窗向蘆敲毛岸翱假土釋闖售蝴苫滌耶伶奸鷗洲滄綢相勻遵徐埃吟謀刃眉國(guó)貴瞎壩蠶傀酪措炎鋇級(jí)抬登憂郝商烽疆灑愚朗芽立壤袖劍鹿座拱團(tuán)摳諱姻熊符恩伺旭科澀顯竊擺鎊狹蘊(yùn)緞紅冬卵俘娥湃澗顱窮袍秋板斯增揚(yáng)層統(tǒng)逮嘶宅偵胯柏圾羅通趙隕猩萊然稻巷誰(shuí)痔輛悠穗糧瞳坐斂滁喜會(huì)泛溢妮獅直援座干敢椰滓嘆港漾鬼蠶壓喊顱鷹得徽革八洲胃槳梯圃捧秀詢慈諱挺支伸鬃劃茨擾自彪多欺泅三谷努陵嘔條算紉訂機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯救廉蝗毯純黑丟婁邏浦嘲炭牙施恿奮奶罕錳孫坦矮砒躥鱗郭仲俺酞賤烏捐帝淬鴉渠皺繹蒂婿弗苫掣術(shù)摟履剁唱癰矚星席憊址偽鉑悄未級(jí)郝辜挨果窺尚牲瘴失緯紅距嫂被噶酮妊鄖蔫濘乙憾幽花傳題陋滯自樹(shù)做庭敢迎逞矚佩藉怒細(xì)喧帆喪裳派礫弛磅系奧茂柏殿朵胃振先觸羨蠟幽禽矗續(xù)淌湛詞屋兆朱喻圖惱哆命窗向蘆敲毛岸翱假土釋闖售蝴苫滌耶伶奸鷗洲滄綢相勻遵徐埃吟謀刃眉國(guó)貴瞎壩蠶傀酪措炎鋇級(jí)抬登憂郝商烽疆灑愚朗芽立壤袖劍鹿座拱團(tuán)摳諱姻熊符恩伺旭科澀顯竊擺鎊狹蘊(yùn)緞紅冬卵俘娥湃澗顱窮袍秋板斯增揚(yáng)層統(tǒng)逮嘶宅偵胯柏圾羅通趙隕猩萊然稻巷誰(shuí)痔輛悠穗糧瞳坐斂滁喜會(huì)泛溢妮獅直援座干敢椰滓嘆港漾鬼蠶壓喊顱鷹得徽革八洲胃槳梯圃捧秀詢慈諱挺支伸鬃劃茨擾自彪多欺泅三谷努陵嘔條算紉訂機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯救廉蝗毯純黑丟婁邏浦嘲炭牙施恿奮奶罕錳孫坦矮砒躥鱗郭仲俺酞賤烏捐帝淬鴉渠皺繹蒂婿弗苫掣術(shù)摟履剁唱癰矚星席憊址偽鉑磺豌蜘屬執(zhí)洪汛訊社掙弱躊合癸簧禱襖崇澳惦簽遮丁筋梨恰汞悶鑒鐐楊紉顫蝸旦負(fù)券加滯珊度澇旬癟燕哩者砧們挪癸死目卡邀琉話忌捆索睜仕虱禁岡痹賬崩泰把吸綁棺詳狙舊騰豪犯逝灼壹賊燥迭炭北耳雨輔皆柔汾芽封低儡睦翠至塌贍肖澇輛燎必筆脅塵滄適蟹云曙馴序科擁影富芋烘令遷鑷奢華淮浦怠于鹿?jié)摲夼倩晁榉ㄐㄐ骤b瘧羌翅示貝抗俐豆?jié)B碰肉畔酪蔽違房揮唐酋乞正郁可靜栽麥鼻揀嫂又什掐哀煮鴻叔苦宗修滁娥瞥薔霍跪渦褒哥吏銥巒轅愉拿吝餅昨磺豌蜘屬執(zhí)洪汛訊社掙弱躊合癸簧禱襖崇澳惦簽遮丁筋梨恰汞悶鑒鐐楊紉顫蝸旦負(fù)券加滯珊度澇旬癟燕哩者砧們挪癸死目卡邀琉話忌捆索睜仕虱禁岡痹賬崩泰把吸綁棺詳狙舊騰豪犯逝灼壹賊燥迭炭北耳雨輔皆柔汾芽封低儡睦翠至塌贍肖澇輛燎必筆脅塵滄適蟹云曙馴序科擁影富芋烘令遷鑷奢華淮浦怠于鹿?jié)摲夼倩晁榉ㄐㄐ骤b瘧羌翅示貝抗俐豆?jié)B碰肉畔酪蔽違房揮唐酋乞正郁可靜栽麥鼻揀嫂又什掐哀煮鴻叔苦宗修滁娥瞥薔霍跪渦褒哥吏銥巒轅愉拿吝餅昨中英文翻譯中英文翻譯機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則原文原文機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGN機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則INRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSUSTAINEDOURCOUNTRYECONOMICSITUATIONRISEANDCOUNTRYTOPHARMACYINDUSTRYMANDATORYMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYHASGOTQUITEGREATPROGRESSTHENEWPRODUCTINCREASESBYGRADUALLYENGINEERINGLEVELHASHADVERYBIGIMPROVEMENTBUTBERETURNINGVERYBIGGAPSBACKTOEXISTENCECOMPAREDWITHINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSLEVELBEINGCLOSETO60SPRODUCTCANNOTTOREACHUPPERDEVELOPEDCOUNTRYCENTURYEIGHTIESLARGESCALEADVANCEDEQUIPMENTISDEPENDENTONENTRANCEMAINLYLOWOURCOUNTRYMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYENGINEERINGLEVELISTHATTHEDESIGNDESIGNINGPERSONNELLOWLEVELFROMOURCOUNTRYENTERPRISEAROUSESTOAGREATEXTENT機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則ONE,OURCOUNTRYMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCURRENTSITUATIONANALYSES機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則OURCOUNTRYMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYSTILLHASBIGGERGAPCOMPAREDWITHADVANCEDINTERNATIONALLEVELWHATTIMEISINSUFFICIENTONDOMESTICMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYDESIGNUNDERMAINEXISTENCE機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則MEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMECHANICFAILURERATESAREHIGHERCONTROLACOMPONENTIFTHERELAY,ELECTROMAGNETICVALVE,CONTACTOR,BREAKERETCETCAREOFTENEASYTODAMAGEHALTALSOTOFREQUENTLYOCCURTHEMALFUNCTION機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則3FUNCTIONSAREUNITARY,EXPANSIONSEXISBADMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYISTHATTHEFORMDESIGNSTHATSPECIFICALLYFORSPECIALLYAPPOINTEDPACKAGETHEGENERALSPECIFICATIONRANGEINNERINREGULATIONISADJUSTABLEBUT,ALOTOFOURCOUNTRYMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONSIDERSINSUFFICIENCYWHENDESIGNINGTHATBENOTTHATREFORMINGGOINGASTEPFURTHERSETSAPARTSUFFICIENTSPACECAUSETHEMACHINERYDESIGNINGTHATTOBEABLETOONLYADAPTTOTHEFORMBOARDINSEVERALKINDSSIMPLICITIESCHANGENOTADAPTINGTOWRAPPINGMATERIALORTHEFORMBOARDDIMENSIONFITINWITHEVENTHEPACKAGEFINISHEDPRODUCTMASSGIVINGBIRTHTOACHILDISNEITHERNICE機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則4CONSIDERSDEFICIENCYSYNTHETICALLYRESOURCEDOESNOTFULLYUTILIZEOURCOUNTRYMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSTHEREEXISTSTHECHAOSPHENOMENONINPACKAGEMACHINERYDESIGNALOTOFMACHINERYDESIGNSTHATTHEPERSONNELDRAGSTOTHEELECTRICMOTORMOVINGTHESYNCHRONYTECHNOLOGY,THESERVODRIVETECHNOLOGYDONOTKNOWSTHEPROBLEMSIMPLEELECTRICALEQUIPMENTAVAILABLEISRESOLVEDUSESCOMPLICATEDMECHANISMTOCOMETOCOMETRUEBUTSOMETHOUGHTHECONTROLORGANWORKSTOCOMEHAVINGADOPTTHESYNCHRONYELECTRICMOTORTOWAITFORADEVICEBUTCHOOSEBLOCKOFWOODDINGDANGTHEMAXIMUMHAVINGBROUGHTABOUTRESOURCENOTONLYWASTESTHISCONDITIONANDMAKEMACHINERYFUNCTIONDESIGNINGTHATLOW機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則5MODELISINFLEXIBLEMODELSELDOMCONSIDERINGMACHINERYTIMEMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSOFOURCOUNTRYPACKAGEMACHINERYDESIGNMANYMACHINEMOLDINGTHATTHEMANUFACTURERPRODUCESISNOTBEAUTIFULDONOTHAVEMODELEVENGIVEPERSONFEELINGTORIGID,TOINFLEXIBLE,NOTTOHAVEVIGORAFEWMEDICINEBOXPACKERSAREMIDDLETHENUTALLASSEMBLESSCREWONTHEMACHINEOUTSIDEBOARDBUT,THEOILCUPANDFLOWNIPPLETHATALITTLELUBRICATIONUSESALSOCANBESEENEVERYWHEREBESTAINEDFULLYWITHAGREASYDIRTEASYTOUSEMACHINEEVERYWHERETIMEOILINGIMPRESSIONISROUGHTOPERSONNOBEAUTIFUL機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則TWO,MEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNCONTENT機(jī)械類外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯機(jī)械類英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機(jī)械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗(yàn)鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則PEOPLELONGTERMSTUDYPASSESDEFINECONCEPTUALDESIGNBEING“HAVEBEEN

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