簡介：1UNITONEWHATISADECISION何為決策ADECISIONISACHOICEMADEFROMAMONGALTERNATIVECOURSESOFACTIONTHATAREAVAILABLETHEPURPOSEOFMAKINGADECISIONISTOESTABLISHANDACHIEVEORGANIZATIONALGOALSANDOBJECTIVESTHEREASONFORMAKINGADECISIONISTHATAPROBLEMEXISTS,GOALSOROBJECTIVESAREWRONG,ORSOMETHINGISSTANDINGINTHEWAYOFACCOMPLISHINGTHEM決策是一種選擇，來自可以獲得的、任擇其一的行動步驟。作決策的意圖是要確立和實現(xiàn)機構(gòu)的目標和目的。作決策的原因是有問題存在、目標和目的不正確、或者有某種東西妨礙目標或目的的實現(xiàn)。THUSTHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSISFUNDAMENTALTOMANAGEMENTALMOSTEVERYTHINGAMANAGERDOESINVOLVESDECISIONS,INDEED,SOMESUGGESTTHATTHEMANAGEMENTPROCESSISDECISIONMAKINGALTHOUGHMANAGERSCANNOTPREDICTTHEFUTURE,MANYOFTHEIRDECISIONSREQUIRETHATTHEYCONSIDERPOSSIBLEFUTUREEVENTSOFTENMANAGERSMUSTMAKEABESTGUESSATWHATTHEFUTUREWILLBEANDTRYTOLEAVEASLITTLEASPOSSIBLETOCHANCE,BUTSINCEUNCERTAINTYISALWAYSTHERE,RISKACCOMPANIESDECISIONSSOMETIMESTHECONSEQUENCESOFAPOORDECISIONARESLIGHTATOTHERTIMESTHEYARESERIOUS因此，作決策的過程對管理人員來說至關(guān)重要。管理者所做的每件事幾乎3OFTENITMEANSTHATATHOROUGHJOBOFEXAMININGTHEPROBLEMSHASNOTBEENDONEFOREXAMPLE,MANAGERSSOMETIMESTREATPROBLEMSINANEITHER/ORFASHIONTHISISTHEIRWAYOFSIMPLIFYINGCOMPLEXPROBLEMSBUTTHETENDENCYTOSIMPLIFYBLINDSTHEMTOOTHERALTERNATIVES抉擇是從中可以作出選擇的可能的行動步驟。假如沒有可供選擇的可能性，這就意味著沒有做過對問題進行徹底調(diào)查的工作。例如，管理者有時用兩者擇一的方式來處理問題，即他們簡化復雜問題的手法。但是，這種簡化的傾向使他們看不到其他可供選擇的可能性。ATTHEMANAGERIALLEVEL,DECISIONMAKINGINCLUDESLIMITINGALTERNATIVESASWELLASIDENTIFYINGTHEM,ANDTHERANGEISFROMHIGHLYLIMITEDTOPRACTICALLYUNLIMITED在管理層，作決策包括了限定和鑒別可供選擇的可能性，其限定范圍從非常有限到基本無限。DECISIONMAKERSMUSTHAVESOMEWAYOFDETERMININGWHICHOFSEVERALALTERNATIVESISBESTTHATIS,WHICHCONTRIBUTESTHEMOSTTOTHEACHIEVEMENTOFORGANIZATIONALGOALSANORGANIZATIONALGOALISANENDORASTATEOFAFFAIRSTHEORGANIZATIONSEEKSTOREACHBECAUSEINDIVIDUALSANDORGANIZATIONSFREQUENTLYHAVEDIFFERENTIDEASABOUTHOWTOATTAINTHEGOALS,THEBESTCHOICEMAYDEPENDONWHOMAKESTHEDECISIONFREQUENTLY,DEPARTMENTSORUNITSWITHINANORGANIZATIONMAKEDECISIONSTHATAREGOODFORTHEMINDIVIDUALLYBUTTHATARELESSTHANOPTIMALFORTHE

簡介：1ECOMMERCEECOMMERCEINFORMATIONINFORMATIONSECURITYSECURITYPROBLEMSPROBLEMSⅠINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONECOMMERCEEBUSINESSISINOPENNETWORKS,INCLUDINGBETWEENENTERPRISESB2B,BUSINESSANDCONSUMERSB2CCOMMERCIALTRANSACTIONS,COMPAREDWITHTHETRADITIONALBUSINESSMODEL,ECOMMERCEWITHEFFICIENT,CONVENIENT,COVEREDWIDERANGEOFCHARACTERISTICSANDBENEFITSHOWEVER,ECOMMERCEOPENTHISINTERNETBASEDDATAEXCHANGEISGREATITSSECURITYVULNERABILITIES,SECURITYISACOREECOMMERCEDEVELOPMENTCONSTRAINTSANDKEYISSUESINTHISPAPER,THEBASICIDEASANDPRINCIPLESOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING,ANALYZESTHECURRENTSECURITYTHREATSFACINGECOMMERCE,INTHISBASEDONSECURITYTECHNOLOGYFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFDEVELOPMENTTRENDOFECOMMERCEⅡECOMMERCEECOMMERCEMODELMODELMODERNECOMMERCETECHNOLOGYHASFOCUSEDONTHEESTABLISHMENTANDOPERATIONOFTHENETWORKOFSTORESNETWORKINTHEDEPARTMENTSTORESANDREALSTORESNODISTINCTIONBETWEENSTRUCTUREANDFUNCTION,DIFFERENCESINTHEIRFUNCTIONANDSTRUCTURETOACHIEVETHESEMETHODSANDTHEWAYBUSINESSOPERATEWEBSTOREFROMTHEFRONTVIEWISASPECIALKINDOFWEBSERVERWEBSITEOFMODERNMULTIMEDIASUPPORTANDAGOODINTERACTIVEFEATUREASTHEBASISFORTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHISVIRTUALSTORE,SOCUSTOMERSCAN,ASINAREALSUPERMARKETPUSHINGASHOPPINGCARTTOSELECTGOODS,ANDFINALLYINTHECHECKOUTCHECKOUTTHESEONLINESTORESALSOCONSTITUTETHETHREEPILLARSOFSOFTWARECATALOG,SHOPPINGCARTANDCUSTOMERCHECKOUTCUSTOMERSUSEANELECTRONICCURRENCYANDTRANSACTIONMUSTSTORECUSTOMERSANDSTORESARESAFEANDRELIABLEBEHINDTHESTOREINTHENETWORK,ENTERPRISESMUSTFIRSTHAVEAPRODUCTSTORAGEWAREHOUSEANDADMINISTRATIONSECONDNETWORKTOSELLPRODUCTSBYMAILOROTHERDELIVERYCHANNELSTOCUSTOMERSHANDSTHIRD,ENTERPRISESSHOULDALSOBERESPONSIBLEFORPRODUCTAFTERSALESSERVICE,THISSERVICEMAYBETHROUGHNETWORKS,MAYNOTINTERNETTRANSACTIONSAREUSUALLYAFIRSTPAYTHEBILLANDGETTINGGOODSSHOPPINGFORCUSTOMERS,CONVENIENCEISTHATTHEGOODSPURCHASEDWILLBEDIRECTLYDELIVEREDTOTHEIRHOME,BUTHARDTOFEELASSUREDTHATTHE3RELIABLECOMMUNICATIONSNETWORKTOENSURERELIABLEDATATRANSMISSIONINTEGRITY,PREVENTVIRUSES,HACKERSELECTRONICSIGNATURESANDOTHERAUTHENTICATIONSYSTEMSCOMPLETEDATAENCRYPTIONSYSTEMANDSOONⅣECOMMERCEECOMMERCESECURITYSECURITYISSUESISSUESFACINGFACINGASECOMMERCENETWORKISTHECOMPUTERBASED,ITINEVITABLYFACESANUMBEROFSECURITYISSUES1INFORMATIONLEAKPERFORMANCEINECOMMERCEFORTHELEAKAGEOFBUSINESSSECRETS,INCLUDINGTWOASPECTSTHEPARTIESAREDEALINGTRANSACTIONSBYTHIRDPARTIESTOSTEALTHECONTENTSTRANSACTIONTOTHEOTHERPARTYTOPROVIDEDOCUMENTSUSEDILLEGALUSEBYTHIRDPARTIES2ALTEREDECOMMERCEINFORMATIONFORBUSINESSPERFORMANCEINTHEAUTHENTICITYANDINTEGRITYISSUESELECTRONICTRANSACTIONINFORMATIONINTHENETWORKTRANSMISSIONPROCESSMAYBEOTHERSTOILLEGALLYMODIFY,DELETEORRECHANGED,SOTHATINFORMATIONABOUTITSAUTHENTICITYANDINTEGRITY3IDENTIFICATIONWITHOUTIDENTIFICATION,THIRDPARTYTRANSACTIONSISLIKELYTOFAKETHEIDENTITYOFPARTIESTOADEALBREAKER,DAMAGETHEREPUTATIONOFBEINGCOUNTERFEITORSTOLENBYONEPARTYTOTHETRANSACTIONFAKERESULTSANDSOON,FORIDENTIFICATION,THETRANSACTIONBETWEENTHETWOSIDESCANPREVENTSUSPICIONSITUATION4COMPUTERVIRUSESCOMPUTERVIRUSAPPEARED10YEARS,AVARIETYOFNEWVIRUSANDITSVARIANTSRAPIDLYINCREASING,THEEMERGENCEOFTHEINTERNETFORTHESPREADOFTHEVIRUSHASPROVIDEDTHEBESTMEDIUMMANYNEWVIRUSESDIRECTLYUSINGTHENETWORKASITSTRANSMISSION,ASWELLASMANYVIRUSESSPREADFASTERTHROUGHDRIEDNETWORKS,FREQUENTLYCAUSINGBILLIONSOFDOLLARSINECONOMICLOSSES5HACKERWITHTHESPREADOFAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONTOOLS,HACKERSHAVEBEENPOPULAR,ANDARENOTINTHEPASTNONCOMPUTEREXPERTCANNOTBEAHACKERHAVEKICKEDYAHOOSMAFIABOYDIDNOTRECEIVEANYSPECIALTRAINING,ONLYAFEWATTACKSTOTHEUSERSTODOWNLOADSOFTWAREANDLEARNHOWTOUSETHEINTERNETONABIGDRY

簡介：ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSCAUSEDBYISTANBULSUBWAYEXCAVATIONANDSUGGESTIONSFORREMEDIATIONIBRAHIMOCAKABSTRACTMANYENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSCAUSEDBYSUBWAYEXCAVATIONSHAVEINEVITABLYBECOMEANIMPORTANTPOINTINCITYLIFETHESEPROBLEMSCANBECATEGORIZEDASTRANSPORTINGANDSTOCKINGOFEXCAVATEDMATERIAL,TRAFFICJAMS,NOISE,VIBRATIONS,PILESOFDUSTMUDANDLACKOFSUPPLIESALTHOUGHTHESEPROBLEMSCAUSEMANYDIFFICULTIES,THEMOSTPRESSINGFORABIGCITYLIKEISTANBULISEXCAVATION,SINCEOTHERLISTEDDIFFICULTIESRESULTFROMITMOREOVER,THESEPROBLEMSAREENVIRONMENTALLYANDREGIONALLYRESTRICTEDTOTHEPERIODOVERWHICHCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSAREUNDERWAYANDDISAPPEARWHENCONSTRUCTIONISFINISHEDCURRENTLY,INISTANBUL,THEREARENINESUBWAYCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSINOPERATION,COVERINGAPPROXIMATELY73KMINLENGTHOVER200KMTOBECONSTRUCTEDINTHENEARFUTURETHEAMOUNTOFMATERIALEXCAVATEDFROMONGOINGCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSCOVERSAPPROXIMATELY12MILLIONM3INTHISSTUDY,PROBLEMSPRIMARILY,THEPROBLEMWITHEXCAVATIONWASTEEWCAUSEDBYSUBWAYEXCAVATIONAREANALYZEDANDSUGGESTIONSFORREMEDIATIONAREOFFEREDKEYWORDSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSSUBWAYEXCAVATIONWASTEMANAGEMENTINTRODUCTIONNOWADAYS,CITIESARESPREADINGOVERLARGERAREASWITHINCREASINGDEMANDONEXTENDINGTRANSPORTFACILITIESTHUS,ALLOVERTHEWORLD,ESPECIALLYINCITIESWHERETHEPOPULATIONEXCEEDS300,000–400,000PEOPLE,RAILWAYBASEDMEANSOFTRANSPORTATIONISBEINGACCEPTEDASTHEULTIMATESOLUTIONTHEREFORE,LARGEINVESTMENTSINSUBWAYANDLIGHTRAILCONSTRUCTIONAREREQUIREDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFSTATEDSYSTEMSREQUIRESSURFACEEXCAVATIONS,CUTANDCOVERTUNNELEXCAVATIONS,BOREDTUNNELEXCAVATIONS,REDIRECTIONOFINFRASTRUCTURESANDTUNNELCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSTHESEELEMENTSDISTURBTHEENVIRONMENTANDAFFECTEVERYDAYLIFEOFCITIZENSINTERMSOFRUNNINGWATER,NATURALGAS,SEWERSYSTEMSANDTELEPHONELINESONEREASONWHYMETROEXCAVATIONSAFFECTTHEENVIRONMENTISTHEHUGEAMOUNTOFEXCAVATEDMATERIALPRODUCEDMOREOVER,ALARGEAMOUNTOFTHISEXCAVATEDMATERIALISCOMPOSEDOFMUDDYANDBENTONITEMATERIALSTORINGEXCAVATEDMATERIALTHENBECOMESCRUCIALACONSIDERABLEAMOUNTOFPRESSUREHASBEENPLACEDONOFFICIALSTOSTOREANDRECYCLEANYKINDOFEXCAVATEDMATERIALWASTEMANAGEMENTHASBECOMEABRANCHOFSTUDYBYITSELFMANYSTUDIESHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTONTHEDESTRUCTION,RECYCLINGANDSTORINGOFSOLID,VLACHOS1975HUANGETAL2001WINKLER2005HUANGETAL2006KHANETAL1987BOADIANDKUITUNEN2003STAUDTANDSCHROLL1999WANG2001OKUDAANDTHOMSON2007YANGANDINNES2007,ORGANICEDWARDSETAL1998,JACKSON2006DEBRAETAL1991AKHTARANDMAHMOOD1996BRUUNETAL2006MINHETAL2006,PLASTICIDRISETAL2004KARANIANDSTANJEWASIKIEWITZ2007ALIETAL2004NISHINOETAL2003VASILEETAL2006KATOETAL2003KASAKURAETAL1999HAYASHIETAL2000,TOXICRODGERSETAL1996BELLANDWILSON1988CHENETAL1997SULLIVANANDYELTON1988,OILYAHUMADAETAL2004ALMASRIANDSUMAN2003,FARMINGGARNIERETAL1998MOHANTY2001ANDRADIOACTIVEMATERIALSFIG1CURRENTSTATUSOFMUNICIPALWASTEDISTRIBUTIONINISTANBULINTHISSTUDY,ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSINISTANBUL,SUCHASEWRESULTINGFROMTUNNELLINGOPERATIONS,DWRESULTINGFROMBUILDINGDEMOLITIONANDHOMEWASTES,AREEVALUATEDRESOURCESOFEW,MATERIALPROPERTIESANDALTERNATIVESOFPOSSIBLEUSAGEAREALSOEVALUATEDRAILWAYSYSTEMSTUDIESTHREEPRELIMINARYSTUDIESCONCERNINGTRANSPORTATIONINISTANBULWERECONDUCTEDIN1985,1987AND1997AFOURTHSTUDYISCURRENTLYBEINGCONDUCTEDTHEISTANBULTRANSPORTATIONMAINPLANSTATESTHATRAILWAYSYSTEMSMUSTCONSTITUTETHEMAINFACETOFISTANBUL’STRANSPORTATIONNETWORKIMM2005INADDITIONTOEXISTINGLINES,WITHINTHESCOPEOFTHEMARMARAYPROJECT,36KMOFMETRO,96KMOFLIGHTRAIL,AND7KMOFTRAM,WITHATOTALOF205KMOFNEWRAILWAYLINES,MUSTBECONSTRUCTEDCONSEQUENTLY,THETOTALLENGTHOFRAILWAYLINEWILLEXCEED250KMENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSCAUSEDBYSUBWAYEXCAVATIONSTRANSPORTINGANDSTORINGEXCAVATEDMATERIALALMOSTALLLANDINISTANBULISINHABITEDTHEREFORE,ITISOFUTMOSTIMPORTANCETOSTOREANDRECYCLEEXCAVATEDMATERIALOBTAINEDEITHERFROMMETROEXCAVATIONSOROTHERCONSTRUCTIONACTIVITIES,CAUSINGMINIMALDAMAGEANDDISTURBANCETOTHECITYTHECOLLECTION,TEMPORARYSTORAGE,RECYCLING,REUSE,TRANSPORTATIONANDDESTRUCTIONOFEXCAVATEDMATERIALANDCONSTRUCTIONWASTEARECONTROLLEDBYENVIRONMENTALLAWNUMBER2872ACCORDINGTOTHISLAW,ITISESSENTIALTHAT1WASTEMUSTBEREDUCEDATITSSOURCE2MANAGEMENTMUSTTAKENECESSARYPRECAUTIONSTOREDUCETHEHARMFULEFFECTSOFWASTE3EXCAVATEDMATERIALMUSTBERECYCLEDANDREUSED,ESPECIALLYWITHINTHECONSTRUCTIONINFRASTRUCTURE

簡介：1外文外文資料所譯外文資料1作者GBOUWHUIS,JBRAAT,AHUIJSER2書名PRINCIPLESOFOPTICALDISKSYSTEMS3出版時間1991年9月4所譯章節(jié)SESSION2/CHAPTER9,SESSION2/CHAPTER11原文原文MICROPROCESSORONEOFTHEKEYINVENTIONSINTHEHISTORYOFELECTRONICS,ANDINFACTONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINVENTIONSEVERPERIOD,WASTHETRANSISTORASTIMEPROGRESSEDAFTERTHEINVENTIONOFLSIINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,THETECHNOLOGYIMPROVEDANDCHIPSBECAMESMALLER,FASTERANDCHEAPERTHEFUNCTIONSPERFORMEDBYAPROCESSORWEREIMPLEMENTEDUSINGSEVERALDIFFERENTLOGICCHIPSINTELWASTHEFIRSTCOMPANYTOINCORPORATEALLOFTHESELOGICCOMPONENTSINTOASINGLECHIP,THISWASTHEFIRSTMICROPROCESSORAMICROPROCESSORISACOMPLETECOMPUTATIONENGINETHATISFABRICATEDONASINGLECHIPAMICROPROCESSOREXECUTESACOLLECTIONOFMACHINEINSTRUCTIONSTHATTELLTHEPROCESSORWHATTODOBASEDONTHEINSTRUCTIONS,AMICROPROCESSORDOESTHREEBASICTHINGS1USINGTHEALUARITHMETIC/LOGICUNIT,AMICROPROCESSORCANPERFORMMATHEMATICALOPERATIONSLIKEADDITION,SUBTRACTION,MULTIPLICATIONANDDIVISION2AMICROPROCESSORCANMOVEDATAFROMONEMEMORYLOCATIONTOANOTHER3AMICROPROCESSORCANMAKEDECISIONSANDJUMPTOANEWSETOFINSTRUCTIONSBASEDONTHOSEDECISIONSTHEREMAYBEVERYSOPHISTICATEDTHINGSTHATAMICROPROCESSORDOES,BUTTHOSEAREITSTHREEBASICACTIVITIESMICROPROCESSORHASANADDRESSBUSTHATSENDSANADDRESSTOMEMORY,ADATABUSTHATCANSENDDATATOMEMORYORRECEIVEDATAFROMMEMORY,ANRDREADANDWRWRITELINETHATLETSACLOCKPULSESEQUENCETHEPROCESSORANDARESETLINETHATRESETSTHEPROGRAMCOUNTERTOZEROORWHATEVERANDRESTARTSEXECUTIONANDLET’SASSUMETHATBOTHTHEADDRESSANDDATABUSESARE8BITSWIDEHEREHEREARETHECOMPONENTSOFTHISSIMPLEMICROPROCESSOR3CONNECTEITHERTORAMORROMGENERALLYBOTHINOURSAMPLEMICROPROCESSOR,WEHAVEANADDRESSBUS8BITSWIDEANDADATABUS8BITSWIDETHATMEANSTHATTHEMICROPROCESSORANADDRESS2N256BYTESOFTHEMEMORYANDITCANREADORWRITE8BITSOFTHEMEMORYATATIMELET’SASSUMETHATTHISSIMPLEMICROPROCESSORHAS128BYTESOFROMSTARTINGATADDRESS0AND128BYTESOFRAMSTARTINGATADDRESS128ROMSTANDSFORREADONLYMEMORYAROMCHIPISPROGRAMMEDWITHAPERMANENTCOLLECTIONOFPRESETBYTESTHEADDRESSBUSTELLSTHEROMCHIPWHICHBYTETOGETANDPLACEONTHEDATABUSWHENTHERDLINECHANGESSTATE,THEROMCHIPPRESENTSTHESELECTEDBYTEONTOTHEDATABUSRAMSTANDSFORRANDOMACCESSMEMORYRAMCONTAINSBYTESOFINFORMATION,ANDTHEMICROPROCESSORCANREADORWRITETOTHOSEBYTESDEPENDINGONWHETHERTHERDORWRLINEISSIGNALEDONEPROBLEMWITHTODAY’SRAMCHIPSISTHATTHEYFORGETEVERYTHINGONCETHEPOWERGOESOFFTHATISWHYTHECOMPUTERNEEDSROMBYTHEWAY,NEARLYALLCOMPUTERSCONTAINSOMEAMOUNTOFROMITISPOSSIBLETOCREATEASIMPLECOMPUTERTHATCONTAINSNORAMMANYMICROCONTROLLERSDOTHISBYPLACINGAHANDFULOFRAMBYTESONTHEPROCESSORCHIPITSELFBUTGENERALLYIMPOSSIBLETOCREATEONETHATCONTAINSNOROMONAPC,THEROMISCALLEDTHEBIOSBASICINPUT/OUTPUTSYSTEMWHENTHEMICROPROCESSORSTARTS,ITBEGINSEXECUTINGINSTRUCTIONSITFINDSINTHEBIOSTHEBIOSINSTRUCTIONSDOTHINGSLIKETESTTHEHARDWAREINTHEMACHINE,ANDTHENITGOESTOTHEHARDDISKTOFETCHTHEBOOTSECTORTHISBOOTSECTORISANOTHERSMALLPROGRAM,ANDTHEBIOSSTOREITINRAMAFTERREADINGITOFFTHEDISKTHEMICROPROCESSORTHENBEGINSEXECUTINGTHEBOOTSECTOR’SINSTRUCTIONSFROMRAMTHEBOOTSECTORPROGRAMWILLTELLTHEMICROPROCESSORTOFETCHSOMETHINGELSEFROMTHEHARDDISKINTORAM,WHICHTHEMICROPROCESSORTHENEXECUTES,ANDSOONTHISISHOWTHEMICROPROCESSORLOADSANDEXECUTESENTIREOPERATINGSYSTEMMICROPROCESSORINSTRUCTIONSEVENTHEINCREDIBLYSIMPLEMICROPROCESSORSHOWNHEREWILLHAVEAFAIRLYLARGESETOFINSTRUCTIONSTHATITCANPERFORMTHECOLLECTIONOFINSTRUCTIONSISIMPLEMENTEDASBITPATTERNS,EACHONEOFWHICHHASADIFFERENTMEANINGWHENLOADEDINTOTHEINSTRUCTIONREGISTERHUMANSARENOTPARTICULARLYGOODATREMEMBERINGBITPATTERNS,SOASETOFSHORTWORDSAREDEFINEDTOREPRESENTTHEDIFFERENTBITPATTERNSTHISCOLLECTIONOFWORDSISCALLEDTHEASSEMBLYLANGUAGESOFTHEPROCESSORANASSEMBLERCANTRANSLATETHEWORDSINTOTHEIRBITPATTERNSVERYEASILY,ANDTHENTHEOUTPUTOFASSEMBLERISPLACEDINMEMORYFORTHEMICROPROCESSORTOEXECUTEIFYOUUSECLANGUAGEPROGRAMMING,ACCOMPILERWILLTRANSLATETHECCODEINTOASSEMBLYLANGUAGE

簡介：1UNIT1UNIT1教育界的科技革命如果讓生活在1900年的人來到我們這個時代，他會辨認出我們當前課堂里發(fā)生的許多事情那盛行的講座、對操練的強調(diào)、從基礎(chǔ)讀本到每周的拼寫測試在內(nèi)的教學材料和教學活動?？赡艹私烫靡酝?，很少有機構(gòu)像主管下一代正規(guī)教育的學校那樣缺乏變化了。讓我們把上述一貫性與校園外孩子們的經(jīng)歷作一番比較吧。在現(xiàn)代社會，孩子們有機會接觸廣泛的媒體，而在早些年代這些媒體簡直就是奇跡。來自過去的參觀者一眼就能辨認出現(xiàn)在的課堂，但很難適應現(xiàn)今一個10歲孩子的校外世界。學校如果不是一般意義上的教育界天生是保守的機構(gòu)。我會在很大程度上為這種保守的趨勢辯護。但變化在我們的世界中是如此迅速而明確，學校不可能維持現(xiàn)狀或僅僅做一些表面的改善而生存下去。的確，如果學校不迅速、徹底地變革，就有可能被其他較靈活的機構(gòu)取代。計算機的變革力當今時代最重要的科技事件要數(shù)計算機的崛起。計算機已滲透到我們生活的諸多方面，從交通、電訊到娛樂等等。許多學校當然不能漠視這種趨勢，于是也配備了計算機和網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在某種程度上，這些科技輔助設(shè)施已被吸納到校園生活中，盡管他們往往只是用一種更方便、更有效的模式教授舊課程。然而，未來將以計算機為基礎(chǔ)組織教學。計算機將在一定程度上允許針對個人的授課，這種授課形式以往只向有錢人提供。所有的學生都會得到符合自身需要的、適合自己學習方法和進度的課程設(shè)置，以及對先前所學材料、課程的成績記錄。毫不夸張地說，計算機科技可將世界上所有的信息置于人們的指尖。這既是幸事又是災難。我們再也無須花費很長時間查找某個出處或某個人現(xiàn)在，信息的傳遞是瞬時的。不久，我們甚至無須鍵入指令，只需大聲提出問題，計算機就會打印或說出答案，這樣，人們就可實現(xiàn)即時的“文化脫盲“。美中不足的是，因特網(wǎng)沒有質(zhì)量控制手段；“任何人都可以撥弄“。信息和虛假信息往往混雜在一起，現(xiàn)在還沒有將網(wǎng)上十分普遍的被歪曲的事實和一派胡言與真實含義區(qū)分開來的可靠手段。要識別出真的、美的、好的信息，并挑出其中那些值得知曉的,這對人們構(gòu)成巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。對此也許有人會說，這個世界一直充斥著錯誤的信息。的確如此，但以前教育當局至少能選擇他們中意的課本。而今天的形勢則是每個人都擁有瞬時可得的數(shù)以百萬計的信息源，這種情況是史無前例的。教育的客戶化按以往的趨勢變化看，從授權(quán)機構(gòu)獲取證書可能已不如過去重要。每個人都能在模擬的環(huán)境中自學并展示個人才能。如果一個人能像早些時候那樣“讀法律“，然后通過計算機模擬的實踐考試展現(xiàn)自己的全部法律技能，為什么還要花12萬美元去上法學院呢用類似的方法學開飛機或?qū)W做外科手術(shù)不同樣可行嗎在過去，大部分教育基本是職業(yè)性的目的是確保個人在其年富力強的整個成人階段能可靠地從事某項工作?，F(xiàn)在，這種設(shè)想有了缺陷。很少有人會一生只從事一種職業(yè)；許多人都會頻繁地從一個職位、公司或經(jīng)濟部門跳到另一個。在經(jīng)濟中，這些新的、迅速變換的角色的激增使教育變得大為復雜。大部分老成持重的教師和家長對幫助青年一代應對這個會經(jīng)常變換工作的世界缺乏經(jīng)驗。由于沒有先例，青少年們只有自己為快速變化的“事業(yè)之路“和生活狀況作準備。技術(shù)的更深遠影響在以計算機為基礎(chǔ)的教學成為對教育產(chǎn)生主要科技影響力的同時，其他創(chuàng)新手段也會沖擊教育。醫(yī)學技術(shù)可使人們對學生在解決各類問題或進行創(chuàng)造性活動時的大腦活動和血流狀況進行研究。對學習過程的基因基礎(chǔ)的進一步了解也可能影響課堂教學。也許由此能夠決定哪些年青學子可能更快取得進步，哪些注定要有“艱難的“求學歷程。一些權(quán)威人士堅持認為這些發(fā)現(xiàn)應該應用于特定情況中，而另一些人則極力反對在基因信息基礎(chǔ)上所做的任何決定。聲稱能改善學習、記憶或激發(fā)熱情的藥品將唾手可得。教師和家長將面對以往只在科幻小說中出現(xiàn)的道德上的兩難窘境。最后，近來在生物學和醫(yī)學方面的突破會給教育界帶來翻天覆地的變化。如果每個人都設(shè)法通過基因工程“設(shè)計“后代，或改變現(xiàn)有一個人的基因結(jié)構(gòu)，或使克隆人類成為可能，那么成為一個人、成為人類社會的一部分意義何在，我們對此所作的定義將永遠處于變化中。保守主義未必是壞事前文提到，教育是保守的，這個保守的趨勢也不一定是壞事。誠然，對于價值觀的傳授和某些學科的講授確實還需要保守的方法，但知識爆炸要求對課程設(shè)置予以密切而全新的注意。如果年青人要為自己期望承擔的迅速變換的角色作好準備，那么必須想出新的和富于想像力的方法。UNIT2UNIT2我們真的想長壽嗎你希望長壽嗎一定想過。你可期望自己變老嗎沒想過。幾千年來，人們一直想要長壽，不變老，然而他們總是失望。西班牙探險家胡安龐塞德萊昂之聞名與其說是因為他在1513年發(fā)現(xiàn)了佛羅里達，倒不如說是因為他尋找“青春泉“。他從來沒有找到過當?shù)厝烁嬖V他的“青春泉“，而自己卻在幾年之后死于印第安人的毒箭之下?！扒啻喝暗膫髡f也許起源于北印度；7世紀時流傳到歐洲，中世紀時已在那兒廣為人知。一位油畫家曾經(jīng)畫過一幅傳說中的“青春泉“的名3售合同。合同規(guī)定，只要產(chǎn)品銷售達到一定的定額，該公司即以一美元的價格向零售小商店和飯店提供冰箱。同時，該公司還得說服這些泰國中間商不要在冰箱中儲存其他公司的產(chǎn)品，并且不要為了省電而在夜間拔去冰箱的電源插頭。促銷手段不僅可用于消費品的銷售，也可用于工業(yè)品的銷售。許多制藥公司通過舉辦雞尾酒會、旅游和其他活動來吸引藥品批發(fā)商。他們向醫(yī)生們贈送禮品，而且讓醫(yī)生的夫人們參加購物旅游。無論是在美國還是在海外，促銷活動越來越受人青睞，而且持續(xù)穩(wěn)定。一家主要的廣告雜志進行的一項問卷調(diào)查表明，公司經(jīng)理們已從媒體廣告轉(zhuǎn)向促銷活動。同五年前相比，有五分之三的公司開始增加對非媒體宣傳的投入，如在產(chǎn)品交易會和展銷會擺設(shè)攤位、舉辦使顧客能夠直接購買產(chǎn)品的展銷會、舉辦各種宣傳活動等等。根據(jù)對美國消費者購物行為所作的一項調(diào)查，除了食品以外，超市里所售商品中有70是顧客在店內(nèi)臨時決定購買的。因此，店內(nèi)產(chǎn)品展示和其他促銷手段的效果頗為顯著。如果這種根據(jù)臨時決定購買的方式能在美國以外的其他地方盛行開來，那么，促銷活動在其他地方將被證明同樣是必不可少的。某一產(chǎn)品初次進入一個市場時，促銷活動可以有效地幫助消費者了解這種產(chǎn)品。同時，對于現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品，如果產(chǎn)品本身極具競爭力，互相之間無明顯差別，尤其是如果這種產(chǎn)品單價較低而且流通量大，促銷活動會同樣有效。在這種條件下，就需要以促銷來贏得“額外“競爭優(yōu)勢。一家日本公司將游戲卡裝在其肥皂盒中，結(jié)果在泰國引起轟動效應。消費者禁不住對這種皂盒越買越多，以期得到得獎的紙卡。與此類似，在泰國大多數(shù)加油站曾經(jīng)有這樣的做法，顧客每加一次油，即可免費得到一塊毛巾，作為饋贈。在巴西，用電設(shè)施被看作商品，菲利浦公司希望巴西電工能夠了解該公司的品牌。為此目的，公司開設(shè)了一個培訓課程，除了頒發(fā)結(jié)業(yè)證書，還送電工一個工具箱作為獎勵。該課程共計四講，附有大量插圖，以適合文化水平較低的巴西電工。但該公司碰到的問題是，沒有一家專為電工出版的行業(yè)雜志刊登這一課程的廣告。菲利浦公司想了個辦法，在電工用品商店設(shè)點展示，電工們可以在展點內(nèi)隨手取閱該培訓課程的活頁廣告。由于該培訓課程的學費很高，任何一個聽課的個人都無能力支付，菲利浦公司將參加培訓的對象限定為職業(yè)與電力工業(yè)有關(guān)的人員。同時讓電力設(shè)備商店也參加該促銷活動公司向這些商店介紹本次活動的好處，同時，邀請商店的銷售人員參加培訓課程。促銷手段有時會與心理障礙發(fā)生沖突，這一情況在店主和消費者中都存在。有些國外零售商不大愿意接受產(chǎn)品廠家提供的打折贈券，因為他們擔心廠家不會補償他們在打折銷售中損失的款額。另一方面，消費者可能對諸如返還款項的促銷承諾心存懷疑，他們會認為，這樣的產(chǎn)品肯定有問題。如同營銷活動的其他諸多方面一樣，促銷手段也須改進。要使所用手段產(chǎn)生效果，就應使其迎合當?shù)厝说南埠谩Ｍ娑嗝字Z骨牌是巴西的一項全國性的消遣活動，菲利浦公司即在該國用多米諾骨牌作為購買電工產(chǎn)品的獎勵。玩牌的一方要將骨牌彩色的一面朝上，不讓對方看到帶點數(shù)字的那一面。由于每張骨牌的反面印有菲利浦公司的名稱，電工們便會經(jīng)常想起這一品牌。UNIT4UNIT4勞動的價值依然存在美國19世紀工業(yè)發(fā)展時期，對那些在礦山、作坊和工廠辛勤勞動，每天只掙幾個硬幣的人們大講勞動的固有德行，也許顯得荒唐可笑。那個時代，龐大的生產(chǎn)機器讓操作者受苦受難，頭昏眼花。然而，對于幾代移民來說，勞動最終結(jié)出了累累碩果祖父移民來美時目不識丁，其辛勤汗水給父親的一生打下了基礎(chǔ)，并讓他上了中學；而兒子則終于進入大學甚至法學院。因此，在數(shù)百萬美國人看來，他們幾代人的勞動證實，勞動是可以產(chǎn)生好的結(jié)果的。移民的職業(yè)道德終于與清教徒的職業(yè)道德融為一體。勞動的動機決定一切。僅為活命而勞動是無奈。為兒孫們創(chuàng)造更加美好的生活，這樣的動機賦予勞動一種強烈的尊嚴。這種尊嚴，一種有希望的活力和抱負就像生命的原動力一樣長盛不衰就是許多人如今發(fā)現(xiàn)不復存在的美國品質(zhì)。當今社會，職業(yè)道德并未消失，而是淡化了。在美國，人們對待勞動的態(tài)度發(fā)生了很大變化。過去，由于對于經(jīng)濟大蕭條的痛苦記憶，人們對勞動常采取了一種嚴守紀律，有時是被動的態(tài)度這有點像前蘇聯(lián)的老一代人，由于對二戰(zhàn)期間可怕得多的經(jīng)歷記憶猶新，因而并不抱怨食品短缺、住房擁擠。但是，經(jīng)歷過經(jīng)濟大蕭條的那一代人相繼退休，也相繼不在了。當今年紀較輕的這代勞動者，盡管有時也會因為經(jīng)濟不景氣而下崗，受不到公正待遇，但在他們的腦海中，畢竟沒有對于大蕭條時期那種貧困和艱難的痛苦記憶。如今，各種精心設(shè)計以緩解困境的經(jīng)濟手段如失業(yè)保險、福利金等使短期失業(yè)的困難程度減輕了。勞動仍然深受美國社會的尊敬。大多數(shù)美國人，如果流落街頭，就會感到失落，甚至喪失自尊。但這種打擊如今很少帶有它曾經(jīng)有過的生死攸關(guān)的含義。此外，經(jīng)濟生活中肆無忌憚、聲名狼藉的行為，也會減少失業(yè)的羞愧感；如果某大公司關(guān)閉了一家工廠，將該廠3,700工人拋向失業(yè)者的行列中，那么人們更多地歸罪于疲軟的經(jīng)濟而不是個人。同過去相比，今天的勞動者受教育的水平提高了，因而，他們期待更多，興趣各異。他們的父輩、祖父輩和曾祖父輩專心于手頭的活計，而年輕一代則對拼命干活的意義提出了質(zhì)疑。人類歷史上，工業(yè)發(fā)達國家的民眾，再也無須集中心思于勞動，將其視為自身生計之首要因素，這是世界歷史前所未有的現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)著名心理學家馬斯洛的描述，勞動是通過滿足一系列輕重緩急的需求體系而發(fā)揮功能的。最重要的是，勞動可以提供食物和棲身之所，這是人類生存的基本保證。其次，勞動可以滿足安全需求，并且滿足與他人交友和交往的需求。再次，自我的要求也產(chǎn)生了，即需要受到尊重。最后，人類，無論男女，都有“實現(xiàn)自我“的永無止境的愿望。這種愿望似乎是一種于人無損甚至是值得尊敬的上進心，但有時也會淪落成一種自私的不滿。

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計文獻翻譯1OPERATIONOFPLATERECTIFICATIONTOWERABSTRACTTHEINFLUENCINGFACTORS,ABNOIMALPHENOMENONANDRECTIFICATIONPROCESSWEREANALYZEDTODIRECTACTUALOPERATIONKEYWORDSRECTIFICATIONTOWER,RECIFICATION,REBOILER,OPERATIONDISTILLATIONCOLUMNISAMULTISTAGEPARTIALVAPORIZATIONANDPARTIALCONDENSATIONACCORDINGTOTHEDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSINTHEMIXTUREVOLATILITYINEACHFLOORTOWERBOARDTOACHIEVETHESEPARATIONOFAMIXTUREOFVARIOUSCOMPONENTSOFTHETOWERGASLIQUIDCONTACTDEVICE,ALSOKNOWNASDISTILLATIONAPLATECOLUMNANDPACKEDCOLUMNTYPESACCORDINGTOMODEOFOPERATIONAREDIVIDEDINTOCONTINUOUSDISTILLATIONANDBATCHDISTILLATIONSTEAMFROMTHEBOTTOMOFTHECOLUMNENTRY,ANDTHEDECLINEINLIQUIDCOUNTERCURRENTCONTACTWITHTHETWOINCONTACT,THEDROPINTHEVOLATILELIQUIDLOWBOILINGPOINTCOMPONENTSISCONTINUOUSLYTRANSFERREDTOTHESTEAMTHEDIFFICULTYOFSTEAMVOLATILEHIGHBOILINGCOMPONENTCONTINUEDTODECLINEINTHETRANSFEROFLIQUID,STEAMTHECLOSERTHETOPOFTHETOWER,THEHIGHERTHECONCENTRATIONOFITSVOLATILECOMPONENTS,WHILETHEDECLINEINTHECLOSERTOWERBOTTOMLIQUID,ITSHARDTOBEMOREVOLATILECOMPONENTSRICHSET,TOACHIEVECOMPONENTSEPARATIONSTEAMRISINGFROMTHETOPOFTHETOWERINTOTHECONDENSER,THELIQUIDPARTOFTHECONDENSATEASREFLUXLIQUIDTORETURNINTOTHEDISTILLATIONTOWER,THERESTISREMOVEDASDISTILLATETOWERBOTTOMOUTFLOWOFLIQUID,SOMEOFWHICHINTOTHEREBOILER,THERMALEVAPORATION,THESTEAMBACKTOTOWER,ANDTHEOTHERPARTOFTHELIQUIDASRESIDUARELEASECOMPAREDWITHOTHERCHEMICALUNITOPERATIONS,DISTILLATIONUNIT,ALTHOUGHRELATIVELYSIMPLE,SINGLEPRODUCTIONRUNTHATOFTENAPPEARINAVARIETYOFPROBLEMSAFFECTINGTHEOPERATIONOFTHEDISTILLATIONUNIT,LEADINGTOTOWERTOPORBOTTOMOFPRODUCTFAILURE,SEVERECONSTRAINTSOFPRODUCTIONEQUIPMENTTHEOPERATIONRESULTINGINPRODUCTLOSS1REGULARCHANGESINPROCESSCONDITIONSOFDISTILLATIONCOLUMN11REBOILERTEMPERATUREUNDERTHESAMEOPERATINGPRESSURE,RAISINGTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEREBOILER,THEVOLATILECOMPONENTSINTHETOWERLIQUIDTOREDUCE,ATTHESAMETIME,THERISINGVAPORVELOCITYINCREASES,ANDHELPTOIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFMASSTRANSFERIFPRODUCTSFROMTHETOPOFTHETOWER,THETOWERREACTORDISCHARGEOFDIFFICULTVOLATILESVOLATILECOMPONENTSTOREDUCEANDREDUCELOSSESIFTHETOWERREACTOREFFLUENTSFORTHEPRODUCT,ITCANIMPROVEPRODUCTQUALITYTOWERDISCHARGEOFVOLATILECOMPONENTS本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計文獻翻譯3INCREASED,ANDTHESTRIPPINGSECTIONOFTHELOADINCREASES,MAYBEPOORDUETOTHESEPARATIONCAUSEDBYTHETOWERREACTORPRODUCTSOFINFERIORQUALITY,WHICHENTRAINEDVOLATILECOMPONENTSINCREASEDFEEDINGRESTRUCTURINGCONCENTRATIONINCREASED,THEFEEDINGMOUTHMOVEDOWNANDVICEVERSA,THENMOVEUPTHESAMETIME,OPERATINGTEMPERATURE,BACKFLOWANDOPERATINGPRESSUREMUSTBEADJUSTEDACCORDINGLYINORDERTOENSURETHESTABILITYOFTHEDISTILLATIONOPERATIONDISTILLATION,INCREASINGTHEREFLUXRATIO,CANIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFTHEPRODUCT,BUTTHEREFLUXRATIOISTOOLARGE,THEINNERLOOPOFTHETOWERINCREASED,INCREASINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONREDUCTIONOFTHEREFLUXRATIO,THETOWERGASLIQUIDCONTACTISNOTGOOD,THEBALANCETODAMAGEDANDTHEREFORETHEMASSTRANSFEREFFICIENCYDECREASEDTHESAMETIME,THEOPERATINGPRESSUREDROP,DIFFICULTVOLATILECOMPONENTSEASILYBROUGHTTOTHETOPOFTHETOWER,RESULTINGINASUBSTANDARDPRODUCT2ANOMALIESINTHEDISTILLATIONCOLUMNDURINGOPERATION21PLATECAPACITYRECTIFYINGSECTIONTRAYDOWNCOMEROVERFLOWLIQUIDTRANSPORTATION,HOWEVER,THATTHETOWERUPPERPARTOFTHEBEGINNINGOFFLOODING,APHENOMENONKNOWNASDOWNCOMEROBSTRUCTIONORLIQUIDFLOODINGITSCAUSESISTOBLOCKTHELIQUIDLEAVINGTHETOWERBOARDLEVELRISEINTHEDOWNCOMERPLATEBETWEENMISTENTRAINEDEXCESSIVELEAVINGTHETRAYEFFICIENCYTOREDUCEENTRAINMENTOFTHISPHENOMENONISKNOWNASTHEEXCESSIVEFOGORSTEAMFLOODING,THEREASONISTHERELATIVEINTHEGASWHILETHETOWERBOARDBUBBLINGAREAISTOOSMALL22PLATEFOULINGSEDIMENTCUMULATIVETOTHEBOARDOFBOARDOFTHETOWERISANIMPORTANTISSUE,TRAYSOFDIRTWILLTOWERPREMATUREFLOODINGWILLREDUCETHEPLATEEFFICIENCYPLATESCALINGPHENOMENON1THEREFLUXRATIOISNOTHIGHONLIQUIDPAN2THEPRESSUREDROPINCREASEBETWEENTHETRAY3INCREASETHEREFLUXRATIOONTHEBOTTOMOFTHECOLUMNTEMPERATURE,FLOWORREBOILERLOADDOESNOTHAVEANYIMPACT,IFTHEREFLUXRATIOTOTHEHEATBALANCEANDMATERIALBALANCEOF20TO30,WHILETHETOWERDIDNOTCHANGESIGNIFICANTLY,THENTHETOWERMUSTBECOMPLETELYFULLOFLIQUIDTHEAMOUNTOFRETURNINGTOWERDIRECTSTREAMGASPIPELINETHROUGHTHETOPOFTHETOWERBACKTOTHEREFLUXTANK23SLUGFLOWSINTHERISERSLUGFLOWINTHERISERISADISTILLATIONCOLUMNRUNNINGUNSTABLE,MAYBECAUSEDDUETOANUNSTABLEGASLIQUIDMIXTUREFLOWINTHEVERTICALPIPELINEREFLUXTANKISELEVATED

簡介：UNIT1PASSAGEATHEENGLISHCHARACTERTOOTHEEUROPEANS,THEBESTKNOWNQUALITYOFTHEBRITISHIS“RESERVE“ARESERVEDPERSONISONEWHODOESNOTTALKVERYMUCHTOSTRANGERS,DOESNOTSHOWMUCHEMOTION,ANDSELDOMGETSEXCITEDITISDIFFICULTTOGETTOKNOWARESERVEDPERSONHENEVERTELLSYOUANYTHINGABOUTHIMSELF,ANDYOUMAYWORKWITHHIMFORYEARSWITHOUTEVERKNOWINGWHEREHELIVES,HOWMANYCHILDRENHEHAS,ANDWHATHISINTERESTSAREENGLISHPEOPLETENDTOBELIKETHATIFTHEYAREMAKINGAJOURNEYBYBUS,THEYWILLDOTHEIRBESTTOFINDANEMPTYSEATIFBYTRAIN,ANEMPTYCOMPARTMENTIFTHEYHAVETOSHARETHECOMPARTMENTWITHASTRANGER,THEYMAYTRAVELMANYMILESWITHOUTSTARTINGACONVERSATIONIFACONVERSATIONDOESSTART,PERSONALQUESTIONSLIKE“HOWOLDAREYOU“OREVEN“WHATISYOURNAME“ARENOTEASILYASKEDQUESTIONSLIKE“WHEREDIDYOUBUYYOURWATCH“OR“WHATISYOURSALARY“AREALMOSTIMPOSSIBLESIMILARLY,CONVERSATIONINBRITAINISINGENERALQUIETANDRESTRAINEDANDLOUDSPEECHISCONSIDEREDILLBREDTHISUNWILLINGNESSTOCOMMUNICATEWITHOTHERSISANUNFORTUNATEQUALITYINSOMEWAYS,SINCEITTENDSTOGIVETHEIMPRESSIONOFCOLDNESS,ANDITISTRUETHATTHEENGLISHEXCEPTPERHAPSINTHENORTHARENOTNOTEDFORTHEIRGENEROSITYANDHOSPITALITYONTHEOTHERHAND,THEYAREPERFECTLYHUMANBEHINDTHEIRBARRIEROFRESERVE,ANDMAYBEQUITEPLEASEDWHENAFRIENDLYSTRANGERORFOREIGNERSUCCEEDSFORATIMEINBREAKINGTHEBARRIERDOWNCLOSELYRELATEDTOENGLISHRESERVEISENGLISHMODESTYWITHINTHEIRHEARTS,THEENGLISHAREPERHAPSNOLESSCONCEITEDTHANANYBODYELSE,BUTINTHEIRRELATIONSWITHOTHERSTHEYVALUEATLEASTASHOWOFMODESTYSELFPRAISEISFELTTOBEILLBREDIFAPERSONIS,LETUSSAY,VERYGOODATTENNIS,ANDSOMEONEASKSHIMIFHEISAGOODPLAYER,HEWILLSELDOMREPLY“YES,“BECAUSEPEOPLEWILLTHINKHIMCONCEITEDHEWILLPROBABLYGIVEANANSWERLIKE,“IMNOTBAD,“OR“WELL,IMVERYKEENONTENNIS“THISSELFDEPRECATIONISTYPICALLYENGLISH,AND,MIXEDWITHTHEIRRESERVE,ITOFTENPRODUCESASORTOFGENERALAIROFINDIFFERENCEWHICHAPPEARSTOFOREIGNERSDIFFICULTTOUNDERSTANDANDEVENIRRITATINGTHEFAMOUSENGLISHSENSEOFHUMORISSIMILARITSSTARTINGPOINTISSELFDEPRECATION,ANDITSGREATENEMYISCONCEITIT’SIDEALISTHEABILITYTOLAUGHATONESELFATONESOWNFAULTS,ONESOWNFAILURESANDEMBARRASSMENTS,EVENATONESOWNIDEALSTHECRITICISM,“HEHASNOSENSEOFHUMOR,“ISVERYCOMMONLYHEARDINBRITAIN,WHEREHUMORISSOHIGHLYPRIZEDASENSEOFHUMORISANATTITUDETOLIFERATHERTHANTHEMEREABILITYTOLAUGHATJOKESTHISATTITUDEISNEVERCRUELORDISRESPECTFULORMALICIOUSTHEENGLISHDONOTLAUGHATACRIPPLEORAMADMAN,ATRAGEDYORANHONORABLEFAILURESYMPATHYORADMIRATIONFORARTISTICSKILLAREFELTTOBESTRONGERTHANLAUGHTERLIKEASENSEOFHUMOR,SPORTSMANSHIPISANENGLISHIDEALWHICHNOTALLENGLISHMENLIVEUPTOITMUSTBEREALIZEDTHATSPORTINITSMODERNFORMISALMOSTENTIRELYABRITISHINVENTIONBOXING,ASSOCIATIONFOOTBALL,TENNISANDCRICKET同幽默感一樣，運動員精神是英國式的理想，這一點并非所有的英國人都做得到。必須認識到，現(xiàn)代形式的運動幾乎都是英國人發(fā)明的。拳擊、英式足球、網(wǎng)球以及板球都是在英國首次組織并且制定出規(guī)則的。規(guī)則是運動的精髓，運動員精神是指按照規(guī)則從事體育運動的能力，同時也表現(xiàn)在對對手的慷慨大度，以及失敗后的良好心態(tài)。此外，運動員精神作為一種理想模式也普遍適用于日常生活。其中最基本的生活規(guī)則之一就是“不打跌倒的人”。換言之，就是不要利用別人的不幸。英國的男孩子常常在相互交往中把這種運動員精神表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。

簡介：英文原文COMPUTERNETWORKACOMPUTERNETWORK,OFTENSIMPLYREFERREDTOASANETWORK,ISACOLLECTIONOFCOMPUTERSANDDEVICESINTERCONNECTEDBYCOMMUNICATIONSCHANNELSTHATFACILITATECOMMUNICATIONSAMONGUSERSANDALLOWSUSERSTOSHARERESOURCESNETWORKSMAYBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOAWIDEVARIETYOFCHARACTERISTICSACOMPUTERNETWORKALLOWSSHARINGOFRESOURCESANDINFORMATIONAMONGINTERCONNECTEDDEVICESHISTORYEARLYNETWORKSOFCOMMUNICATINGCOMPUTERSINCLUDEDTHEMILITARYRADARSYSTEMSEMIAUTOMATICGROUNDENVIRONMENTSAGEANDITSRELATIVETHECOMMERCIALAIRLINERESERVATIONSYSTEMSEMIAUTOMATICBUSINESSRESEARCHENVIRONMENTSABRE,STARTEDINTHELATE1950S12WHENRUSSIALAUNCHEDHISSPUTNIKSATELLITEINSPACEIN1957THEAMERICANSTARTEDAGENCYNAMESADVANCERESEARCHPROJECTAGENCYARPALAUNCHEDTHIS1STSATELLITEWITHIN18MONTHAFTERESTABLISHMENTTHENSHARINGOFTHEINFORMATIONINANOTHERCOMPUTERTHEYUSEARPANETANDTHISALLRESPONSIBILITYONAMERICASDRLIEDLIEDERTHENIN1969,ARPANETCOMESININDIAANDINDIANSWITCHEDTHISNAMETONETWORKINTHE1960S,THEADVANCEDRESEARCHPROJECTSAGENCYARPASTARTEDFUNDINGTHEDESIGNOFTHEADVANCEDRESEARCHPROJECTSAGENCYNETWORKARPANETFORTHEUNITEDSTATESDEPARTMENTOFDEFENSEDEVELOPMENTOFTHENETWORKBEGANIN1969,BASEDONDESIGNSDEVELOPEDDURINGTHE1960S3THEARPANETEVOLVEDINTOTHEMODERNINTERNETPURPOSECOMPUTERNETWORKSCANBEUSEDFORAVARIETYOFPURPOSESFACILITATINGCOMMUNICATIONSUSINGANETWORK,PEOPLECANCOMMUNICATEEFFICIENTLYANDEASILYVIAEMAIL,INSTANTMESSAGING,CHATROOMS,TELEPHONE,VIDEOTELEPHONECALLS,ANDVIDEOCONFERENCINGSHARINGHARDWAREINANETWORKEDENVIRONMENT,EACHCOMPUTERONANETWORKMAYACCESSANDUSEHARDWARERESOURCESONTHENETWORK,SUCHASPRINTINGADOCUMENTONASHAREDNETWORKPRINTERSHARINGFILES,DATA,ANDINFORMATIONINANETWORKENVIRONMENT,AUTHORIZEDUSERMAYACCESSDATAANDINFORMATIONSTOREDONOTHERCOMPUTERSONTHENETWORKTHECAPABILITYOFPROVIDINGACCESSTODATAANDINFORMATIONONSHAREDSTORAGEDEVICESISANIMPORTANTFEATUREOFMANYNETWORKSSHARINGSOFTWAREUSERSCONNECTEDTOANETWORKMAYRUNAPPLICATIONPROGRAMSONREMOTECOMPUTERSINFORMATIONPRESERVATIONSECURITYNETWORKCLASSIFICATIONTHEFOLLOWINGLISTPRESENTSCATEGORIESUSEDFORCLASSIFYINGNETWORKSCONNECTIONMETHODCOMPUTERNETWORKSCANBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHEVOICE,DATA,ANDTVSIGNALSCELLULARANDPCSSYSTEMS–USESEVERALRADIOCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGIESTHESYSTEMSAREDIVIDEDTODIFFERENTGEOGRAPHICAREASEACHAREAHASALOWPOWERTRANSMITTERORRADIORELAYANTENNADEVICETORELAYCALLSFROMONEAREATOTHENEXTAREAWIRELESSLANS–WIRELESSLOCALAREANETWORKUSEAHIGHFREQUENCYRADIOTECHNOLOGYSIMILARTODIGITALCELLULARANDALOWFREQUENCYRADIOTECHNOLOGYWIRELESSLANSUSESPREADSPECTRUMTECHNOLOGYTOENABLECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENMULTIPLEDEVICESINALIMITEDAREAANEXAMPLEOFOPENSTANDARDSWIRELESSRADIOWAVETECHNOLOGYISIEEEINFRAREDCOMMUNICATION,WHICHCANTRANSMITSIGNALSBETWEENDEVICESWITHINSMALLDISTANCESNOTMORETHAN10METERSPEERTOPEERORFACETOFACEWITHOUTANYBODYINTHELINEOFTRANSMITTINGSCALENETWORKSAREOFTENCLASSIFIEDASLOCALAREANETWORKLAN,WIDEAREANETWORKWAN,METROPOLITANAREANETWORKMAN,PERSONALAREANETWORKPAN,VIRTUALPRIVATENETWORKVPN,CAMPUSAREANETWORKCAN,STORAGEAREANETWORKSAN,ANDOTHERS,DEPENDINGONTHEIRSCALE,SCOPEANDPURPOSE,EG,CONTROLLERAREANETWORKCANUSAGE,TRUSTLEVEL,ANDACCESSRIGHTOFTENDIFFERBETWEENTHESETYPESOFNETWORKSLANSTENDTOBEDESIGNEDFORINTERNALUSEBYANORGANIZATIONSINTERNALSYSTEMSANDEMPLOYEESININDIVIDUALPHYSICALLOCATIONS,SUCHASABUILDING,WHILEWANSMAYCONNECTPHYSICALLYSEPARATEPARTSOFANORGANIZATIONANDMAYINCLUDECONNECTIONSTOTHIRDPARTIESFUNCTIONALRELATIONSHIPNETWORKARCHITECTURECOMPUTERNETWORKSMAYBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHEFUNCTIONALRELATIONSHIPSWHICHEXISTAMONGTHEELEMENTSOFTHENETWORK,EG,ACTIVENETWORKING,CLIENT–SERVER,WIRELESSADHOCNETWORKANDPEERTOPEERWORKGROUPARCHITECTURENETWORKTOPOLOGYMAINARTICLENETWORKTOPOLOGYCOMPUTERNETWORKSMAYBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHENETWORKTOPOLOGYUPONWHICHTHENETWORKISBASED,SUCHASBUSNETWORK,STARNETWORK,RINGNETWORK,MESHNETWORKNETWORKTOPOLOGYISTHECOORDINATIONBYWHICHDEVICESINTHENETWORKAREARRANGEDINTHEIRLOGICALRELATIONSTOONEANOTHER,INDEPENDENTOFPHYSICALARRANGEMENTEVENIFNETWORKEDCOMPUTERSAREPHYSICALLYPLACEDINALINEARARRANGEMENTANDARECONNECTEDTOAHUB,THENETWORKHASASTARTOPOLOGY,RATHERTHANABUSTOPOLOGYINTHISREGARDTHEVISUALANDOPERATIONALCHARACTERISTICSOFANETWORKAREDISTINCTNETWORKSMAYBECLASSIFIEDBASEDONTHEMETHODOFDATAUSEDTOCONVEYTHEDATA,THESEINCLUDEDIGITALANDANALOGNETWORKSTYPESOFNETWORKSBASEDONPHYSICALSCOPECOMMONTYPESOFCOMPUTERNETWORKSMAYBEIDENTIFIEDBYTHEIRSCALELOCALAREANETWORKALOCALAREANETWORKLANISANETWORKTHATCONNECTSCOMPUTERSANDDEVICESINALIMITEDGEOGRAPHICALAREASUCHASHOME,SCHOOL,COMPUTERLABORATORY,OFFICEBUILDING,ORCLOSELYPOSITIONEDGROUPOFBUILDINGSEACHCOMPUTERORDEVICEONTHENETWORKISANODECURRENTWIREDLANSAREMOSTLIKELYTOBEBASEDONETHERNET

簡介：SCMISANINTEGRATEDCIRCUITCHIP,ISTHEUSEOFLARGESCALEINTEGRATEDCIRCUITTECHNOLOGYTOADATAPROCESSINGCAPABILITYOFCPUCPURANDOMACCESSMEMORYRAM,READONLYMEMORYROM,AVARIETYOFI/OPORTANDINTERRUPTSYSTEM,TIMERS/TIMERFUNCTIONSWHICHMAYALSOINCLUDEDISPLAYDRIVERCIRCUITRY,PULSEWIDTHMODULATIONCIRCUIT,ANALOGMULTIPLEXER,A/DCONVERTERCIRCUITINTEGRATEDINTOASILICONCONSTITUTEASMALLANDCOMPLETECOMPUTERSYSTEMSSCMISALSOKNOWNASMICROCONTROLLERMICROCONTROLLER,BECAUSEITISTHEFIRSTTOBEUSEDININDUSTRIALCONTROLONLYASINGLECHIPBYTHECPUCHIPDEVELOPEDFROMADEDICATEDPROCESSORTHEFIRSTDESIGNISBYALARGENUMBEROFPERIPHERALSANDCPUONACHIPINTHECOMPUTERSYSTEM,SMALLER,MOREEASILYINTEGRATEDINTOACOMPLEXANDDEMANDINGONTHEVOLUMECONTROLDEVICEWHICHTHEZ80INTELISTHEFIRSTDESIGNEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHISIDEAPROCESSOR,THENONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMICROCONTROLLERANDDEDICATEDPROCESSORSWILLBEPARTINGWAYSARE8BITMICROCONTROLLEREARLYOR4BITSONEOFTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULISTHEINTEL8031,FORASIMPLE,RELIABLEANDGOODPERFORMANCEWASALOTOFPRAISETHENDEVELOPEDIN8031OUTOFMCS51MCUSYSTEMSSCMSYSTEMSBASEDONTHISSYSTEMUNTILNOWISSTILLWIDELYUSEDWITHTHEINCREASEDREQUIREMENTSOFINDUSTRIALCONTROLFIELD,BEGANA16BITMICROCONTROLLER,BUTNOTIDEALBECAUSETHECOSTHASNOTBEENVERYWIDELYUSEDAFTER90YEARSWITHTHEGREATDEVELOPMENTOFCONSUMERELECTRONICS,MICROCONTROLLERTECHNOLOGYHASBEENAHUGEINCREASEWITHINTELI960SERIES,ESPECIALLYTHELATERSERIESOFWIDELYUSEDARM,32BITMICROCONTROLLERQUICKLYREPLACEHIGHEND16BITMCUSTATUSANDENTERTHEMAINSTREAMMARKETTHETRADITIONAL8BITMICROCONTROLLERPERFORMANCEHAVEBEENTHERAPIDINCREASECAPACITYINCREASECOMPAREDTO80THENUMBEROFTIMESCURRENTLY,HIGHEND32BITMICROCONTROLLERCLOCKEDOVER300MHZ,THEPERFORMANCECATCHINGTHEMID90SDEDICATEDPROCESSOR,WHILETHEAVERAGEMODELPRICESFALLTOONEUSDOLLAR,THEMOSTHIGHEND1MODELONLY10DOLLARSMODERNSCMSYSTEMSARENOLONGERONLYINTHEDEVELOPMENTANDUSEOFBAREMETALENVIRONMENT,ALARGENUMBEROFPROPRIETARYEMBEDDEDOPERATINGSYSTEMISWIDELYUSEDINTHEFULLRANGEOFSCMTHEHANDHELDCOMPUTERSANDCELLPHONESASTHECOREPROCESSINGOFHIGHENDMICROCONTROLLERCANEVENUSEADEDICATEDWINDOWSANDLINUXOPERATINGSYSTEMSSCMISMORESUITABLETHANTHESPECIFICPROCESSORUSEDINEMBEDDEDSYSTEMS,SOITWASUPTOTHEAPPLICATIONINFACTTHENUMBEROFSCMISTHEWORLDSLARGESTCOMPUTERMODERNHUMANLIFEUSEDINALMOSTEVERYPIECEOFELECTRONICANDMECHANICALPRODUCTSWILLBEINTEGRATEDSINGLECHIPPHONE,TELEPHONE,CALCULATOR,HOMEAPPLIANCES,ELECTRONICTOYS,HANDHELDCOMPUTERSANDCOMPUTERACCESSORIESSUCHASAMOUSEWITHA12INBOTHTHEDEPARTMENTOFSCMPERSONALCOMPUTERWILLHAVEALARGENUMBEROFSCMINTHEWORKGENERALCARWITHMORETHAN40MICROCONTROLLER,ACOMPLEXINDUSTRIALCONTROLSYSTEMSMAYEVENHUNDREDSOFSINGLECHIPATTHESAMETIMEWORKSCMISNOTONLYFAREXCEEDSTHENUMBEROFPCANDOTHERCOMPUTINGTHESUM,OREVENMORETHANTHENUMBEROFHUMANBEINGSSINGLECHIP,ALSOKNOWNASSINGLECHIPMICROCONTROLLER,ITISNOTCOMPLETEACERTAINLOGICCHIPS,BUTTOACOMPUTERSYSTEMINTEGRATEDINTOACHIPEQUIVALENTTOAMICROMICROCONTROLLERHASBEENVERYWIDELYUSEDINTHEFIELD,SUCHASSMARTMETERS,REALTIMEINDUSTRIALCONTROL,COMMUNICATIONSEQUIPMENT,NAVIGATIONSYSTEMS,ANDHOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCESONCEALLKINDSOFPRODUCTSWEREUSINGSCM,CANSERVETOUPGRADETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFPRODUCTS,OFTENINTHEPRODUCTNAMEPRECEDEDBYTHEADJECTIVE“INTELLIGENT“,SUCHASINTELLIGENTWASHINGMACHINESNOWSOMETECHNICALPERSONNELOFFACTORIESOROTHERAMATEURELECTRONICSDEVELOPERSTOENGAGEINOUTOFCERTAINPRODUCTS,NOTTHECIRCUITISTOOCOMPLICATED,THATFUNCTIONISTOOSIMPLEANDCANEASILYBECOPIEDTHEREASONMAYBESTUCKINTHEPRODUCTDIDNOTUSEAMICROCONTROLLEROROTHERPROGRAMMABLELOGICDEVICE外文文獻的翻譯單片機是一種集成在電路芯片，是采用超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)把具有數(shù)據(jù)處理能力的中央處理器CPU隨機存儲器RAM、只讀存儲器ROM、多種I/O口和中斷系統(tǒng)、定時器/計時器等功能（可能還包括顯示驅(qū)動電路、脈寬調(diào)制電路、模擬多路轉(zhuǎn)換器、A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器等電路）集成到一塊硅片上構(gòu)成的一個小而完善的計算機系統(tǒng)。單片機也被稱為微控制器（MICROCONTROLLER），是因為它最早被用在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來。最早的設(shè)計理念是通過將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個芯片中，使計算機系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成進復雜的而對體積要求嚴格的控制設(shè)備當中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計出的處理器，從此以后，單片機和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚鑣。早期的單片機都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因為簡單可靠而性能不錯獲得了很大的好評。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機系統(tǒng)?；谶@一系統(tǒng)的單片機系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機，但因為性價比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應用。90年代后隨著消費電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTELI960系列特別是后來的ARM系列的廣泛應用，32位單片機迅速取代16位單片機的高端地位，并且進入主流市場。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機主頻已經(jīng)超過300MHZ，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器，而普通的型號出廠價格跌落至1美元，最高端1的型號也只有10美元。當代單片機系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應用在全系列的單片機上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機核心處理的高端單片機甚至可以直接使用專用的WINDOWS和LINUX操作系統(tǒng)。單片機比專用處理器更適合應用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應用。事實上單片機是世界上數(shù)量最多的計算機?，F(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機械產(chǎn)品中都會集成有單片機。手機、電話、計算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標等電腦配件中都配有12部單片機。而個人電腦中也會有為數(shù)不少的單片機在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機，復雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺單片機在同時工作單片機的數(shù)量不僅遠超過PC機和其他計算的總和，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。單片機又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個計算機系統(tǒng)集成到一個芯片上。相當于一個微型的計算機，和計算機相比，單片機只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講一塊芯片就成了一臺計算機。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價格便宜、為學習、應用和開發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時，學習使用單片機是了解計算機原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。

簡介：點擊查看更多[質(zhì)量管理標準] gbt 20000.10-2016 標準化工作指南 第10部分：國家標準的英文譯本翻譯通則精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：人教版新目標七年級上英語人教版新目標七年級上英語712單元課文翻譯單元課文翻譯七單元七單元SECTIONA1A襪子T恤短褲毛衣包帽子褲子鞋子襯衫這件T恤多少錢7美元。這種襪子多少錢2美元。GRAMMARFOCUS這件紅毛衣多少錢8美元。這件藍襯衫多少錢7美元。那個白包多少錢9美元。這條黑褲子多少錢10美元。那雙藍襪子多少錢3美元3A我能幫助你嗎是的，請幫忙。我要一件毛衣。你想要什么顏色的藍色的。給您。多少錢9美元。我要了。多謝。不用客氣。SECTIONB2C那雙紅襪子多少錢88美元。3A華興服裝店大減價華興服裝店大減價來買你的的衣服華興服裝店在大減價你喜歡羊毛衫嗎我們有非常優(yōu)惠價格的羊毛衫，僅僅25元你需要運動包嗎我們也有僅售12元的好包對女孩來說，我們有僅售18元的紅色、綠色和白色的T恤。對男孩來說，你能買到5元一雙的襪子對我們的價格每人都能接受。到華興服裝店來親自看看吧3B庫爾先生的服裝大減價庫爾先生的服裝大減價來光顧庫爾先生的服裝店吧我們賣褲子僅售30元一條。你喜歡4假設(shè)你們小組在減價銷售商品。你們每人有200元人民幣。你可以購買或銷售你喜歡的任何商品。記錄你所購買或銷售的商品。SELFCHECK4我十五歲。我的生日是一月一日。我喜歡棒球和排球SELFCHECK1生日日期月份1月12月（12個單詞）郊游演講比賽籃球比賽節(jié)日漢語JUSTFORFUN給你個驚喜祝你生日快樂你的生日過得開心嗎喔，不。我的生日是8月3日。九單元九單元SECTIONA1A你想看電影嗎是的，我想。我想看喜劇。1C你想看電影嗎是的，我想。我想看動作片。2C你喜歡什么樣的電影我喜歡動作片和喜劇。GRAMMARFOCUS單復數(shù)喜劇片恐怖片動作片紀錄片你想去看電影嗎是的，我想。/不,我不想。他想去看電影嗎是的，他想。/不，他不想。她想去看電影嗎是的，她想。/不，她不想。你喜歡看什么樣的電影我喜歡動作片和喜劇片。3A我喜歡恐怖片和動作片。我喜歡恐怖片但我不喜歡喜劇片。我喜歡喜劇片并且我喜歡京劇。我喜歡京劇但我不喜歡紀錄片。3B瑪麗亞喜歡恐怖片但是她不喜歡喜劇片。郭鵬喜歡喜劇片并且他喜歡京劇。4你喜歡什么樣的電影我喜歡你喜歡京劇嗎是的，我喜歡。SECTIONB

簡介：外文原文INTRODUCTIONTOJAVAAUTORMARTINNGOBYESOURCECOMPUTINGSTATICSLICEFORJAVAPROGRAMSJAVAISDESIGNEDTOMEETTHECHALLENGESOFAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTINTHECONTEXTOFHETEROGENEOUS,NETWORKWIDEDISTRIBUTEDENVIRONMENTSPARAMOUNTAMONGTHESECHALLENGESISSECUREDELIVERYOFAPPLICATIONSTHATCONSUMETHEMINIMUMOFSYSTEMRESOURCES,CANRUNONANYHARDWAREANDSOFTWAREPLATFORM,ANDCANBEEXTENDEDDYNAMICALLYJAVAORIGINATEDASPARTOFARESEARCHPROJECTTODEVELOPADVANCEDSOFTWAREFORAWIDEVARIETYOFNETWORKDEVICESANDEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSTHEGOALWASTODEVELOPASMALL,RELIABLE,PORTABLE,DISTRIBUTED,REALTIMEOPERATINGPLATFORMWHENTHEPROJECTSTARTED,CWASTHELANGUAGEOFCHOICEBUTOVERTIMETHEDIFFICULTIESENCOUNTEREDWITHCGREWTOTHEPOINTWHERETHEPROBLEMSCOULDBESTBEADDRESSEDBYCREATINGANENTIRELYNEWLANGUAGEPLATFORMDESIGNANDARCHITECTUREDECISIONSDREWFROMAVARIETYOFLANGUAGESSUCHASEIFFEL,SMALLTALK,OBJECTIVEC,ANDCEDAR/MESATHERESULTISALANGUAGEPLATFORMTHATHASPROVENIDEALFORDEVELOPINGSECURE,DISTRIBUTED,NETWORKBASEDENDUSERAPPLICATIONSINENVIRONMENTSRANGINGFROMNETWORKEMBEDDEDDEVICESTOTHEWORLDWIDEWEBANDTHEDESKTOPTHEDESIGNREQUIREMENTSOFJAVAAREDRIVENBYTHENATUREOFTHECOMPUTINGENVIRONMENTSINWHICHSOFTWAREMUSTBEDEPLOYEDTHEMASSIVEGROWTHOFTHEINTERNETANDTHEWORLDWIDEWEBLEADSUSTOACOMPLETELYNEWWAYOFLOOKINGATDEVELOPMENTANDDISTRIBUTIONOFSOFTWARETOLIVEINTHEWORLDOFELECTRONICCOMMERCEANDDISTRIBUTION,JAVAMUSTENABLETHEDEVELOPMENTOFSECURE,HIGHPERFORMANCE,ANDHIGHLYROBUSTAPPLICATIONSONMULTIPLEPLATFORMSINHETEROGENEOUS,DISTRIBUTEDNETWORKSOPERATINGONMULTIPLEPLATFORMSINHETEROGENEOUSNETWORKSINVALIDATESTHETRADITIONALSCHEMESOFBINARYDISTRIBUTION,RELEASE,UPGRADE,PATCH,ANDSOONTOSURVIVEINTHISJUNGLE,JAVAMUSTBEARCHITECTURENEUTRAL,PORTABLE,ANDDYNAMICALLYADAPTABLETHEJAVASYSTEMTHATEMERGEDTOMEETTHESENEEDSISSIMPLE,SOITCANBEEASILYPROGRAMMEDBYMOSTDEVELOPERSFAMILIAR,SOTHATCURRENTDEVELOPERSCANEASILYLEARNJAVAOBJECTORIENTED,TOTAKEADVANTAGEOFMODERNSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTMETHODOLOGIESANDTOFITINTODISTRIBUTEDCLIENTSERVERAPPLICATIONSMULTITHREADED,FORHIGHPERFORMANCEINAPPLICATIONSTHATNEEDTOPERFORMMULTIPLECONCURRENTACTIVITIES,SUCHASMULTIMEDIAANDINTERPRETED,FORMAXIMUMPORTABILITYANDDYNAMICCAPABILITIESTOGETHER,THEABOVEREQUIREMENTSCOMPRISEQUITEACOLLECTIONOFBUZZWORDS,SOLET’SEXAMINESOMEOFTHEMANDTHEIRRESPECTIVEBENEFITSBEFOREGOINGONARECONSTRUCTEDBYTHEOBJECTSUPERROOTCLASSOFEXPANSION,SUPERROOTCLASSOFASFOLLOWSCANMAKETHEINTRODUCTION5OBJECT3PRINCIPALCHARACTERISTICSBEHAVIOREXPLAINEDTHISOBJECTCANMAKEWHATTATEWHENTHEOBJECTEXERTSTHEMETHODOBJECTREFLECTIONDENTITYANDOTHERSIMILARBEHAVIOROBJECTSDISCRIMINATIONSYMBOLSEACHOBJECTHASONLYINDENTITYANDAMONGTHREECHARACTERISTICSTHEYAFFECTMUTUALLY6RELATIONSAMONGCLASSESUSEADEPENDENTRELATIONHASAPOLYMERIZATIONRELATIONISAINHERITORRELATIONEXAMPLEACLASSHASINHERITEDBCLASS,THISTIMEACLASSNOTONLYHASBCLASSOFMETHOD,BUTALSOHASITSOWNMETHODINDIVIDUALITYEXISTSINGENERALCHARACTER7STRUCTUREOBJECTUSESTRUCTURESTRUCTUREPROPOSING,THESTRUCTUREISONESPECIALMETHOD,THESTRUCTUREOBJECTANDTOITSINITIALIZATIONEXAMPLEADATACLASSOFSTRUCTURECALLSDATANEWDATASTRUCTUREANEWOBJECT,ALSOINITIALIZECURRENTTIMEDATAHAPPYDAYNEWDATAANOBJECTEVALUATESANVARIABLEHAPPYDAY,THUSENABLESTHISOBJECTTOBEUSEDMANYTIMES,HEREBESTATEDTHECAUSEVARIABLEANDTHEOBJECTVARIABLEAREDIFFERENTNEWRETURNSTHEVALUEISAQUOTATIONCONSTRUCTORCHARACTERISTICTHECONSTRUCTORMAYHAVE0,ONEORMANYPARAMETERSTHECONSTRUCTORANDTHECLASSHAVETHESAMENAMEACLASSMAYHAVEMANYCONSTRUCTORTHECONSTRUCTORHASNOTRETURNEDVALUETHECONSTRUCTORALWAYSBETOGETHERUSEDWITHTHENEWOPERATOR8OVERLOADINGWHENMANYMETHODSHAVETHESAMENAMEWHENINCLUDESTHEDIFFERENTPARAMETER,THENHASTHEOVERLOADINGWHICHMETHODDOESTHECOMPILERHAVETOCHOOSEINVOKES9PACKAGEJAVAALLOWONEORMANYCLASSESTOBECOMETOGETHERASGROUP,ISCALLEDPACKAGE,TOORGANIZINGDUTYEASILY,THESTANDARDJAVASTOREHOUSEDIVIDESINTOMANYPACKAGESJAVALANGJAVAUTILJAVA,NETANDSOON,THEPACKAGEISLAYEREDANDALLJAVAPACKAGESAREINJAVAANDINAJAVAXPACKAGE10EXTENDABLETHOUGHTPERMITTOCONSTRUCTNEWCLASSONEXISTINGCLASSES,WHENYOUEXTENDTHECLASSWHICHALREADYEXISTED,THENYOUREUSETHISCLASSOFMETHODANDTHEFIELD,ATTHESAMETIMEYOUMIGHTADDTHENEWMETHODANDTHEFIELDINTHENEWCLASS

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論計（論文）外文）外文參考資料及譯文譯文題目譯文題目SAPSAPR/3R/3SDSDINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION學生姓名學生姓名張明明學號號0705110413專業(yè)業(yè)計算機科學與技術(shù)所在學院所在學院信息技術(shù)學院指導教師指導教師錢怡/洪蕾職稱稱資深軟件項目經(jīng)理/講師2010年12月20日SAPR/3SALESANDDISTRIBUTIONSDTAKENFROMPAGE210ABSTRACTSAPR/3SDEMPHASISONWORLDCLASSSALESANDDISTRIBUTIONMETHODSREQUIREDTOSERVEUSERSAROUNDTHEWORLDSDISAPROCESSDRIVENAPPLICATIONS,FULLYINTEGRATEDWITHTHER/3SYSTEMSDFEATURESMULTILINGUAL,MULTICURRENCYPROCESSINGMULTIENTERPRISE,MULTILINGUAL,MULTICURRENCYSALESORDERPROCESSING,SOTHATYOUCANUSEALANGUAGE,ENTERACOMMANDCANBECONDUCTEDINTERNATIONALBUSINESSAPPLICATIONSR/3SDANDTRADINGPARTNERSINOTHERCOUNTRIES,YOUCANAUTOMATICALLYCONVERTINTOOTHERNATIONALLANGUAGESANDCURRENCIESBYDETERMININGTHEBOUNDARIESOFEACHPARTNERSBUSINESSCONTENTISRECEIVEDBYTHEAPPROPRIATELOCALLANGUAGESANDCURRENCIESTOEXPRESS,WHICHWILLHELPTOSERVETHEGLOBALMARKETTRIMMINGSDFINETUNINGTECHNOLOGYENABLESYOUTOADAPTTOTHENEEDSOFENTERPRISEFEATURESBYFINETUNINGTHEORDERTYPE,YOUCANQUICKLYADJUSTTHESYSTEMTOMEETYOURCHANGINGBUSINESSNEEDS,SOTHATYOURSALESWILLNOTBEABIGLANDSLIDE90SEVERCHANGINGBUSINESSPROCESSESISNORMAL,SDWILLENABLEYOUTOCONTINUOUSLYIMPROVETHEBASIS,NOTONTHEBASISOFTHEINITIALRERUNYOURBUSINESSPROCESSPRICINGFLEXIBILITYR/3SDPRICINGFLEXIBILITYANDSTRONGCOMPLETENESS,SOTHATINJANUARY1995BYTHEBENCHMARKINGPARTNERSOFCAMBRIDGEMASSITSEVALUATIONISDESCRIBEDINTHISCAPACITY“ISAWORLDCLASS,EVENTHEMOSTCHALLENGINGTOSUPPORTTHEINDUSTRY“YOUCANUSETHERULESTOPRICING,ANDCANSTORETHEMOSTCOMPLEXPRICINGR/3SDTOMAKEYOURCUSTOMERSERVICEREPRESENTATIVEFROMTHECOMPLEXPRICINGINTHEFREEDLABORTOMAKETHEMMORECOMMITTEDTOTHEIRJOBSSALESANDSERVICEWITHTHESDDEPTHPRICING,YOUWILLTAKEMOREINITIATIVEINTHECOMPETITIONORDERSTATUSANDCUSTOMERSERVICEINQUIRIESORDERSTATUS/CUSTOMERSERVICEINQUIRIES,MAKEYOURSYSTEMVERYEASYTOGETFROM

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RCONTROLACOMPONENTIFTHERELAY,ELECTROMAGNETICVALVE,CONTACTOR,BREAKERETCETCAREOFTENEASYTODAMAGEHALTALSOTOFREQUENTLYOCCURTHEMALFUNCTION機械類外文文獻翻譯機械類英文翻譯機械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則3FUNCTIONSAREUNITARY,EXPANSIONSEXISBADMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYISTHATTHEFORMDESIGNSTHATSPECIFICALLYFORSPECIALLYAPPOINTEDPACKAGETHEGENERALSPECIFICATIONRANGEINNERINREGULATIONISADJUSTABLEBUT,ALOTOFOURCOUNTRYMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONSIDERSINSUFFICIENCYWHENDESIGNINGTHATBENOTTHATREFORMINGGOINGASTEPFURTHERSETSAPARTSUFFICIENTSPACECAUSETHEMACHINERYDESIGNINGTHATTOBEABLETOONLYADAPTTOTHEFORMBOARDINSEVERALKINDSSIMPLICITIESCHANGENOTADAPTINGTOWRAPPINGMATERIALORTHEFORMBOARDDIMENSIONFITINWITHEVENTHEPACKAGEFINISHEDPRODUCTMASSGIVINGBIRTHTOACHILDISNEITHERNICE機械類外文文獻翻譯機械類英文翻譯機械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則4CONSIDERSDEFICIENCYSYNTHETICALLYRESOURCEDOESNOTFULLYUTILIZEOURCOUNTRYMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSTHEREEXISTSTHECHAOSPHENOMENONINPACKAGEMACHINERYDESIGNALOTOFMACHINERYDESIGNSTHATTHEPERSONNELDRAGSTOTHEELECTRICMOTORMOVINGTHESYNCHRONYTECHNOLOGY,THESERVODRIVETECHNOLOGYDONOTKNOWSTHEPROBLEMSIMPLEELECTRICALEQUIPMENTAVAILABLEISRESOLVEDUSESCOMPLICATEDMECHANISMTOCOMETOCOMETRUEBUTSOMETHOUGHTHECONTROLORGANWORKSTOCOMEHAVINGADOPTTHESYNCHRONYELECTRICMOTORTOWAITFORADEVICEBUTCHOOSEBLOCKOFWOODDINGDANGTHEMAXIMUMHAVINGBROUGHTABOUTRESOURCENOTONLYWASTESTHISCONDITIONANDMAKEMACHINERYFUNCTIONDESIGNINGTHATLOW機械類外文文獻翻譯機械類英文翻譯機械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則5MODELISINFLEXIBLEMODELSELDOMCONSIDERINGMACHINERYTIMEMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSOFOURCOUNTRYPACKAGEMACHINERYDESIGNMANYMACHINEMOLDINGTHATTHEMANUFACTURERPRODUCESISNOTBEAUTIFULDONOTHAVEMODELEVENGIVEPERSONFEELINGTORIGID,TOINFLEXIBLE,NOTTOHAVEVIGORAFEWMEDICINEBOXPACKERSAREMIDDLETHENUTALLASSEMBLESSCREWONTHEMACHINEOUTSIDEBOARDBUT,THEOILCUPANDFLOWNIPPLETHATALITTLELUBRICATIONUSESALSOCANBESEENEVERYWHEREBESTAINEDFULLYWITHAGREASYDIRTEASYTOUSEMACHINEEVERYWHERETIMEOILINGIMPRESSIONISROUGHTOPERSONNOBEAUTIFUL機械類外文文獻翻譯機械類英文翻譯機械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則TWO,MEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNCONTENT機械類外文文獻翻譯機械類英文翻譯機械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)中英文翻譯機械專業(yè)英文翻譯中英文翻譯原文COMMENTONMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPACKAGEMACHINERYCONCEPTUALDESIGNINRECENTYEARS,CARRYOUTGMPMEDICINESANDCHEMICALREAGENTSPRODUCESSPECIFICATIONSOFQUALITYATTESTATIONSYSTEMBECAUSEOFSU斬銘信任驗鋤篩敖汕盅褒瞄蜒間恍蝴礬古厲荔吏抱摔飛蹈邵虱塌灣醇初防墨撾敗愉專船丈疇津釬肄雞錄樞鞋涎蒜浦匯老訣勺閉熬煽值劃埋銹頒狀則PEOPLELONGTERMSTUDYPASSESDEFINECONCEPTUALDESIGNBEING“HAVEBEEN

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