現(xiàn)金流量表概述畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文2835字</b></p><p><b>　　外文資料</b></p><p>　　The summarize of cash flow statement</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　Financial reports

2、 aim at assuring an efficient dialogue between the entity and the external operators interested in having realistic estimations on the growing perspectives of the entity and, equally, on its sustainability. In spite of t

3、he fact that the profit and loss account, as a component of the cash-flow statement financial report, provides a dynamic image on an entity's activity, it nevertheless does not offer a clear vision on the financial f

4、lows that modify its financial structure and it</p><p>　　Within such a context, to evaluate a company's capacity of generating cash flow and cash-flow equivalents, the users of financial situations analy

5、ze the cash-flow statement – an expression of the cash and pay operations performed by an entity, and not only the "hypothetical" dimension of its performances, determined by the conventions of the obligation a

6、ccountancy. The cash-flow statement is conceived so that to offer a most pregnant image of the inputs and outputs of the availabilities afferent</p><p>　　The IASB has developed, at the international level, t

7、he IAS 7 norm “The cash-flow statements”. This norm renders void and replaces IAS 7 “The situation of changes in the financial position” from 1977 and has been revised in time, its last variant being applied on January 1

8、st, 1994. The other entities, considered small and intermediate, can optionally conclude such a document. The obligation imposed to some companies to develop The Cash-Flow Statement emphasizes the increasing importance o

9、f this </p><p>　　2. The Informational Application of Cash-Flow Statements</p><p>　　Drawing a Cash Flow statement has several reasons.</p><p>　　First, the financial statements are co

10、ncluded according to the commitment accounting and based on the principle of exercise independence. In these circumstances, the effects of the agreements and of other events from the company are acknowledged when they ar

11、e produced and not while the cash and cash considerations are cashed or paid by the company, an aspect that does not always satisfy the necessities of the financial-accounting information users.</p><p>　　Sec

12、ond, the result of the exercise, reflected in The Profit and Loss Account, is affected by a series of accounting conventions (for example, the redemption calculation system) and does not express the real company performa

13、nce. In exchange, The Cash-Flow Statement has the role to express unconventional realities because it eliminates the effect of using various accounting treatments for the same agreements and events and, also, does not ta

14、ke into account the operation revenues and expenses consi</p><p>　　Another aspect worth mentioning is that in conditions of under-liquidity, the analysis of cash flows becomes a priority for the analysis of

15、results. </p><p>　　The analysis of the company results involves, from the simplest point of view, comparing the revenues and expenses from The Profit and Loss Account, independently from the effective moment

16、 of revenues cashing and of the expenses payment. Thus, The Profit and Loss Account allows determining profitability without allowing the direct measure of liquidity by cash flows. There is a tendency to give priority to

17、 the profitability analysis to the prejudice of the analysis of liquidity. </p><p>　　Profitability and liquidity are two distinct approaches that characterize the company balance sheet. A significant profita

18、bility points out that the difference between revenues and expenses ensures the payment of the invested capital. But the revenues do not always correspond to the profits or to the expenses of parties. On the other hand,

19、certain profits do not represent revenues (loans) and certain payments do not immediately determine the expenses (investments). A sufficient or insufficient l</p><p>　　Fourth, The Cash-Flow Statement, by tak

20、ing the census of company profits and payments, allows knowing its historical capacity to generate cash flow and offers the elements that lie at the basis of predictions, on short term, of the future cash flows. The cash

21、-flow information is considered by the financial-accounting information users one of the most intelligible and objective source of information that presents the facts without leaving space to subjective interpretations.

22、As a result, the cash</p><p>　　Finally (without pretending to mention all the uses of this situation), The Cash-Flow Statement offers extra information about a series of aspects that have already been analyz

23、ed statically, on the account of financial statements. </p><p>　　For example, the change of the company net assets can be statically analyzed starting from the balance sheet, thus being the expression of uns

24、ettled agreements. The Cash-Flow Statement presents the change of net assets, dynamically, materialized in the profits and payments of the respective agreements carried out during the financial exercise. Consequently, th

25、e financial structure is analyzed starting from the Balance sheet and The statement of changing equity capital. Such an analysis mainly re</p><p>　　IAS 7 “The Cash-Flow Statement” synthesizes the information

26、al utility of the Cash-Flow Statement mentioning that the information offered to the financial statement users is the basis for: evaluating the company’s capacity to generate cash and cash equivalents; identifying the mo

27、ment of cash and cash equivalents occurrence; knowing the destination of the respective cash flows (in order to re-start the operation cycle, the investments, financiers’ payment).</p><p>　　3. The determinat

28、ion and interpretation methodology of cash flow</p><p>　　The Cash-flow Statement describes the way in which the operation, investment and financing activities determine the positive (profits) and negative (p

29、ayments) cash flows during the financial year. Thus the cash flows are divided upon the activities that generated or consumed them in: cash flows from the operation activities; cash flows from the investment activities;

30、cash flows from the financing activities.</p><p>　　In IAS 7 “The Cash-Flow Statement” it is mentioned that the operation cash-flows (OCF) are essential for appreciating the company’s financial performance. I

31、t is on their dimension that the company capacity depends in order to: maintain the production capacity, achieve new investments, reward new dividends, and repay loans without referring to expensive external financing re

32、sources.</p><p>　　The Cash-Flow Statement turns the operation result into an effectively cashed result. Cash-flows from investment activities (CFI) are imputable to the operations of investment/disinvestment

33、 in/from invested and financial capital and reflect the deficit or surplus generated by such operations.</p><p>　　The cash flows from financing activities (CFF) present the profits and payments related to th

34、e external finances to which the company refers, when the cash resulted from the operation activities was insufficient to cover the investment operations and to reward the financiers (banks, shareholders).</p><

35、;p>　　The separation of flows in relation to their origin has the advantage of further explanations concerning the company’s financial position, by means of the partial balances resulted from comparing the profits and

36、payments specific to each activity. Simultaneously, the separate emphasis on cash and cash equivalents resulted from the period agreements and from cash surplus investments allows the factorial analysis of their variatio

37、n during the respective period and the identification of the activit</p><p><b>　　現(xiàn)金流量表概述</b></p><p><b>　　1 簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表旨在確定區(qū)別于實(shí)際經(jīng)營(yíng)情況和對(duì)外報(bào)表數(shù)據(jù)之間的有效的數(shù)據(jù)，目

38、的在于可據(jù)此獲得企業(yè)存在和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力和價(jià)值。損益表在分析中雖然占據(jù)重要地位，但是現(xiàn)金流量表作為重要補(bǔ)充報(bào)表，它不但提供經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)過(guò)程中財(cái)務(wù)動(dòng)態(tài)的狀況，而且它能對(duì)反映其財(cái)務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)和現(xiàn)金流量的財(cái)務(wù)狀況提供一個(gè)清晰的視覺(jué)。一個(gè)公司公布的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，只提供了重要的、關(guān)鍵的財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)。但現(xiàn)金流量表除此之外還提供了資金的“來(lái)龍去脈”，對(duì)有效的投資決策和和投資成本回報(bào)率以及提供外部的資金的成本對(duì)保證財(cái)務(wù)平衡的貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p&g

39、t;　　為了衡量公司的產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量的容量和現(xiàn)金質(zhì)量，財(cái)務(wù)狀況的使用者通過(guò)分析現(xiàn)金流量表，可以獲得一個(gè)企業(yè)現(xiàn)金收入和支付活動(dòng)的情況，而并非只是表現(xiàn)其由權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制決定的表面上的財(cái)務(wù)狀況。現(xiàn)金流量表編制的目的為提供一個(gè)富有意義的企業(yè)有效的現(xiàn)金流入和現(xiàn)金流出的狀況，如企業(yè)正在運(yùn)行的各項(xiàng)主要活動(dòng)，比如投資活動(dòng)、經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)、籌資活動(dòng)，并以此判斷財(cái)政收支的平衡，進(jìn)而對(duì)企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況做出最終判斷。除此之外，現(xiàn)金流量表還展示了公司創(chuàng)造現(xiàn)金的能力。</

40、p><p>　　在國(guó)際水平上，國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)理事會(huì)已經(jīng)得到了發(fā)展。在國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則上，對(duì)現(xiàn)金流量表進(jìn)行了具體規(guī)定。這項(xiàng)規(guī)定從1977年開(kāi)始并不斷的被修訂，最終于1994年1月1日施行。這一規(guī)定彌補(bǔ)了現(xiàn)金流量表原有的漏洞，并替代了國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則中“財(cái)務(wù)狀況變動(dòng)的形式”這一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)金流量表能直觀(guān)的展示企業(yè)現(xiàn)金流方面的狀況，并可對(duì)企業(yè)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展做出展望。一些中小企業(yè)也可針對(duì)現(xiàn)金流量表對(duì)企

41、業(yè)狀況得出一個(gè)結(jié)論。人們對(duì)現(xiàn)金流量表認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷加深，表明現(xiàn)金流量表對(duì)企業(yè)價(jià)值分析越發(fā)重要。</p><p>　　2 現(xiàn)金流量表提供的信息的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　現(xiàn)金流量表提供的信息可用于多方面。</p><p>　　第一，財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是基于權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制的財(cái)務(wù)制度和獨(dú)立性原則下編制的。在這種情況下，現(xiàn)金流量的產(chǎn)生受制度和公司的其他事項(xiàng)的影響是公認(rèn)的，而不是當(dāng)現(xiàn)金或現(xiàn)金狀

42、況發(fā)生變動(dòng)時(shí)，并不是只是為了滿(mǎn)足權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制會(huì)計(jì)信息使用者的滿(mǎn)意。</p><p>　　第二是體現(xiàn)在損益表中的運(yùn)營(yíng)的結(jié)果，受一系列會(huì)計(jì)項(xiàng)目的影響，比如應(yīng)付款系統(tǒng)，即損益表并不能反映公司的這真實(shí)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)金流量表在表現(xiàn)企業(yè)真實(shí)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況上扮演重要的角色，因?yàn)樗懦藢?duì)同一個(gè)項(xiàng)目運(yùn)用的各種不同會(huì)計(jì)處理方法，并考慮在那些計(jì)入損益表中、但并沒(méi)有創(chuàng)造現(xiàn)金收入或支出的收入和費(fèi)用

43、等。</p><p>　　另一方面值得提起的是，非流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)使現(xiàn)金流量表的分析成為很重要的分析方法。企業(yè)現(xiàn)金流量財(cái)務(wù)狀況的分析包括，從最簡(jiǎn)單的視角，比較來(lái)自損益表的收入和費(fèi)用，并獨(dú)立地分析現(xiàn)金收入和現(xiàn)金費(fèi)用支出狀況。損益表只考慮到收益，而并沒(méi)有考慮到現(xiàn)金的償債能力。</p><p>　　盈利能力和償債能力是描述企業(yè)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表兩個(gè)很直接的渠道。一項(xiàng)重要的盈利能力可以指出了收入和費(fèi)用之間的不同，

44、以確保支付費(fèi)用的投資資本。但是收入并非總是利潤(rùn)和費(fèi)用的匯聚。另一方面，一定的利潤(rùn)并不代表收入或貸款和不確定支付的費(fèi)用或投資的差額。根據(jù)定義，一個(gè)充分或不足的償債能力并等同于一個(gè)顯著或不良的盈利能力。一個(gè)負(fù)的利潤(rùn)表示公司的收入不足已支付發(fā)生的費(fèi)用，并且其差額未能完全支付其投資成本。這樣長(zhǎng)期下去，如果企業(yè)沒(méi)有其他利潤(rùn)，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致企業(yè)缺乏償債能力。在一個(gè)短、中期間，通過(guò)度獲利能力和盈利能力分析可以感知企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況的變動(dòng)。因此，快速增長(zhǎng)的固定資產(chǎn)

45、的投資，造成融資的運(yùn)行周期變長(zhǎng)，并降低了流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)的周轉(zhuǎn)速度，最終導(dǎo)致本來(lái)獲利的公司面對(duì)現(xiàn)金周轉(zhuǎn)的困境。</p><p>　　相反，獲利較少的公司，在缺乏投資或企業(yè)價(jià)值呈現(xiàn)遞減趨勢(shì)的狀況下，反而能夠保持令人滿(mǎn)意的償債能力。以此，取決于公司盈利能力和資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的公司的流動(dòng)性成為債權(quán)人的關(guān)注點(diǎn)。利潤(rùn)收入和費(fèi)用的支付能力之間的區(qū)別是現(xiàn)金流的代表和連接盈利能力和償債能力的關(guān)鍵。</p><p>　　通

46、過(guò)對(duì)公司盈利能力和支付能力的調(diào)查，現(xiàn)金流量表使公司認(rèn)識(shí)了歷史現(xiàn)金流量，并提供了短期內(nèi)未來(lái)現(xiàn)金流量的預(yù)測(cè)。現(xiàn)金流量信息被財(cái)務(wù)信息使用者認(rèn)為是最簡(jiǎn)單、最客觀(guān)的展示了企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況的信息來(lái)源?，F(xiàn)金流量信息也可反映了一些新的模式下企業(yè)價(jià)值分析的本質(zhì)。</p><p>　　最后，即使除了以上提到過(guò)的情況，現(xiàn)金流量表仍可提供公司一系列已通過(guò)其他財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析了的靜態(tài)財(cái)務(wù)狀況之外的額外的很多信息。例如，從公司凈資產(chǎn)的變化，并從資產(chǎn)

47、負(fù)債表角度，對(duì)企業(yè)進(jìn)行靜態(tài)分析?，F(xiàn)金流量表可以反映企業(yè)凈資產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)的變化，并使其在企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)過(guò)程中的收入和支出中分別反映。所以資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表和所有者權(quán)益變動(dòng)表的構(gòu)成成為被分析的行列。這樣的分析主要是用于反映用于償還的融資費(fèi)用?，F(xiàn)金流量表還提供了與來(lái)自股東、債權(quán)人的外部資本相關(guān)的利潤(rùn)和費(fèi)用的支付，及其股利和利息的支付。通過(guò)分析，我們可以了解到公司盈利能力和現(xiàn)金流之間的關(guān)系可以影響公司某一時(shí)期的營(yíng)業(yè)額和利潤(rùn)。</p><p>

48、;　　3 現(xiàn)金流量的測(cè)定和編制方法</p><p>　　現(xiàn)金流量表描述了在某一會(huì)計(jì)期間，經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)、投資活動(dòng)和籌資活動(dòng)確定現(xiàn)金收入和現(xiàn)金支出的狀況?，F(xiàn)金流量項(xiàng)目是根據(jù)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)現(xiàn)金流、投資活動(dòng)現(xiàn)金流和籌資活動(dòng)現(xiàn)金流的產(chǎn)生和支出來(lái)劃分的。</p><p>　　在國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則（ISA）中提出，經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)現(xiàn)金流量是表現(xiàn)公司財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)的關(guān)鍵。經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)金流是不包括外部融資，保持公司生產(chǎn)能力，獲取新的更大

49、的投資、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和償還貸款利息重要項(xiàng)目?，F(xiàn)金流量表可將運(yùn)營(yíng)結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)金收支的狀態(tài)。</p><p>　　投資活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量產(chǎn)生于加大投資和減少投資、資金成本以及投資活動(dòng)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的赤字或不足。</p><p>　　籌資活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量反映了與公司外部資金相關(guān)的收入和支出情況，尤其是經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金不足以支付經(jīng)營(yíng)和投資活動(dòng)，以及償還銀行利息和股東股利所需資金時(shí)。</p>

50、<p>　　現(xiàn)金活動(dòng)分項(xiàng)列示的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于，它進(jìn)一步解釋了公司財(cái)務(wù)狀況變動(dòng)，并通過(guò)分析每部分的資金平衡狀態(tài)及每項(xiàng)現(xiàn)金流入和現(xiàn)金流出，進(jìn)而了解企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況變動(dòng)的具體原因。同時(shí)，現(xiàn)金活動(dòng)分項(xiàng)列示強(qiáng)調(diào)了，來(lái)自運(yùn)用因素分析法在不同時(shí)期產(chǎn)生最高現(xiàn)金流的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)及有現(xiàn)金結(jié)余的投資活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)金及現(xiàn)金等價(jià)物?？偟默F(xiàn)金流量是根據(jù)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)現(xiàn)金流的直接法和間接法來(lái)確定的。</p><p>　　直接法是直接陳列現(xiàn)金收入和支出的信息。

51、根據(jù)這種方法，對(duì)于經(jīng)營(yíng)、籌資、投資這三種活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)金流量被認(rèn)為是與公司在經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中發(fā)生的交易或事項(xiàng)的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)現(xiàn)金流入和支出等同的。直接法深受投資者的偏愛(ài)，因?yàn)樗菍?duì)現(xiàn)金流預(yù)測(cè)的起點(diǎn)，進(jìn)而判斷公司的未來(lái)價(jià)值。</p><p>　　據(jù)專(zhuān)家說(shuō)，間接法更容易應(yīng)用和受公司外部人青睞，因?yàn)殚g接法可以使公司財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表外部使用者更清楚的了解公司資產(chǎn)的流動(dòng)性和償付能力。也正因如此，公司內(nèi)部管理者往往不想采用間接法來(lái)編制現(xiàn)金流量表。間接

52、法以利潤(rùn)表上的凈利潤(rùn)為起點(diǎn)，通過(guò)調(diào)整某些相關(guān)項(xiàng)目后得出經(jīng)營(yíng)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量。通過(guò)將企業(yè)非現(xiàn)金交易，過(guò)去或者未來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金收入或支出的遞延或應(yīng)計(jì)項(xiàng)目，以及與投資或籌資現(xiàn)金流量相關(guān)的收益或費(fèi)用項(xiàng)目對(duì)凈收益的影響進(jìn)行調(diào)整來(lái)反映企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)所形成的現(xiàn)金流量。以損益表為出發(fā)點(diǎn)來(lái)列示企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)金流量情況。損益表直接體現(xiàn)了連接籌資和投資活動(dòng)的收入和支出項(xiàng)目。因此采用間接法，我們就可以調(diào)整和計(jì)算籌資和投資活動(dòng)的收入和支出。</p>