營養(yǎng)與骨質(zhì)疏松癥

1、refmresultseconomypoliticalsystemculturesystemsocialsystemdisciplinechecksystempartyofconstructionsystemrefmsolidadvancetaxfinancialpriceadministrativeapprovalStateownedenterprisesecologicalcivilizationimptantfieldkeylin

2、krefmmademajprogressmarketinresourcesconfigurationintheofdecisiverolesignificantlyenhancedUnprecedentedburstofmomentumvitalityofeconomicsocialdevelopment.XIGeneralSecretarysspeechinthisregardincludetherefmonlywhenthereis

3、nocompletethenotesonthe18sessionofideasintothepartysspiritoftherefmsmedifficulttomovefwardtheincreasinguseoftheSocialistsystemwithChineseacteristicssuchastheabilitytorunthecountry.4.withregardtopromotingsustainedhealthye

4、conomicdevelopment.FacecomplexchangeableofinternationalsituationdifficultheavyofdomesticrefmdevelopmentstabletaskXIGeneralSecretarymadeChinaeconomicdevelopmentintonewnmalofsciencejudgeproposedinnovationcodinationgreenope

5、nsharedfivebigdevelopmentconceptimplementationmacropolicytostabilityindustrypolicytoassociatemicropolicytoliverefmpolicytorealsocialpolicytobackingfivebigpillarsexpolicyvigouslyadvancesupplysidestructuralrefmnewconceptac

6、hievedhas2013to2015duringDomesticproductiontotalannualgrowth7.3%obviouslyfastYuearlierwldeconomic2.3%ofannualgrowthonwldeconomicgrowthofcontributionover25%tertiaryindustryaccountedfdomesticproductiontotalshareover50%even

7、tuallyconsumptiononeconomicgrowthofcontributionratereached66%economicstructureadjustmentmadeimptantprogressdevelopmentofqualitybenefitssignificantlyupgradeChinaeconomicshowouthugeofswingroombroadofdevelopmentprospects.Th

8、isaspectsXIGeneralSecretaryofspeechmainincludingeconomicgrowthmustisrealnowaterofgrowthimproveopentypeeconomiclevel“seemissingofh““seehaveseeofh“aretowithgoodspeedupfromelementsdriveinvestmentscaledrivedevelopmentmainlyt

9、otoinnovationdrivedevelopmentmainlyofchangeactivepromotedChinaenergyproductionconsumptionrevolution.5.withregardtobuildingtheruleoflawinChina.18bigyilaiCentraltightlyaroundfulladvancelawrulingputpartyofledpeoplemastersla

10、wrulingganicunifiedupinsistedlawrulinglawrulinglawadministrativecommonadvanceinsistedruleoflawnationalruleoflawGovernmentruleoflawsocialoneconstructionfulladvancesciencelegislationstrictlylawenfcementjustjudicialuniversa

11、llawabidingChinafeaturessocialistlegalsystemfurthersoundperfectleadersatalllevelscadresusingruleoflawthinkingruleoflawwaydeepeningrefmpromoteddevelopmentTheabilitytoresolveconflictsconstantlyimproveour...6.onthebuildingo

12、fSocialistcultureinChina.AcountryanationstrongalwayssupptedbycultureflourishedtheinheritancedevelopmentofcivilizationwithoutculturetodevelopprospertherewillbenorealizationofthedreamofChina.18bigyilaiXIGeneralSecretaryaro

13、und“fosterpromoteSocialistcevalues““promoteChinaexcellenttraditionalculture““firmlymasterideologywkledrightdiscourseright“aspectsdohasseriesimptantspeechmainincludingputpublicitythoughtwkdohavebetterfachievedChinadreamco

14、ndensedpowerfulmalsupptimprovenationalculturesoftstrengthfosterpromoteSocialistcevaluesyouthtoconsciouslypracticelineSocialistcevaluesChildhoodactivelycultivatepracticethecevaluesofsocialismthepartysimptantspeechonthepre

15、ssconference.7.promotetherefmdevelopmentofsocialundertakingssocialmanagement.18bigyilaiCentralinsistedputguaranteesimprovedlivelihoodasrulingactingpoliticalofstartingpointfootholdXiabigpneumaticsolutionmassesmostcaremost

16、directlymostrealityofinterestsproblem3yearscumulativereductionpovertymethan50millionpeopleequivalenttoamediumnationalpopulationoftotalannualaddedtownemploymentmethan10millionpeoplestartsconstructionsupptabilityhousingeng

17、ineeringnear4millionsetsbuiltwldShangscalemaximumcoveruniversalofbasicmedicalguaranteeswkpensionguaranteeswkurbanruralresidentsincomecontinuedgrowthThelivesofthepeopleofallethnicgroupshavemeonbothmaterialspiritualthrivin

18、g.ThisaspectsXIGeneralSecretaryofspeechmainincludingpromotedpovertyareapovertyspeedupdevelopmentlet1.3billionpeopleenjoysbettermefairofeducationspeedupadvancehousingguaranteessupplysystemconstructionalwaysputpeoplelifese

19、curityputinfirstbitefftsputChinaconstructionbecamewkpowerinsistedgeneralnationalsecurityviewsgoChinafeaturesnationalsecurityroadeffectivemaintenancenationalsecuritysocialsettled.8.withregardtocomprehensivestrictlyadminis

20、teringtheparty.Partyof18bigyilaiCentralstationinpartynationalsurvivalofheightfirmlygraspstrengtheningpartyofrulingcapacityconstructionadvancedpurityconstructionthisarticlemainlinetostyleconstructionfbreakthroughtodevelop

21、edintroducedeightitemsprovidesstartedstartputdisciplinerulesisinfrontganizationcarriedouthaspartyofmasslineeducationpracticeactivities“threestrictthreereal“topiceducationinsisted“zerotolerancefullcovernoarea“insisted“Tig

22、er““flies“withplayingstylepoliticalwindsocietycontinuedimprovedMeperfectsystemoflawswithinthepartydisciplineofauthitativeseriousnessincreasingfthehistyofwinninghasalotofnewfeaturesprovideastrongpolitical營養(yǎng)與骨質(zhì)疏松癥營養(yǎng)與骨質(zhì)疏松癥一

23、、一、骨量的獲得與丟失骨量的獲得與丟失1、骨的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能、骨的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能骨骼組織分為骨、軟骨以及附屬結(jié)構(gòu)。骨組織中其實細胞只占有2%5%，主要的我們知道是成骨細胞與破骨細胞，那么骨礦物質(zhì)呢約占到成年人骨干重的65%，其中鈣占到37%40%，其余的那主要的是磷能占到50%以上。骨礦物質(zhì)主要以羥基磷灰石結(jié)晶和無定形的磷酸鈣存在。那么骨的有機質(zhì)主要是骨膠原和那些沒有定型的磷酸鈣，骨的有機質(zhì)占到有機成分的90%，非膠原蛋白值約占到有機質(zhì)值的10

24、%左右。骨骼主要是由皮質(zhì)骨和小梁骨組成，皮質(zhì)骨能占到骨總量的80%，主要是在骨的外層，小梁骨又叫松質(zhì)骨，主要占到骨總量的20%。皮質(zhì)骨主要位于長骨的骨干，松質(zhì)骨主要位于脊椎呀、骨盆啊和骨的干骺端。說完松質(zhì)骨比皮質(zhì)骨的表面積要，松質(zhì)骨的骨表面積與骨量的比值大大的超過了皮質(zhì)骨，骨的重建呢主要是在骨的表面進行，松質(zhì)骨的代謝的活性高于皮質(zhì)骨的10倍以上。2、鈣與激素調(diào)節(jié)、鈣與激素調(diào)節(jié)骨是體內(nèi)鈣和磷的儲存庫，成年人群中的鈣重量能達到1公斤到1.5

25、公斤，其中99%以上儲存在骨骼和牙齒中。與骨代謝有關的激素主要有甲狀旁腺激素，我們簡稱PTH，還有降鈣素簡稱CT。以及雌激素，那么雌激素只是針對女性而言的。那么皮膚中的維生素D的形成源于陽光中的紫外線照射，維生素D有助于鈣的吸收的。3、鈣的調(diào)整過程、鈣的調(diào)整過程當血鈣濃度降低的時候，甲狀旁腺激素以及維生素D的水平就會增高，促使那個鈣在腸道內(nèi)的吸收增加，那么鈣排出就減少，腎臟里尿鈣的排泄也會減少，那么就是造成骨鈣丟失。反之，當血鈣濃度增高

26、的時候，甲狀旁腺激素和維生素D的水平會下降，那么呢鈣的它的排出就會增加，它的吸收就會減少，尿鈣的排出也會增加，骨鈣就會沉積在骨頭骨骼里面。4、骨重建、骨重建人體的骨的新陳代謝是非常非?；钴S的，人的一生中骨重建都在不斷地進行著，因為骨重建的周期呢，它持續(xù)兩到三個月，那么人老了時候呢，它的這個周期就要延長可以達到半年，那么這個骨重建的過程呢，主要是成骨細胞不斷的形成骨和破骨細胞不斷地引起骨頭吸收的一種動態(tài)平衡的狀態(tài)下進行的。5、鈣的儲備和骨

27、量、鈣的儲備和骨量一個人剛生下來的時候新生兒的含鈣量是25~30克左右，那么以后的20年中呢？它平均每天要儲集150毫克的鈣，到了20歲的時候他才能達到1公斤到1.2公斤的鈣儲備量，所以呢人在青春期的時候呢，人體對鈣的需求量是最高的。據(jù)報道，男孩子在14.2歲女孩子在12歲半的時候骨量增長是人生中最快的一個階段。骨的縱向生長停止就是這個人不再長高以后呢，它的骨的礦化還是在不斷地進行著，其后的10~15年呢是骨的一個的加固階段，那么骨量還

28、要增長5~10%，以達到骨的峰值。李寧華等根據(jù)我們中國2300人的調(diào)查結(jié)果報告呢，男性的腰椎和股骨盡端，也就是股骨頭它的骨密度峰值出現(xiàn)在20~29歲組，女性腰椎峰值的骨密度出現(xiàn)在30~39歲組，那么股骨頭峰值出現(xiàn)在20~29歲組，也就是說女性的腰椎骨密度峰值呀出現(xiàn)時間要稍晚于，要晚于男性，那么女性到了絕經(jīng)期的時候，它的雌激素分泌下降，雌激素分泌下降的結(jié)果就會導致骨的丟失加速，腰椎的骨密度在40~49歲的時候呢就會有緩慢的下降，到了50~

29、59歲的時候呢就加速的下降，其他部位的骨密度的減少，比其他部位還要提早10年，那么男性和女性不同，他各個部位的骨密度都是從30到39歲以后，就逐漸的下降，那么不同的是沒有明確的丟失期。綜上所述，骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)生與年輕時峰值骨密度的高低和年老時骨丟失的速率關系很密切，兩者都受遺傳基因、營養(yǎng)狀況，運動負荷以及激素調(diào)控的影響。二、骨質(zhì)疏松的分類與臨床表現(xiàn)二、骨質(zhì)疏松的分類與臨床表現(xiàn)refmresultseconomypoliticalsyste

30、mculturesystemsocialsystemdisciplinechecksystempartyofconstructionsystemrefmsolidadvancetaxfinancialpriceadministrativeapprovalStateownedenterprisesecologicalcivilizationimptantfieldkeylinkrefmmademajprogressmarketinreso

31、urcesconfigurationintheofdecisiverolesignificantlyenhancedUnprecedentedburstofmomentumvitalityofeconomicsocialdevelopment.XIGeneralSecretarysspeechinthisregardincludetherefmonlywhenthereisnocompletethenotesonthe18session

32、ofideasintothepartysspiritoftherefmsmedifficulttomovefwardtheincreasinguseoftheSocialistsystemwithChineseacteristicssuchastheabilitytorunthecountry.4.withregardtopromotingsustainedhealthyeconomicdevelopment.Facecomplexch

33、angeableofinternationalsituationdifficultheavyofdomesticrefmdevelopmentstabletaskXIGeneralSecretarymadeChinaeconomicdevelopmentintonewnmalofsciencejudgeproposedinnovationcodinationgreenopensharedfivebigdevelopmentconcept

34、implementationmacropolicytostabilityindustrypolicytoassociatemicropolicytoliverefmpolicytorealsocialpolicytobackingfivebigpillarsexpolicyvigouslyadvancesupplysidestructuralrefmnewconceptachievedhas2013to2015duringDomesti

35、cproductiontotalannualgrowth7.3%obviouslyfastYuearlierwldeconomic2.3%ofannualgrowthonwldeconomicgrowthofcontributionover25%tertiaryindustryaccountedfdomesticproductiontotalshareover50%eventuallyconsumptiononeconomicgrowt

36、hofcontributionratereached66%economicstructureadjustmentmadeimptantprogressdevelopmentofqualitybenefitssignificantlyupgradeChinaeconomicshowouthugeofswingroombroadofdevelopmentprospects.ThisaspectsXIGeneralSecretaryofspe

37、echmainincludingeconomicgrowthmustisrealnowaterofgrowthimproveopentypeeconomiclevel“seemissingofh““seehaveseeofh“aretowithgoodspeedupfromelementsdriveinvestmentscaledrivedevelopmentmainlytotoinnovationdrivedevelopmentmai

38、nlyofchangeactivepromotedChinaenergyproductionconsumptionrevolution.5.withregardtobuildingtheruleoflawinChina.18bigyilaiCentraltightlyaroundfulladvancelawrulingputpartyofledpeoplemasterslawrulingganicunifiedupinsistedlaw

39、rulinglawrulinglawadministrativecommonadvanceinsistedruleoflawnationalruleoflawGovernmentruleoflawsocialoneconstructionfulladvancesciencelegislationstrictlylawenfcementjustjudicialuniversallawabidingChinafeaturessocialis

40、tlegalsystemfurthersoundperfectleadersatalllevelscadresusingruleoflawthinkingruleoflawwaydeepeningrefmpromoteddevelopmentTheabilitytoresolveconflictsconstantlyimproveour...6.onthebuildingofSocialistcultureinChina.Acountr

41、yanationstrongalwayssupptedbycultureflourishedtheinheritancedevelopmentofcivilizationwithoutculturetodevelopprospertherewillbenorealizationofthedreamofChina.18bigyilaiXIGeneralSecretaryaround“fosterpromoteSocialistcevalu

42、es““promoteChinaexcellenttraditionalculture““firmlymasterideologywkledrightdiscourseright“aspectsdohasseriesimptantspeechmainincludingputpublicitythoughtwkdohavebetterfachievedChinadreamcondensedpowerfulmalsupptimprovena

43、tionalculturesoftstrengthfosterpromoteSocialistcevaluesyouthtoconsciouslypracticelineSocialistcevaluesChildhoodactivelycultivatepracticethecevaluesofsocialismthepartysimptantspeechonthepressconference.7.promotetherefmdev

44、elopmentofsocialundertakingssocialmanagement.18bigyilaiCentralinsistedputguaranteesimprovedlivelihoodasrulingactingpoliticalofstartingpointfootholdXiabigpneumaticsolutionmassesmostcaremostdirectlymostrealityofinterestspr

45、oblem3yearscumulativereductionpovertymethan50millionpeopleequivalenttoamediumnationalpopulationoftotalannualaddedtownemploymentmethan10millionpeoplestartsconstructionsupptabilityhousingengineeringnear4millionsetsbuiltwld

46、ShangscalemaximumcoveruniversalofbasicmedicalguaranteeswkpensionguaranteeswkurbanruralresidentsincomecontinuedgrowthThelivesofthepeopleofallethnicgroupshavemeonbothmaterialspiritualthriving.ThisaspectsXIGeneralSecretaryo

47、fspeechmainincludingpromotedpovertyareapovertyspeedupdevelopmentlet1.3billionpeopleenjoysbettermefairofeducationspeedupadvancehousingguaranteessupplysystemconstructionalwaysputpeoplelifesecurityputinfirstbitefftsputChina

48、constructionbecamewkpowerinsistedgeneralnationalsecurityviewsgoChinafeaturesnationalsecurityroadeffectivemaintenancenationalsecuritysocialsettled.8.withregardtocomprehensivestrictlyadministeringtheparty.Partyof18bigyilai

49、Centralstationinpartynationalsurvivalofheightfirmlygraspstrengtheningpartyofrulingcapacityconstructionadvancedpurityconstructionthisarticlemainlinetostyleconstructionfbreakthroughtodevelopedintroducedeightitemsprovidesst

50、artedstartputdisciplinerulesisinfrontganizationcarriedouthaspartyofmasslineeducationpracticeactivities“threestrictthreereal“topiceducationinsisted“zerotolerancefullcovernoarea“insisted“Tiger““flies“withplayingstylepoliti

51、calwindsocietycontinuedimprovedMeperfectsystemoflawswithinthepartydisciplineofauthitativeseriousnessincreasingfthehistyofwinninghasalotofnewfeaturesprovideastrongpolitical（3）WHOWHO對骨質(zhì)疏松癥的診斷標準對骨質(zhì)疏松癥的診斷標準衛(wèi)生組織對骨質(zhì)疏松癥制訂了一個診斷的

52、標準，測量骨密度就是診斷骨質(zhì)疏松的金標準。當老人的骨密度，低于正常青年組的1個到2.5個標準差時，那么我們叫做他骨量減少；如果他低于年輕人的骨量的2.5個標準差，就可以診斷為骨質(zhì)疏松癥，骨質(zhì)疏松癥，如果伴有骨折，它就會稱為嚴重的骨質(zhì)疏松癥。大量的研究也證實呢，骨密度能夠準確地預測絕經(jīng)后婦女發(fā)生骨折的危險性。它與測血壓預測中風一樣的可靠，而且比測血脂，比方說測膽固醇呢，來預測冠心病還要優(yōu)越。那么骨密度每低于年齡校準基數(shù)一個標準差，髖部骨折

53、的危險性就會上升到一倍。（4）骨質(zhì)疏松癥是遺傳性疾?。┕琴|(zhì)疏松癥是遺傳性疾病骨質(zhì)疏松是一種遺傳病，是一種多基因疾病，它與維生素D受體基因，雌激素受體基因1型膠原基因等都有關系。它也是一個多因素引起的疾病，它是一個復雜性的疾病，他通過遺傳環(huán)境相互作用引起。對人類的健康造成如此大的影響，醫(yī)學界已經(jīng)將它放在非常重要的位置，那么防治骨質(zhì)疏松癥預防骨折跟治療高血脂預防心肌梗塞，治療高血壓預防中風一樣重要。（5）骨質(zhì)疏松癥的危險因素）骨質(zhì)疏松癥的危

54、險因素有好多的因素是我們不可能改變的，比方說年齡的更改，絕經(jīng)，種族，再有一些藥物的影響是不可以改變的，但是我們可以改變其中的一些危險因素，降低它的危險因素，預防骨質(zhì)疏松。三、營養(yǎng)素與骨質(zhì)疏松癥的關系三、營養(yǎng)素與骨質(zhì)疏松癥的關系1、鈣與骨質(zhì)疏松癥的關系、鈣與骨質(zhì)疏松癥的關系Ndin在二十世紀四十年代才提出缺鈣是骨質(zhì)疏松癥的病因，然后Matkoyic在七十年代的南斯拉夫人群實驗中證實了這一點。動物實驗中很清楚地觀察到喂飼低鈣飼料的動物其骨長

55、度、骨重量與骨密度均顯著低于喂飼一般常備飼料者，且其骨骼很容易骨折。鈣缺乏引起骨質(zhì)疏松的機制：低鈣生物可能使血鈣有所降低，那么繼續(xù)性的甲狀旁腺激素分泌增加，甲狀旁腺激素升高，骨吸收就增強，那么骨鈣被進入血液，以保持血鈣的正常，那么骨頭里面的鈣就越來越少，最終就導致骨質(zhì)疏松，還有一個是細胞，細胞外的鈣離子的濃度增高，抑制破骨細胞的功能，那么導致破骨細胞收縮，并導致凋亡，骨吸收明顯下降，同時，成骨細胞膜上有鈣片的假感受器，細胞外液鈣離子濃度