外文翻譯--輪轂式電動汽車驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p><b>　　A外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　英文資料翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　[原文]</b></p><p>　　Wheel type electric

2、cars driving system </p><p>　　1. Development situation and overview</p><p>　　Wheel type electric car is a kind of driving type electric cars, there are two basic forms, namely direct driving typ

3、e electric wheels and belt wheel edges reducer electric wheels. It will be installed on the wheel hub of motor is omitted, traditional clutch, the transmission, the main reducer and differential unit etc, simplifies conf

4、iguration and improve the transmission efficiency, and to realize the electric control technology through the electronic differential control wheels. Electric whee</p><p>　　The electric car wheel type of the

5、 study in Japan. Japan's keio university of electric car research group has developed five different forms of vehicles. In 1991, with Tokyo electric power company jointly developed by IZA electric car seat, Cd - batt

6、ery power method, with four rated power for 6.8 kW, 25kW reached the peak power of the rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor driving wheel speed can reach the highest, 176km/h. In 1996, the Japanese national institute

7、 of environmental groups joint</p><p>　　Domestic electric wheel drive mode study also made some progress. Tongji university "chunhui" series of fuel cell vehicles using the concept of four brushles

8、s dc motor driving wheel independent electric wheels module. Byd in 2004 Beijing auto ET concept car also adopted new drive electric car: four wheel drive motor independent pattern edge. Chinese academy of sciences, Beij

9、ing three-ring general electric company developed electric car brushless dc motor with wheels, say again electric wheels. A</p><p>　　2. Structure analysis</p><p>　　Wheel electric drive system ha

10、ve direct driving type electric wheels and belt wheel edges reducer electric wheels are two basic forms. It depends on the rotor speed is using high-speed rotor motor or within. Direct drive a car with the rotor motor, e

11、lectric wheels and a complete parts assembly wheel, electronic differential mode, motor, decorate in the wheels within wheels drive vehicle driven directly. Its main advantage is the motor, small volume, light quality an

12、d low cost, high transmission </p><p>　　Belt wheel gear wheel drive electric power while using high-speed rotor motor system in modern high-performance electric cars, suitable for the operation. It KuangYong

13、Che originated from the traditional electric wheels, belongs to the slowdown driven type, the electric motor speed wheels allow in operation, usually the highest speed motor design in 4000-20000 r/min, its purpose is to

14、obtain higher than the power, and the other performance of motor without special requirement, and can be used in </p><p>　　3. Wheel type electric car key technology </p><p>　　(1)The wheel motor

15、and its control technology</p><p>　　Currently used electric wheels of the rotor motor speed and high-speed rotor motor are within the radial magnetic flux permanent magnet motor wheel. Within the high-speed

16、rotor motor structure and the traditional permanent magnet synchronous motor or brushless dc motor are basically the same. The highest speed motor coil and mainly by friction loss and variable factors such as organizatio

17、n ability. As the rotor wheeled permanent magnet motor electric car driven directly by the actuator, motor Nd</p><p>　　Motor driven by axial Angle transform technique, use axis rotation Angle transform chip

18、will output signal is transformed into digital signals, for the current instruction position of each phase of the synthesis of circuit current instruction, With the current negative feedback signal current instruction by

19、 current regulator (CR), control type inverter power circuit, SPWM drive motor running.</p><p>　　Wheel type electric vehicle generally has two or four wheel edges of multiple motor, implement coordinated con

20、trol. The key to achieve technology is the drive motor operating control, including the vehicle steering stability control, differential control system dynamic performance optimization and control, etc. In the stability

21、control, traction control system for the main research direction, the comprehensive energy strategy in battery technology progress, not enough before are equally importan</p><p>　　(2) Energy and energy manag

22、ement system</p><p>　　Battery electric vehicle is the source, is also restricted the development of key factors of electric cars. Electric car battery is the main performance indexes than energy, energy dens

23、ity, power, circle life and cost, etc. To make electric cars and fuel automobile competition, the key to develop high energy, power and long-life efficient battery.</p><p>　　So far, the electric car battery

24、after three generations of development, has achieved breakthrough progress. The first generation is lead-acid batteries, mainly is the valve-control lead-acid battery (VRLA), due to its high price lower than energy, and

25、discharge, high magnification is currently only high-volume production electric car batteries. Second generation is mainly alkaline battery, have Ni - Cd, Ni fd-mh, making - S, Li ion - and Zn/Air etc. Various battery, t

26、he ratio of energy and powe</p><p>　　Because the electric vehicle Co., LTD, its energy vehicle driving car fuel mileage far less than the level of energy management system, the purpose is to maximize the use

27、 of the vehicle, increase energy limited trip mileage. Intelligent energy management systems acquisition from each subsystem, the sensor information input these sensors and temperature sensor, including car when the sour

28、ce current and voltage recharge sensor, motor current and voltage sensor, speed and acceleration sensor and th</p><p>　　4. Conclusion</p><p>　　The paper introduces development status of electric

29、 vehicle wheel type and structure characteristics, illustrates the steering wheel motor-driven car control model and key technologies. Compared with the traditional electric cars and electric car wheel type of vehicle st

30、ructure, transmission efficiency and dynamic performance, range, etc are very obvious advantages, is the future development direction of electric cars. At present, low quality of high power, wheel motor research is still

31、 hot. At </p><p>　　輪轂式電動汽車驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)</p><p><b>　　1、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀</b></p><p>　　輪轂式電動汽車是一種新興的驅(qū)動式電動汽車，有兩種基本形式，即直接驅(qū)動式電動輪和帶輪邊減速器電動輪。它直接將電機(jī)安裝在車輪輪轂中，省略了傳統(tǒng)的離合器、變速器、主減速器及差速器等部件，簡化了整車結(jié)構(gòu)，提高了傳動效率，

32、并且能通過控制技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)對電動輪的電子差速控制。電動輪將成為未來電動汽車的發(fā)展方向。</p><p>　　目前國際上對輪轂式電動汽車的研究主要以日本為主。日本慶應(yīng)義塾大學(xué)的電動汽車研究小組已試制了5種不同形式的樣車。其中，1991年與東京電力公司共同開發(fā)的4座電動汽車IZA，采用Ni-Cd電池為動力源，以4個額定功率為6.8kW、峰值功率達(dá)到25kW的外轉(zhuǎn)子式永磁同步輪轂電機(jī)驅(qū)動，最高速度可達(dá)176km/h。199

33、6年，該小組聯(lián)合日本國家環(huán)境研究所研制了電動輪驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的后輪驅(qū)動電動汽車ECO，該車的電動輪驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)選用永磁直流無刷電動機(jī)，額定功率為6.8kW，峰值功率為20kW，并配以行星齒輪減速機(jī)，該電動輪采用機(jī)械制動與電機(jī)再生制動相結(jié)合的方式。2001年，該小組又推出了以鋰電池為動力源，采用8個大功率交流同步輪轂電機(jī)獨(dú)立驅(qū)動的電動轎車KAZ。該車安裝了8個車輪，大大增加了該車的動力，從而使該車的最高速度達(dá)到311 km/h。KAZ的電動輪系統(tǒng)中

34、采用高轉(zhuǎn)速、高性能內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子型電動機(jī)，其峰值功率可達(dá)55 kW，提高了KAZ轎車的極限加速能力，使其0～100km/h加速時間達(dá)到8s。為了使電動機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)速符合車輪的實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)速要求，KAZ電動輪系統(tǒng)匹配行星齒輪減速機(jī)構(gòu)。KAZ前輪采用盤式制動器，后輪采用</p><p>　　國內(nèi)對電動輪驅(qū)動方式的研究也取得了一些進(jìn)展。同濟(jì)大學(xué)研制的“春暉”系列燃料電池概念車采用了4個直流無刷輪轂電機(jī)獨(dú)立驅(qū)動的電動輪模塊。比亞迪于200

35、4年在北京車展上展出的ET概念車也采用了電動汽車最新驅(qū)動方式：4個輪邊電機(jī)獨(dú)立驅(qū)動模式。中國科學(xué)院北京三環(huán)通用電氣公司研制的電動轎車用直流無刷輪轂電機(jī)，又稱電動車輪。單個電動車輪功率為7.5 kW，電壓264 V，雙后輪直接驅(qū)動。中船總公司724研究所的4輪電動汽車，其電動機(jī)性能指標(biāo)為：額定功率3 kW，額定轉(zhuǎn)速3000r/min，額定電壓為110 V。</p><p><b>　　2、結(jié)構(gòu)分析<

36、/b></p><p>　　輪式電驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)有直接驅(qū)動式電動輪和帶輪邊減速器電動輪兩種基本形式。這取決于是采用低速外轉(zhuǎn)子還是高速內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子電動機(jī)。直接驅(qū)動式汽車采用低速外轉(zhuǎn)子電動機(jī)，電動輪與車輪組成一個完整部件總成，采用電子差速方式，電機(jī)布置在車輪內(nèi)部，直接驅(qū)動車輪帶動汽車行駛。其主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是電機(jī)體積小、質(zhì)量輕和成本低，系統(tǒng)傳動效率高，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，既有利于整車結(jié)構(gòu)布置和車身設(shè)計(jì)，也便于改型設(shè)計(jì)。這種電動輪直接將外轉(zhuǎn)子

37、安裝在車輪的輪輞上驅(qū)動車輪轉(zhuǎn)動。然而電動汽車在起步時需要較大的轉(zhuǎn)矩，也就是說安裝在直接驅(qū)動型電動輪中的電動機(jī)必須能在低速時提供大轉(zhuǎn)矩。為了使汽車能夠有較好的動力性，電動機(jī)還必須具有很寬的轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)節(jié)范圍。由于電機(jī)工作產(chǎn)生一定的沖擊和振動，要求車輪輪輞和車輪支承必須堅(jiān)固、可靠，同時由于非簧載質(zhì)量大，要保證車輛的舒適性，要求對懸架系統(tǒng)彈性元件和阻尼元件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，電機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩和功率也受到車輪尺寸的限制，系統(tǒng)成本高。</p>

38、<p>　　帶輪邊減速器電動輪電驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)采用高速內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子電動機(jī)，適合現(xiàn)代高性能電動汽車的運(yùn)行要求。它起源于礦用車的傳統(tǒng)電動輪，屬于減速驅(qū)動類型，這種電動輪允許電動機(jī)在高速下運(yùn)行，通常電動機(jī)的最高轉(zhuǎn)速設(shè)計(jì)在4000～20000 r/min，其目的是為了能夠獲得較高的比功率，而對電動機(jī)的其它性能沒有特殊要求，可以采用普通的內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子高速電動機(jī)。減速機(jī)構(gòu)布置在電動機(jī)和車輪之間，起到減速和增矩的作用，從而保證電動汽車在低速時能夠獲得足夠大

39、的轉(zhuǎn)矩。電機(jī)輸出軸通過減速機(jī)構(gòu)與車輪驅(qū)動軸連接，使電機(jī)軸承不直接承受車輪與路面的載荷作用，改善了軸承的工作條件；采用固定速比行星齒輪減速器，使系統(tǒng)具有較大的調(diào)速范圍和輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩，充分發(fā)揮驅(qū)動電機(jī)的調(diào)速特性，消除了電機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩和功率受到車輪尺寸的影響。設(shè)計(jì)中主要應(yīng)考慮解決齒輪的工作噪聲和潤滑問題，對電機(jī)及系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)方案設(shè)計(jì)要求更高。圖1為輪邊減速器型電動輪示意圖。</p><p>　　圖1 輪邊減速器型電動輪

40、示意圖</p><p>　　3、 輪轂式電動汽車關(guān)鍵技術(shù)</p><p>　　（1）輪轂電機(jī)及其控制技術(shù)</p><p>　　目前電動輪所用的低速外轉(zhuǎn)子電動機(jī)和高速內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子電動機(jī)都是徑向磁通永磁輪式電機(jī)。高速內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)與傳統(tǒng)的永磁同步電機(jī)或無刷直流電機(jī)基本相同。電機(jī)的最高轉(zhuǎn)速主要受線圈和摩擦損耗以及變速機(jī)構(gòu)承受能力等因素的限制。外轉(zhuǎn)子輪式永磁電機(jī)作為電動汽車直接

41、驅(qū)動的執(zhí)行器，電機(jī)采用表面安裝NdPeB磁鋼的外轉(zhuǎn)子定子多極少槽結(jié)構(gòu)。外轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)在車輪直徑固定的約束條件下，使電樞直徑增加，提高了電機(jī)能力；同時，外轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)使電機(jī)散熱條件惡化，對長時間過載能力有一定影響。定子采用多極少槽結(jié)構(gòu)，減小體積、簡化結(jié)構(gòu)，有利于產(chǎn)生所需的電勢諧波以提高力能指標(biāo)。永磁轉(zhuǎn)子位置傳感器采用磁阻式多極旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器，與電機(jī)本體一體化安裝，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。</p><p>　　電機(jī)驅(qū)動采用軸角變換技術(shù)，使用軸

42、角變換芯片將旋轉(zhuǎn)輸出信號變換為數(shù)字位置信號，供相電流指令合成電路產(chǎn)生各相的電流指令；相電流指令與電流負(fù)反饋信號經(jīng)電流調(diào)節(jié)器(CR)處理，控制SPWM型逆變功率電路，驅(qū)動電機(jī)運(yùn)行。</p><p>　　輪轂式電動汽車一般有2個或4個輪邊電機(jī)，對多個電機(jī)實(shí)行協(xié)調(diào)控制。實(shí)現(xiàn)電動汽車驅(qū)動的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是驅(qū)動電機(jī)的運(yùn)行控制，其中包括車輛行駛的穩(wěn)定性控制、轉(zhuǎn)向差速控制、系統(tǒng)動力性能優(yōu)化和節(jié)能控制等。在穩(wěn)定性控制中，以牽引控制為主

43、要研究方向，系統(tǒng)的綜合節(jié)能策略在電池技術(shù)沒有足夠進(jìn)步之前，也相當(dāng)重要。為了更好地對車輛進(jìn)行研究和優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，電動汽車的有效數(shù)學(xué)模型和快速有效的系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行控制算法也是當(dāng)今世界各國的攻關(guān)熱點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　(2) 能源及能量管理系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　電池是電動汽車的動力源泉，也是制約電動汽車發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素。電動汽車電池的主要性能指標(biāo)是比能量、能量密度、比功率、循環(huán)壽命和成本等。要使電動

44、汽車與燃油汽車競爭，關(guān)鍵要開發(fā)出比能量高、比功率大、使用壽命長的高效電池。</p><p>　　到目前為止，電動汽車電池經(jīng)過3代的發(fā)展，已取得了突破的進(jìn)展。第1代是鉛酸電池，目前主要是閥控鉛酸電池(VRLA)，由于其比能量較高、價格低和放電倍率高，是目前惟一能大批量生產(chǎn)的電動汽車用電池。第2代是堿性電池，主要有Ni-Cd、Ni-MH、Na-S、Li-ion和Zn/Air等多種電池，其比能量和比功率都比鉛酸電池高，

45、大大提高了電動汽車的動力性能和續(xù)駛里程，但其價格比鉛酸電池高。第3代是以燃料電池為主的電池。燃料電池直接將燃料的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔?，能量轉(zhuǎn)變效率高，比能量和比功率都高，并且可以控制反應(yīng)過程，能量轉(zhuǎn)化過程可以連續(xù)進(jìn)行，是理想的汽車用電池，但目前還處于研制階段，一些關(guān)鍵技術(shù)還有待突破。</p><p>　　由于電動汽車的車載能量有限，其行駛里程遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到燃油車的水平，能量管理系統(tǒng)的目的就是最大限度地利用有限的車載能量，

46、增加行駛里程。智能能量管理系統(tǒng)采集從各個子系統(tǒng)輸入的傳感器信息，這些傳感器包括車內(nèi)外氣溫傳感器、充放電時電源電流和電壓傳感器、電動機(jī)電流和電壓傳感器、速度和加速度傳感器以及車外環(huán)境和氣候傳感器等。能量管理系統(tǒng)能實(shí)現(xiàn)以下基本功能：優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)的能量分配；預(yù)測電動汽車電源的剩余能量和繼續(xù)行駛里程；提供最佳的駕駛模式；再生制動時合理地調(diào)整再生能量；自動調(diào)整溫度控制方式。智能管理系統(tǒng)如同電動汽車的大腦，同時具有功能多、靈活性好、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)。&l

47、t;/p><p><b>　　4、結(jié)語</b></p><p>　　本文介紹了輪轂式電動汽車發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，說明了輪轂式電動汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向控制模型及其關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。與傳統(tǒng)電動汽車相比，輪轂式電動汽車的整車結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動效率、動力性能、續(xù)駛里程等都有非常明顯的優(yōu)勢，是未來電動汽車的發(fā)展方向。目前，對低質(zhì)量、高功率的輪轂電機(jī)的研究仍是熱點(diǎn)。同時，輪轂式電動汽車轉(zhuǎn)向、驅(qū)動、制動時對電機(jī)