英漢詞匯現(xiàn)象的對比

1、英漢詞匯現(xiàn)象的對比,,詞的意義方面,意義對等的詞 他們的意義在上下文中都完全相等，主要是一些已有通用譯名的專有名詞、術語以及日常生活中的一些事物名稱。,The U.S. State Department 美國國務院computational linguistics 計算機語言學The Pacific Ocean

2、太平洋tuberculosis 結核病helicopter 直升飛機minibus 微型面包（面包車）,2. 一些成語，諺語也可適當使用對等譯法翻譯。成語：cut in a joke 插科

3、打諢speak one’s mind 暢所欲言be after one’s own heart 稱心如意turn up one’s nose at 嗤之以鼻fish in troubled waters 渾水摸魚,聰耳不聞 turn a deaf ear to吹毛求疵 pick a hole in sb’s coat得意忘形

4、 have one’s nose in the air騎虎難下 hold a wolf by the ears,諺語：Look before you leap. 三思而后行Ill news travels fast. 惡事傳千里Practice makes p

5、erfect. 熟能生巧Make hay while the sun shines. 乘熱打鐵,,欲速則不達More haste, less speed.拉入籃里就是菜All is fish comes to the net.皇天不負有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.小巫見大巫 The moon is not seen when the su

6、n shines.,翻譯實例：1. I took the news with a grain of salt. 我對這個消息半信半疑。2. Unless you’ve got an ace up your sleeve, we are dished. 除非你有錦囊妙計，否則我們輸定了。3. He went through fire and flood to save his mother. 他赴湯蹈火去救他的母親。

7、4. You have a lucky star above you. 你真是福星高照。,5. She is now between the devil and the deep sea in this matter. 她在這個問題上真是進退維谷 6. He is reaping what he has sown. 他這是咎由自取。7. She is an easy-going woman. She always thr

8、ows her cares to the winds. 她是個大大咧咧的女人，總是把憂愁拋至九霄云外。,8. That little girl has a ready tongue. 那個小姑娘真是伶牙俐齒。9. The light-fingered gentry frequented these shops. 梁上君子經常光顧這些商店。10. That fellow is always fair without bu

9、t foul within. 那個家伙總是口蜜腹劍。,11. 這些國家的經濟形勢每況愈下。 The economic situation in these countries is on the downgrade.12. 為了迷人眼目，他們把自己打扮成革命者。 In order to throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out

10、as revolutionaries.13. 捫心自問，他不得不承認自己是錯了。 By searching his heart, he could not but admit that he was in the wrong.,14. 我們全力以赴，拿下了這場比賽。 We must do our level best to win this game.15. 他是信口開河，他對經濟一竅不通。 He is shoot

11、ing off his mouth. He dose not know anything of economy.16. 我討厭游手好閑的人。 I dislike the people eating the bread of idleness.,3.詞義上的部分對等，以及一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。,marriage 娶，嫁gun 槍，炮sister

12、 姐，妹morning 早上，上午,soft pillow soft music soft cushion soft woodsoft moneysoft drinksoft breezesoft lightsoft voicesoft firesoft hatsoft words

13、soft answersoft goodssoft heartsoft water,a soft aboveground launching site無堅固掩體的地面發(fā)射基地The record has been considered soft since it was set last May.自從五月份創(chuàng)造這個記錄以來，人們一直認為它是很容易被打破的。The landing must be super-soft

14、, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour.這次著陸一定是超級的軟著陸，即著陸時的飛行速度在每小時18英里左右。,Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug.大麻通常被看作是軟性（毒性較輕的）麻醉毒品。At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intent

15、ion. We should not shoot him from the hip.在目前，關于敵人的意圖還只是不太充分的情報，我們不能魯莽行事。,2.3 根據(jù)詞的搭配關系以及上下文聯(lián)系來選擇和確定詞義。,to cut wheat 割麥子to cut cake 切蛋糕to cut finger-nails 剪/修指甲,He is the last man to come.他是最后來的。He is the last man

16、 to do it.他絕不會干那件事。He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干這個工作。He should be the last to blame.怎么也不該怪他。He is the last man to consult.根本不宜找他商量。This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也沒料到會在這個地方見到

17、你。,To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脫鞋或換鞋對她是一種痛苦，但這已是多年以來的痛苦了。An area the size of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airship and they practiced

18、taking off time after time from this restricted space.在機場上標出了與大黃蜂號甲板一樣大小的一塊地方，他們（機組人員）一次又一次地練習從這樣一塊有限的面積上起飛。,He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的時候，總是坐在椅子邊上，

19、好像隨時都會跳起身來的樣子。He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.他戴黑眼鏡，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.一些美國人越過國境線，只

20、是為了吃點可口的墨西哥食物，喝點墨西哥啤酒。,4. 根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇和確定句義。Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的電荷相斥，不同的電荷相吸。He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜歡數(shù)學甚于喜歡物理學。,In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine g

21、rains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗內的陽光里，細微的塵埃像金子一般在閃閃發(fā)亮。Like knows like. 英雄識英雄。,5. 詞序方面,英、漢語句子中的主要成分主語、謂語動詞、賓語或表語的詞序基本是一致的。但各種定語的位置和各種狀語的詞序在英漢語中則有同有異，變化較多，所以英漢語序的比較，主要是指定語、狀語位置異同的比較。,1. 定語的位置,1.1 單詞作定語，通常放在所修飾的名詞前面

22、，漢語也大體如此。a research-oriented hospital 一所以科研為重點的醫(yī)院something important重要的事情the banker’s little garden銀行老板的小花園A little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.一個要飯的，身材短小，面黃肌瘦，衣衫襤褸，瘸腿，滿臉短髭。,1.2 短語作定語,修飾名詞的短語一般放在名詞之后，漢語

23、了則放在被修飾的名詞之前，但間或也有放在后面的，視習慣而定。a building project of high-rise apartment houses一個多層公寓大樓的建筑項目a candidate with little chance of success.一個當選希望極其微弱的候選人particles moving round their atomic nucleus環(huán)繞原子核運動的粒子,2. 狀語的位置,2.1

24、單詞作狀語在英漢兩種語言中，單詞作狀語修飾形容詞或其他狀語時，常放在它所修飾的形容詞或狀語的前面。John did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class.約翰當年不是出色的學生，但他在班上很活躍。,2.1.1 英語單詞狀語修飾動詞，一般放在動詞之后，而漢語 了一般放在動詞之前。Modern science and technol

25、ogy are developing rapidly.現(xiàn)代科學技術正在迅速發(fā)展。2.1.2 英語里表程度的狀語在修飾狀語時可前置也可后置，而在漢語中一般是前置。The molecules of a gas are moving about extremely fast in all directions.氣體的分子非常迅速地向四面八方運動著。He is running fast enough.他跑的夠快的了。,2.2短語做

26、狀語2.2.1 短語做狀語在英語中一般放在被修飾的動詞之前或后，譯成漢語時，大多數(shù)放在被修飾的動詞之前，但也有放在后面的，視漢語的習慣而定。,Then with a bag of toys and books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn.我們提著一口袋玩具和書籍，在晨曦中穿過了花園。A jeep, full, sped fast, drench

27、ing me in spray.一輛坐滿人的吉普車疾馳而過，濺了我一身水。North American viewers watched the start of the royal procession without missing a single hoof beat北美洲的觀眾注視著英國皇家儀仗隊的起步，連一個馬蹄步也沒有漏掉。,2.2.2 英語中地點狀語一般在時間狀語之前，而在漢語中時間狀語往往在地點狀語之前。He w

28、as born in Furth on May 27, 1923.他是1923年5月27日在菲特爾出生的。2.2.3 英語中時間短語狀語之間的排列一般都是從小到大，而漢語中一般是從大到小，如：At eleven minutes past 1 A. M. on the 16th of October, 1946, Ribbentrop mounted the gallows in the execution chamber of

29、the Nuremberg prison.1946年10月16日凌晨一點十分，里賓特洛甫走上紐倫堡監(jiān)獄死刑室的絞架。I was born in Burdine, Kentucky, in the heart of the Appalachian coal-mining country.我出生于阿拉巴契亞山脈煤礦區(qū)中心的肯塔基州柏定市。,3. 詞義的引申 翻譯時，有時會碰到詞典上沒有合適的詞義，硬套或逐詞死譯會使譯文生硬晦澀

30、，不能確切表達原意，甚至造成誤解。這時應該根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關系，從該詞的基本含義出發(fā)，加以引申，選擇比較恰當?shù)臐h語來表達。,3.1將詞義作抽象化的引申英語中常有一種表示具體形象的詞來表示一種屬性，一個事物或一種概念。一般可將這些詞作抽象化引申，使譯文流暢、自然。There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.帝國主義

31、者的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。Every life has its roses and thorns.每個人的生活都有甜和苦。,3.2 將帶有特征性形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的概念的詞。See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.在那以后的四個星期內，消息時而部分有好轉，時而

32、又有點不妙，兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn)，一直沒有明朗化。,3.3 將詞義作具體話引申。英語中可以用代表抽象概念或屬性的詞來表示一種具體事物，譯成漢語時一般可作具體化引申。,Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant.越南戰(zhàn)爭成了他進入新政府的敲門磚。他擔任政府的對外政

33、策顧問，那是第三次了。For twins they are very dissimilar, Colin is tall and active and Johnny is short and middle-aged. 這對雙胞胎兄弟毫不相似，科林個子高，很活躍，約翰個子矮，很老成。This kind of wood works easily. 這種木料容易加工。,After the fall of France, Germany

34、 was incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea. 法國崩潰之后，德國陸軍大大超過英國，空軍力量旗鼓相當，海軍則處于劣勢。The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.我前面的那輛車停住了

35、，我錯過了綠燈。,我們吃掉敵人一個團。 We wiped out an enemy regiment.憑他多年的教學經驗，這門課他拿得下來。 With many years’ teaching experience behind him he has no problem with this course. 必須始終不渝地堅持兩手抓，兩手都要硬的方針，加強精神文明建設。 We must unswervingly give eq

36、ual importance to economic development on one hand and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other hand.,4. 詞義的褒貶為忠實原文，翻譯時必須正確理解原作者的立場和觀點，然后選用恰當?shù)恼Z言手段來加以表達，原文中有些詞本身就表示褒貶意義，就應該把褒貶意義相應地表達出來；但也有些詞語孤立起來

37、看是中性的，但翻譯時要根據(jù)上下文恰當?shù)匕阉鼈兊陌x或貶義表達出來。,4.1 本身就是貶褒義的詞He was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.他作為流氓的惡名是他死后才傳開來的。The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.他們進行的事業(yè)是值得贊揚

38、的。,Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.亨利總是吹噓他曾同總統(tǒng)說過話?！癏e was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled.她回憶說：“他彬彬有禮，總是誨人不倦?！盩he two politicians talked for no more than five minutes,

39、at a significant moment in their careers.兩位政治家交談了僅僅五分鐘，這次談話是在他們一生事業(yè)的重大時刻進行的。,4.2 中性詞語，翻譯時根據(jù)上下文恰當確定其貶褒意義He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved

40、.他是一個正直誠實的人，但不幸有某種壞名聲。我相信他這個壞名聲是不該有的。He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺騙了我，使我成為他進行罪惡勾當?shù)墓ぞ摺?As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.他是個苛刻的老板，要求手下的人對他

41、忠心耿耿，鞠躬盡瘁。Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.凡是忘掉過去的人注定要重蹈覆轍。,Homework:1. I want you to account for every cent you spent.我要你對你花的每一分錢作出解釋。account for：對…負有責任；對…做出解釋；說明……的原因；導致；（比例）占2. We ha

42、ve to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.我們不得不加快車速，以彌補在波士頓所耽擱的時間。make up ：彌補；組成；化妝；整理3. There was no provocation for such an angry letter.寫這樣一封生氣的信簡直是毫無道理。There was no reason …,4. Fatty’s Restaurant ha

43、d become an institution in his life in the last seven years.去發(fā)體餐廳就餐，七年來已成了他生活中慣常的事情。Institution：制度、習俗；慣例 in the last few year近幾年，in the last one year在過去的一年里5. The invention of machinery had brought into the world a n

44、ew era---the Industrial Age. Money had become King.機器的發(fā)明使世界進入了一個新紀元即工業(yè)時代，金錢成為主宰一切的權威。,6. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.漢斯說，這位先生是他所見到過的最有膽識的人。這

45、種阿諛奉承未免過于露骨。7. 這個消息讓我出了一身冷汗。I was frightened by the news.I was extremely terrified by that news.,8. 他萬萬沒有想到在他前進的道路上竟會出現(xiàn)這么多攔路虎！He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way.9. 我不敢班門弄斧，誠望您發(fā)表高見。

46、I dare not show off in the presence of an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter.10. 別人家里雞零狗碎的事情你都知道得這么全，真是順風耳啊！You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are rea

47、lly well informed!,詞類轉譯法（一）,英漢翻譯時，有些句子可以逐詞對譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言的表達方式不同，就不能用“一個蘿卜一個坑”的方法來逐詞對譯。原文一些詞要轉換詞類才能使譯文通順。,1. 轉譯成動詞英漢比較而言，漢語中動詞比較多。在英語句子中只用一個謂語動詞，但在漢語中卻可以是幾個動詞或動詞性結構連用。英語中不少詞類，如名詞、前置詞、形容詞和副詞等，在漢譯時往往可以轉譯成動詞。,1.1 名詞轉譯成動詞

48、1.1.1 英語中許多具有動作意義的名詞和由動詞派生的名詞，往往可根據(jù)需要轉譯成漢語中的動詞。例如：The pianist gave a fine performance. 鋼琴家演奏得很出色。The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries. 由于世界普遍缺乏糧食，這就直接影響到科威特和

49、其它荒涼的沙漠國家。,Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已用來探索宇宙。 The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago. 白人向非洲移民開始于500年前。,1.1.2 有些英語被動句式中的動詞，可以譯成“受（遭）到……+名詞”、“予（加）以+名詞”

50、等這類結構。Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his views.在這期間，斯諾受到了美國新聞界和政界極不公正的對待，由于他的觀點，他受到了迫害。Throw a tennis on the floor. The ball bounces back. In the sa

51、me way, when light falls on certain things it bounces back. When this happens, the light is said to be reflected.將網球扔到地板上，球會彈回來。同樣，光照到某些物體上時也會彈回來。這種情況叫做光受到反射。,1.1.3 在漢譯英時，也有把漢語名詞轉換成英語動詞的情況： 他在劇中的精彩表演給我留下深刻的印象。His exce

52、llent performance in the play impressed me deeply. 這種舉止是罪犯的心理特征。 This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.,1.1.4 漢語里是動詞，譯成英文轉化為名詞。 他反對改革。He is an enemy to reform.恐怕我教不了你英語，我想我女兒比我教的好。I am afraid I can’

53、t teach you English. I think my daughter is a better teacher than I.希望你們考慮一下我們的意見。 I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration.,1.2 前置詞轉譯成動詞英語中前置詞用的相當多的，有很多翻譯時可以譯成動詞。Party offi

54、cials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.黨的干部吃簡陋的飲食，住寒冷的窯洞，靠微弱的燈光，長時間地工作?！癈oming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“來啦！” 她轉身

55、蹦著跳著地跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺階，穿過涼臺，進了門廊。,I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.我筆直向前高速飛行，越過港口，飛臨海面。Carlisle Street runs westword, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little sh

56、ops and meat-markers, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.卡列斯爾大街往西伸展，越過一座黑色大橋，爬下山崗又爬了上去，經過許多小鋪和肉市，又經過一些平房，然后突然沖著一大片綠色草地終止了。,1.3 形容詞轉譯動詞1.3.1 英語中有些表示知覺、情緒、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，作表語時，?？赊D成漢語

57、動詞。這類形容詞有： able, afraid, angry, ashamed, aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant，sorry, thankful等。,I am very concerned about her. 我非常掛念她。 I am grateful to yo

58、u for helping me. 感謝你的幫助。Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.醫(yī)生們說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。Please let us know if our terms are acceptable . 請告知是否接受我方條款。,1.3.2 漢語動詞轉換為英語形容詞 與英語的形容詞轉換為漢語的動詞相反，漢語動詞常轉換

59、為英語“be+ 形容詞”的結構。如： 你熟悉這種機器的性能嗎？ Are you familiar with the performance of this type of machine? 我為她的健康擔憂。 I am anxious about her health.,我們切不可滿足于僅僅有一點點書本知識 。 We should never be content with a little book knowledge o

60、nly. 他會不會來值得懷疑。 It is doubtful that he will come.,1.4 副詞轉化為動詞 In those years the Republicans were in.那些年是共和黨執(zhí)政。That book will be out pretty soon.那本書不久就要出版了。The sea thundered on, over and past , and as it roared by

61、 it revealed a hideous sight. 海浪狂嘯著滾來，如泰山壓頂一般，又怒吼著滾遠，巨浪過處，一片狼藉。,1.5 英語介詞的轉譯1.5.1 英語介詞轉譯成漢語動詞 The government is behind this project. 政府支持這個項目。 Public opinion was against the proposal. 輿論都反對這個提議。,,The road to develop

62、ment is long but we are firmly on it.發(fā)展的道路雖然漫長，可我們已堅定地走上了這條路。It is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped areas will be finally off poverty.我們的目標是使不發(fā)達地區(qū)的人民最終擺脫貧困。,5.2漢語動詞轉譯成英語介詞 我們全體贊成他的建議。 We are all in fav

63、or of his suggestion. 他們不顧一切困難，挫折，堅持戰(zhàn)斗。 They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks. 他在公園了散步，手里拿著一把傘。He is walking in the park with an umbrella in his hand.,詞類轉移法（二）,1. 轉移成形容詞1.1 形容詞派生的名詞往往可以轉譯成形

64、容詞。The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她蒼白的臉清楚地表明了她那時的情緒。The security and warmth of the ward in the hospital were wonderful.醫(yī)院的病房很安全也很溫暖，好極了。He talked for some time with Bundy,

65、 and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他同邦迪談了一會，他提出的問題反映出他有很大的懷疑。,1.2 有些名詞加不定冠詞作表語時，往往可以轉譯成形容詞。The blockade was a success.封鎖很成功。As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give the neces

66、sary help.他對這城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.獨立思考對學習是絕對必要的。,2. 其它詞類轉譯2.1 形容詞與副詞的相互轉譯。英語名詞譯成漢語動詞時，修飾該名詞的形容詞往往轉譯成副詞。Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent

67、flashes of lighting made us turn apprehensive glances towards Zero.偶爾下一點毛毛雨，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的閃電使我們不時憂慮地朝著零區(qū)方向望去。,It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President’s reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.

68、這篇發(fā)言清楚明白、心平氣和地說明了總統(tǒng)希望開始中美對話的原因。,2.2 英語動詞譯成漢語名詞時，修飾該動詞的副詞往往轉譯成形容詞。 The film impressed him deeply. 這部電影給了他深刻的印象。 He routinely radioed another agent on the ground. 他跟另一個地勤人員進行了例行的無線電聯(lián)系。 The President had pre