二語(yǔ)習(xí)得考試提綱

1、1SLA期末考試提綱期末考試提綱Week9Chapter1IntroducingSecondLanguageAcquisitionChapter2FoundationsofSecondLanguageAcquisitionPARTONE:Definition:1.SecondLanguageAcquisition(SLA):atermthatrefersbothtothestudyofindividualsgroupswhoarelea

2、rningalanguagesubsequenttolearningtheirfirstoneasyoungchildrentotheprocessoflearningthatlanguage.2.FmalL2learning:instructedlearningthattakesplaceinclassrooms.3.InfmalL2learning:SLAthattakesplaceinnaturalisticcontexts.4.

3、Firstlanguagenativelanguagemothertongue(L1):Alanguagethatisacquirednaturallyinearlychildhoodusuallybecauseitistheprimarylanguageofachild’sfamily.Achildwhogrowsupinamultilingualsettingmayhavemethanone“first”language.5.Sec

4、ondlanguage(L2):Initsgeneralsensethistermreferstoanylanguagethatisacquiredafterthefirstlanguagehasbeenestablished.Initsspecificsensethistermtypicallyreferstoanadditionallanguagewhichislearnedwithinacontextwhereitissociet

5、allydominantneededfeducationemploymentotherbasicpurposes.Themespecificsensecontrastswithfeignlanguagelibrarylanguageauxiliarylanguagelanguagefspecificpurposes.6.Targetlanguage:Thelanguagethatistheaimgoaloflearning.7.Feig

6、nlanguage:Asecondlanguagethatisnotwidelyusedinthelearners’immediatesocialcontextbutratheronethatmightbeusedffuturetravelothercrossculturalcommunicationsituationsonethatmightbestudiedbestudiedasacurricularrequirementelect

7、iveinschoolwithnoimmediatenecessarypracticalapplication.8.Librarylanguage:Asecondlanguagethatfunctionsasatoolffurtherlearningespeciallywhenbooksjournalsinadesiredfieldofstudyarenotcommonlypublishedinthelearner’sL1.9.Auxi

8、liarylanguage:Asecondlanguagethatlearnersneedtoknowfsomeofficialfunctionsintheirimmediatesociopoliticalsetting.thattheywillneedfpurposesofwidercommunicationalthoughtheirfirstlanguageservesmostotherneedsintheirlives.10.Li

9、nguisticcompetence:Theunderlyingknowledgethatspeakershearershaveofalanguage.Chomskydistinguishesthisfromlinguisticperfmance.11.Linguisticperfmance:Theuseoflanguageknowledgeinactualproduction.12.Communicativecompetence:Ab

10、asicte(原則、信條、教條)ofsociolinguisticsdefinedas“whataspeakerneedstoknowtocommunicateappropriatelywithinaparticularlanguagecommunity”(SavilleTroike2003)13.Pragmaticcompetence:Knowledgethatpeoplemusthaveindertointerpretconveym

11、eaningwithincommunicativesituations.14.Multilingualism:Theabilitytousemethanonelanguage.15.Monolingualism:Theabilitytouseonlyonelanguage.16.Simultaneousmultilingualism:Abilitytousemethanonelanguagethatwereacquiredduringe

12、arlychildhood.17.Sequentialmultilingualism:AbilitytouseonemelanguagesthatwerelearnedafterL1hadalreadybeenestablished.338.Criticalperiod:ThelimitednumberofyearsduringwhichnmalL1acquisitionispossible.39.CriticalPeriodHypot

13、hesis:TheclaimthatchildrenhaveonlyalimitednumberofyearsduringwhichtheycanacquiretheirL1flawlesslyiftheysufferedbraindamagetothelanguageareasbrainplasticityinchildhoodwouldallowotherareasofthebraintotakeoverthelanguagefun

14、ctionsofthedamagedareasbutbeyondacertainagenmallanguagedevelopmentwouldnotbepossible.ThisconceptiscommonlyextendedtoSLAaswellintheclaimthatonlychildrenarelikelytoachievenativenearnativeproficiencyinL2.40.Infmationprocess

15、ing(IP):AcognitiveframewkwhichassumesthatSLA(likelearningofothercomplexdomains)proceedsfromcontrolledtoautomaticprocessinginvolvesprogressivereganizationofknowledge.41.Connectionism:Acognitiveframewkfexplaininglearningpr

16、ocessesbeginninginthe1980sbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.ItassumesthatSLAresultsfromincreasingstrengthofassociationsbetweenstimuliresponses.42.Variationthey:AmicrosocialframewkappliedtoSLAthatexplessystematicdifferences

17、inlearnerproductionwhichdependoncontextsofuse.43.Accommodationthey:AframewkfstudyofSLAthatisbasedonthenotionthatspeakersusuallyunconsciouslychangetheirpronunciationeventhegrammaticalcomplexityofsentencestheyusetosoundmel

18、ikewhomevertheyaretalkingto.44.Socioculturalthey(SCT):AnapproachestablishedbyVygotskywhichclaimsthatinteractionnotonlyfacilitateslanguagelearningbutisacausativefceinacquisition.Furtheralloflearningisseenasessentiallyasoc

19、ialprocesswhichisgroundedinsocioculturalsettings.45.Ethnography(人種論、民族志)ofcommunication:AframewkfanalysisoflanguageitsfunctionsthatwasestablishedbyHymes(1966).Itrelateslanguageusetobroadersocialculturalcontextsapplieseth

20、nographicmethodsofdatacollectioninterpretationtostudyoflanguageacquisitionuse.46.Acculturation(文化適應(yīng)):LearningthecultureoftheL2communityadaptingtothosevaluesbehavipatterns.47.AcculturationModelThey:Schumann’s(1978)theytha

21、tidentifiesgroupfactssuchasidentitystatuswhichdeterminesocialpsychologicaldistancebetweenlearnertargetlanguagepopulations.HeclaimstheseinfluenceoutcomesofSLA.48.Socialpsychology:Asocietalapproachinresearchtheythatallowse

22、xplationofissuessuchashowidentitystatusvaluesinfluenceL2outcomeswhy.Ithasdisciplinarytiestobothpsychologicalsocialperspectives.PARTTWO:Sht&Longanswers:Chapter11.Whatarethesimilaritiesdifferencesbetweenlinguistspsycholing

23、uistsociolinguistssocialpsycholinguistsP3（1）Linguistsemphasizetheacteristicsofthedifferencessimilaritiesinthelanguagesthatarebeinglearnedthelinguisticcompetence(underlyingknowledge)linguisticperfmance(actualproduction)of

24、learnersatvariousstagesofacquisition.（2）Psychologistspsycholinguistsemphasizethementalcognitiveprocessesinvolvedinacquisitiontherepresentationoflanguagesinthebrain.（3）Sociolinguistsemphasizevariabilityinlearnerlinguistic